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o swim continuously to breathe go through a process known as sleep swimming in which the shark is essentially unconscious it is known from experiments conducted on the spiny dogfish that its spinal cord rather than its brain coordinates swimming so spiny dogfish can continue to swim while sleeping and this also may be the case in larger shark species 96 in 2016 a great white shark was captured on video for the first time in a state researchers believed was sleep swimming 97 ecology feeding this section is about shark feeding for the sport of shark feeding see shark baiting a great white shark attacking bait at isla guadalupe mexico most sharks are carnivorous 98 basking sharks whale sharks and megamouth sharks have independently evolved different strategies for filter feeding plankton basking sharks practice ram feeding whale sharks use suction to take in plankton and small fishes and megamouth sharks make suction feeding more efficient by using the luminescent tissue inside of their mouths to attract prey in the deep ocean this type of feeding requires gill rakers long slender filaments that form a very efficient sieve analogous to the baleen plates of the great whales the shark traps the plankton in these filaments and swallows from time to time in huge mouthfuls teeth in these species are comparatively small because they are not needed for feeding 98 other highly specialized feeders include cookiecutter sharks which feed on flesh sliced out of other larger fish and marine mammals cookiecutter teeth are enormous compared to the animal s size the lower teeth are particularly sharp although they have never been observed feeding they are believed to latch onto their prey and use their thick lips to make a seal twisting their bodies to rip off flesh 43 some seabed dwelling species are highly effective ambush predators angel sharks and wobbegongs use camouflage to lie in wait and suck prey into their mouths 99 many benthic sharks feed solely on crustaceans which they crush with their flat molariform teeth other sharks feed on squid or fish which they swallow whole the viper dogfish has teeth it can point outwards to strike and capture prey that it then swallows intact the great white and other large predators either swallow small prey whole or take huge bites out of large animals thresher sharks use their long tails to stun shoaling fishes and sawsharks either stir prey from the seabed or slash at swimming prey with their tooth studded rostra the bonnethead shark is the only known omnivorous species its main prey is crustaceans and mollusks but it also eats a large amount of seagrass and is able to digest and extract nutrients from about 50 of the seagrass it consumes 100 many sharks including the whitetip reef shark are cooperative feeders and hunt in packs to herd and capture elusive prey these social sharks are often migratory traveling huge distances around ocean basins in large schools these migrations may be partly necessary to find new food sources 101 range and habitat sharks are found in all seas they generally do not live in fresh water with a few exceptions such as the bull shark and the river shark which can swim both in seawater and freshwater 102 sharks are common down to depths of 2 000 metres 7 000 ft and some live even deeper but they are almost entirely absent below 3 000 metres 10 000 ft the deepest confirmed report of a shark is a portuguese dogfish at 3 700 metres 12 100 ft 103 relationship with humans attacks main article shark attack a sign warning about the presence of sharks in salt rock south africa snorkeler swims near a blacktip reef shark in rare circumstances involving poor visibility blacktips may bite a human mistaking it for prey under normal conditions they are harmless and shy in 2006 the international shark attack file isaf undertook an investigation into 96 alleged shark attacks confirming 62 of them as unprovoked attacks and 16 as provoked attacks the average number of fatalities worldwide per year between 2001 and 2006 from unprovoked shark attacks is 4 3 104 contrary to popular belief only a few sharks are dangerous to humans out of more than 470 species only four have been involved in a significant number of fatal unprovoked attacks on humans the great white oceanic whitetip tiger and bull sharks 105 106 these sharks are large powerful predators and may sometimes attack and kill people despite being responsible for attacks on humans they have all been filmed without using a protective cage 107 the perception of sharks as dangerous animals has been popularized by publicity given to a few isolated unprovoked attacks such as the jersey shore shark attacks of 1916 and through popular fictional works about shark attacks such as the jaws film series jaws author peter benchley as well as jaws director steven spielberg later attempted to dispel the image of sharks as man eating monsters 108 to help avoid an unprovoked attack humans should not wear jewelry or