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n working with gérard le lann to incorporate concepts from the french cyclades project into the new network 4 the specification of the resulting protocol rfc 675 specification of internet transmission control program was written by vint cerf yogen dalal and carl sunshine and published in december 1974 5 it contains the first attested use of the term internet as a shorthand for internetwork citation needed the transmission control program incorporated both connection oriented links and datagram services between hosts in version 4 the monolithic transmission control program was divided into a modular architecture consisting of the transmission control protocol and the internet protocol 6 7 this resulted in a networking model that became known informally as tcp ip although formally it was variously referred to as the dod internet architecture model dod model for short or darpa model 8 9 10 later it became part of and synonymous with the internet protocol suite tcp continues to evolve with incremental updates and best practices formalized in rfcs such as rfc 9293 2022 11 the following internet experiment note ien documents describe the evolution of tcp into the modern version 12 ien 5 specification of internet transmission control program tcp version 2 march 1977 ien 21 specification of internetwork transmission control program tcp version 3 january 1978 ien 27 a proposal for tcp version 3 1 header format february 1978 ien 40 transmission control protocol draft version 4 june 1978 ien 44 latest header formats june 1978 ien 55 specification of internetwork transmission control protocol version 4 september 1978 ien 81 transmission control protocol version 4 february 1979 ien 112 transmission control protocol august 1979 ien 124 dod standard transmission control protocol december 1979 tcp was standardized in january 1980 as rfc 761 about 315 internet hosts advertised tcp support by 1983 with only a portion accepting connections at any given time 13 in 2004 vint cerf and bob kahn received the turing award for their foundational work on tcp ip 14 15 network function edit the transmission control protocol provides a communication service at an intermediate level between an application program and the internet protocol it provides host to host connectivity at the transport layer of the internet model an application does not need to know the particular mechanisms for sending data via a link to another host such as the required ip fragmentation to accommodate the maximum transmission unit of the transmission medium at the transport layer tcp handles all handshaking and transmission details and presents an abstraction of the network connection to the application typically through a network socket interface at the lower levels of the protocol stack due to network congestion traffic load balancing or unpredictable network behavior ip packets may be lost duplicated or delivered out of order tcp detects these problems requests re transmission of lost data rearranges out of order data and even helps minimize network congestion to reduce the occurrence of the other problems if the data still remains undelivered the source is notified of this failure once the tcp receiver has reassembled the sequence of octets originally transmitted it passes them to the receiving application thus tcp abstracts the application s communication from the underlying networking details tcp is optimized for accurate delivery rather than timely delivery and can incur relatively long delays on the order of seconds while waiting for out of order messages or re transmissions of lost messages therefore it is not particularly suitable for real time applications such as voice over ip for such applications protocols like the real time transport protocol rtp operating over the user datagram protocol udp are usually recommended instead 16 tcp is a reliable byte stream delivery service that guarantees that all bytes received will be identical and in the same order as those sent since packet transfer by many networks is not reliable tcp achieves this using a technique known as positive acknowledgment with re transmission this requires the receiver to respond with an acknowledgment message as it receives the data the sender keeps a record of each packet it sends and maintains a timer from when the packet was sent the sender re transmits a packet if the timer expires before receiving the acknowledgment the timer is needed in case a packet gets lost or corrupted 16 while ip handles actual delivery of the data tcp keeps track of segments the individual units of data transmission that a message is divided into for efficient routing through the network for example when an html file is sent from a web server the tcp software layer of that server divides the file into segments and forwards them individually to the internet layer in the network stack the internet layer software encapsulates each tcp segment into an ip packet by adding a header that includes among other data the destination ip address when the client program on the destination computer receives them the tcp software in the transport layer re assembles the segments and ensures they are correctly ordered and error free as it streams the file contents to the receiving application tcp segment structure edit transmission control protocol accepts data from a data stream divides it into chunks and adds a tcp header creating a tcp segment the tcp segment is then encapsulated into an internet protocol ip datagram and exchanged with peers 17 the term tcp packet appears in both informal and formal usage whereas in more precise terminology segment refers to the tcp protocol data unit pdu datagram 18 to the ip pdu and frame to the data link layer pdu processes transmit data by calling on the tcp and passing buffers of data as arguments the tcp packages the data from these buffers into segments and calls on the internet module to transmit each segment to the destination tcp 19 a tcp segment consists of a segment header and a data section the segment header contains 10 mandatory fields and an optional extension field options octets 20 through 56 in table the data section follows the header and is the payload data carried for the application 20 the length of the data section is not specified in the segment header it can be calculated by subtracting the combined length of the segment header and ip header from the total ip datagram length specified in the ip header citation needed tcp header format 20 offset octet 0 1 2 3 octet bit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 0 0 source port destination port 4 32 sequence number 8 64 acknowledgement number meaningful when ack bit set 12 96 data offset reserved cwr ece urg ack psh rst syn fin window 16 128 checksum urgent pointer meaningful when urg bit set 21 20 160 options if present data offset will be greater than 5 padded with zeroes to a multiple of 32 bits since data offset counts words of 4 octets 56 448 60 480 data 64 512 source port 16 bits identifies the sending port destination port 16 bits identifies the receiving port sequence number 32 bits has a dual role if the syn flag is set 1 then this is the initial sequence number the sequence number of the actual first data byte and the acknowledged number in the corresponding ack are then this sequence number plus 1 if the syn flag is unset 0 then this is the accumulated sequence number of the first data byte of this segment for the current session acknowledgment number 32 bits if the ack flag is set then the value of this field is the next sequence number that the sender of the ack is expecting this acknowledges receipt of all prior bytes if any 22 the first ack sent by each end acknowledges the other end s initial sequence number itself but no data 23 data offset doffset 4 bits specifies the size of the tcp header in 32 bit words the minimum size header is 5 words and the maximum is 15 words thus giving the minimum size of 20 bytes and maximum of 60 bytes allowing for up to 40 bytes of options in the header this field gets its name from the fact that it is also the offset from the start of the tcp segment to the actual data citation needed reserved rsrvd 4 bits for future use and should be set to zero senders should not set these and receivers should ignore them if set in the absence of further specification and implementation from 2003 to 2017 the last bit bit 103 of the header was defined as the ns nonce sum flag by the experimental rfc 3540 ecn nonce ecn nonce never gained widespread use and the rfc was moved to historic status 24 a rfc draft 25 proposes a new use for this bit the bit is now used for negotiating the use of accurate ecn flags 8 bits contains 8 1 bit flags control bits as follows when using tcpdump a set flag is indicated with the character in parentheses cwr w 1 bit congestion window reduced cwr flag is set by the sending host to indicate that it received a tcp segment with the ece flag set and had responded in congestion control mechanism 26 a ece e 1 bit ecn echo has a dual role depending on the value of the syn flag it indicates if the syn flag is set 1 the tcp peer is ecn capable 27 if the syn flag is unset 0 a packet with the congestion experienced flag set ecn 11 in its ip header was received during normal transmission a this serves as an indication of network congestion or impending congestion to the tcp sender 28 urg u 1 bit indicates that the urgent pointer field is significant ack 1 bit indicates that the acknowledgment field is significant all packets after the initial syn packet sent by the client should have this flag set 29 psh p 1 bit push function asks to push the buffered data onto the wire i e send on the sender end and to the receiving application at the receiver end 20 rst r 1 bit reset the connection syn s 1 bit synchronize sequence numbers only the first packet sent from each end should have this flag set some other flags and fields change meaning based on this flag and some are only valid when it is set and others when it is clear fin f 1 bit last packet from sender window 16 bits the size of the receive window which specifies the number of window size units b that the sender of this segment is currently willing to receive c see flow control and window scaling checksum 16 bits the 16 bit checksum field is used for error checking of the tcp header the payload and an ip pseudo header the pseudo header consists of the source ip address the destination ip address the protocol number for the tcp protocol 6 and the length of the tcp headers and payload in bytes urgent pointer 16 bits if the urg flag is set then this 16 bit field is an offset from the sequence number indicating the last urgent data byte options tcp option variable length up to 40 bytes 320 bits options length bytes data offset 5 4 equivalent bit formula per rfc 9293 data offset 5 32 the length of this field is determined by the data offset field the tcp header padding is used to ensure that the tcp header ends and data begins on a 32 bit boundary the padding is composed of zeros 30 options have up to three fields option kind 1 byte option length 1 byte option data variable the option kind field indicates the type of option and is the only field that is not optional depending on option kind value the next two fields may be set option length indicates the total length of the option and option data contains data associated with the option if applicable for example an option kind byte of 1 indicates that this is a no operation option used only for padding and does not have an option length or option data fields following it an option kind byte of 0 marks the end of options and is also only one byte an option kind byte of 2 is used to indicate maximum segment size option and will be followed by an option length byte specifying the length of the mss field option length is the total length of the given options field including option kind and option length fields so while the mss value is typically expressed in two bytes option length will be 4 as an example an mss option field with a value of 0x05b4 is coded as 0x02 0x04 0x05b4 in the tcp options section some options may only be sent when syn is set they are indicated below as syn option kind and standard lengths given as option kind option length option kind option length option data purpose notes 0 n a n a end of options list 1 n a n a no operation this may be used to align option fields on 32 bit boundaries for better performance 2 4 ss maximum segment size see maximum segment size for details syn 3 3 s window scale see window scaling for details 31 syn 4 2 n a selective acknowledgement permitted see selective acknowledgments for details 32 syn 5 n 10 18 26 or 34 bbbb eeee selective acknowledgement sack 33 these first two bytes are followed by a list of 1 4 blocks being selectively acknowledged specified as 32 bit begin end pointers 8 10 tttt eeee timestamp and echo of previous timestamp see tcp timestamps for details 31 28 4 n a user timeout option see rfc 5482 29 n n a tcp authentication option tcp ao for message authentication replacing md5 authentication option 19 originally designed to protect bgp sessions 34 see rfc 5925 30 n n a multipath tcp mptcp see multipath tcp for details the remaining option kind values are historical obsolete experimental not yet standardized or unassigned option number assignments are maintained by the internet assigned numbers authority iana 35 data variable the payload of the tcp packet protocol operation edit a simplified tcp state diagram tcp protocol operations may be divided into three phases connection establishment is a multi step handshake process that establishes a connection before entering the data transfer phase after data transfer is completed the connection termination closes the connection and releases all allocated resources a tcp connection is managed by an operating system through a resource that represents the local endpoint for communications the internet socket during the lifetime of a tcp connection the local endpoint undergoes a series of state changes 36 tcp socket states state endpoint description listen server waiting for a connection request from any remote tcp endpoint syn sent client waiting for a matching connection request after having sent a connection request syn received server waiting for a confirming connection request acknowledgment after having both received and sent a connection request established server and client an open connection data received can be delivered to the user the normal state for the data transfer phase of the connection fin wait 1 server and client waiting for a connection termination request from the remote tcp or an acknowledgment of the connection termination request previously sent fin wait 2 server and client waiting for a connection termination request from the remote tcp close wait server and client waiting for a connection 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