metal that is shiny and refrain from splashing around too much 109 in general sharks show little pattern of attacking humans specifically part of the reason could be that sharks prefer the blood of fish and other common preys 110 research indicates that when humans do become the object of a shark attack it is possible that the shark has mistaken the human for species that are its normal prey such as seals 111 112 this was further proven in a recent study conducted by researchers at the california state university s shark lab according to footage caught by the lab s drones juveniles swam right up to humans in the water without any bite incidents the lab stated that the results showed that humans and sharks can co exist in the water 113 in captivity main article sharks in captivity a whale shark in georgia aquarium until recently only a few benthic species of shark such as hornsharks leopard sharks and catsharks had survived in aquarium conditions for a year or more this gave rise to the belief that sharks as well as being difficult to capture and transport were difficult to care for more knowledge has led to more species including the large pelagic sharks living far longer in captivity along with safer transportation techniques that have enabled long distance transportation 114 the great white shark had never been successfully held in captivity for long periods of time until september 2004 when the monterey bay aquarium successfully kept a young female for 198 days before releasing her most species are not suitable for home aquaria and not every species sold by pet stores are appropriate some species can flourish in home saltwater aquaria 115 uninformed or unscrupulous dealers sometimes sell juvenile sharks like the nurse shark which upon reaching adulthood is far too large for typical home aquaria 115 public aquaria generally do not accept donated specimens that have outgrown their housing some owners have been tempted to release them 115 species appropriate to home aquaria represent considerable spatial and financial investments as they generally approach adult lengths of 3 feet 90 cm and can live up to 25 years 115 in culture shark themed nose art made popular by the flying tigers pictured is commonly seen on military aircraft in hawaii sharks figure prominently in hawaiian mythology stories tell of men with shark jaws on their back who could change between shark and human form a common theme was that a shark man would warn beach goers of sharks in the waters the beach goers would laugh and ignore the warnings and get eaten by the shark man who warned them hawaiian mythology also includes many shark gods among a fishing people the most popular of all aumakua or deified ancestor guardians are shark aumakua kamaku describes in detail how to offer a corpse to become a shark the body transforms gradually until the kahuna can point the awe struck family to the markings on the shark s body that correspond to the clothing in which the beloved s body had been wrapped such a shark aumakua becomes the family pet receiving food and driving fish into the family net and warding off danger like all aumakua it had evil uses such as helping kill enemies the ruling chiefs typically forbade such sorcery many native hawaiian families claim such an aumakua who is known by name to the whole community 116 kamohoali i is the best known and revered of the shark gods he was the older and favored brother of pele 117 and helped and journeyed with her to hawaii he was able to assume all human and fish forms a summit cliff on the crater of kilauea is one of his most sacred spots at one point he had a heiau temple or shrine dedicated to him on every piece of land that jutted into the ocean on the island of molokai kamohoali i was an ancestral god not a human who became a shark and banned the eating of humans after eating one herself 118 119 in fijian mythology dakuwaqa was a shark god who was the eater of lost souls in american samoa on the island of tutuila in american samoa a u s territory there is a location called turtle and shark laumei ma malie which is important in samoan culture the location is the site of a legend called o le tala i le laumei ma le malie in which two humans are said to have transformed into a turtle and a shark 120 121 122 according to the u s national park service villagers from nearby vaitogi continue to reenact an important aspect of the legend at turtle and shark by performing a ritual song intended to summon the legendary animals to the ocean surface and visitors are frequently amazed to see one or both of these creatures emerge from the sea in apparent response to this call 120 in popular culture main article sharks in popular culture in contrast to the complex portrayals by hawaiians and other pacific islanders the european and western view of sharks has historically been mostly of fear and malevolence 123 sharks are used in popular culture commonly as eating machines notably in the jaws novel and the film of the same name along with its sequels 124 sharks are threats in other films such as deep blue sea the reef and others although they are sometimes used for comedic effect such as in finding nemo and the austin powers series sharks tend to be seen quite often in cartoons whenever a scene involves the ocean such examples include the tom and jerry cartoons jabberjaw and other shows produced by hanna barbera they also are used commonly as a clichéd means of killing off a character that is held up by a rope or some similar object as the sharks swim right below them or the character may be standing on a plank above shark infested waters citation needed popular misconceptions a popular myth is that sharks are immune to disease and cancer but this is not scientifically supported sharks have been known to get cancer 125 126 both diseases and parasites affect sharks the evidence that sharks are at least resistant to cancer and disease is mostly anecdotal and there have been few if any scientific or statistical studies that show sharks to have heightened immunity to disease 127 other apparently false claims are that fins prevent cancer 128 and treat osteoarthritis 129 no scientific proof supports these claims at least one study has shown shark cartilage of no value in cancer treatment 130 threats to sharks further information list of threatened sharks and shark sanctuary the annual shark catch has increased rapidly over the last 60 years the value of shark fins for shark fin soup has led to an increase in shark catches where only the fins are taken while the rest of the shark is discarded typically into the sea the presence of bmaa in the fins raises health concerns a 4 3 metre 14 ft 540 kilogram 1 200 lb tiger shark caught in kāne ohe bay oahu in 1966 fishery in 2008 it was estimated that nearly 100 million sharks were being killed by people every year due to commercial and recreational fishing 131 132 in 2021 it was estimated that the population of oceanic sharks and rays had dropped by 71 over the previous half century 8 shark finning yields are estimated at 1 44 million metric tons 1 59 million short tons for 2000 and 1 41 million metric tons 1 55 million short tons for 2010 based on an analysis of average shark weights this translates into a total annual mortality estimate of about 100 million sharks in 2000 and about 97 million sharks in 2010 with a total range of possible values between 63 and 273 million sharks per year 133 134 sharks are a common seafood in many places including japan and australia in southern australia shark is commonly used in fish and chips 135 in which fillets are battered and deep fried or crumbed and grilled in fish and chip shops shark is called flake in india small sharks or baby sharks called sora in tamil language telugu language are sold in local markets since the flesh is not developed cooking the flesh breaks it into powder which is then fried in oil and spices called sora puttu sora poratu the soft bones can be easily chewed they are considered a delicacy in coastal tamil nadu icelanders ferment greenland sharks to produce a delicacy called hákarl 136 during a four year period from 1996 to 2000 an estimated 26 to 73 million sharks were killed and traded annually in commercial markets 137 sharks are often killed for shark fin soup fishermen capture live sharks fin them and dump the finless animal back into the water shark finning involves removing the fin with a hot metal blade 132 the resulting immobile shark soon dies from suffocation or predators 138 shark fin has become a major trade within black markets all over the world fins sell for about 300 lb in 2009 139 poachers illegally fin millions each year few governments enforce laws that protect them 134 in 2010 hawaii became the first u s state to prohibit the possession sale trade or distribution of shark fins 140 from 1996 to 2000 an estimated 38 million sharks had been killed per year for harvesting shark fins 137 it is estimated by traffic that over 14 000 tonnes of shark fins were exported into singapore between 2005 2007 and 2012 2014 141 shark fin soup is a status symbol in asian countries and is erroneously considered healthy and full of nutrients scientific research has revealed however that high concentrations of bmaa are present in shark fins 142 because bmaa is a neurotoxin consumption of shark fin soup and cartilage pills therefore may pose a health risk 143 bmaa is under study for its pathological role in neurodegenerative diseases such as als alzheimer s disease and parkinson s disease sharks are also killed for meat european diners consume dogfishes smoothhounds catsharks makos porbeagle and also skates and rays 144 however the u s fda lists sharks as one of four fish with swordfish king mackerel and tilefish whose high mercury content is hazardous to children and pregnant women sharks generally reach sexual maturity only after many years and produce few offspring in comparison to other harvested fish harvesting sharks befo...
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