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Text of the page (random words):
as 17 modification edit see also software development and software maintenance access to the source code not just the object code is essential to modifying it 18 understanding extant code is necessary to understand how it works 18 and before modifying it 19 the rate of understanding depends both on the code base as well as the skill of the programmer 20 experienced programmers have an easier time understanding what the code does at a high level 21 software visualization is sometimes used to speed up this process 22 many software programmers use an integrated development environment ide to improve their productivity ides typically have several features built in including a source code editor that can alert the programmer to common errors 23 modification often includes code refactoring improving structure without changing function and restructuring improving structure and function simultaneously 24 nearly every change to code introduces new bugs or unexpected ripple effects which require another round of fixes 19 code reviews by other developers are often used to scrutinize new code added to a project 25 the purpose of this phase is often to verify that the code meets style and maintainability standards and that it is a correct implementation of the software design 26 according to some estimates code review dramatically reduce the number of bugs persisting after software testing is complete 25 along with software testing that works by executing the code static program analysis uses automated tools to detect problems with the source code many ides support code analysis tools which might provide metrics on the clarity and maintainability of the code 27 debuggers are tools that often enable programmers to step through execution while keeping track of which source code corresponds to each change of state 28 compilation and execution edit source code files in a high level programming language must go through a stage of preprocessing into machine code before the instructions can be carried out 7 after being compiled the program can be saved as an object file and the loader part of the operating system can take this saved file and execute it as a process on the computer hardware 11 some programming languages use an interpreter instead of a compiler an interpreter converts the program into machine code at run time which makes them 10 to 100 times slower than compiled programming languages 23 29 portability edit further information software portability another reason many programs are distributed in source code form instead of as executable binary files is that often a single source code file can be written once and will run on a variety of different end user machines each with their own localized compiler or interpreter unlike an executable code file which generally only works on nearly identical machines source code was used this way to distribute the unix operating system early in the history of unix and later to allow programs written in scripting languages in particular the javascript client side scripting language to run on a wide variety of machines for this goal minified obfuscated or decompiled source code files all of which eliminate the comments in the original code are generally just as portable as the original source code files which nearly always include comments even though they are far less useful for modification and therefore don t meet the definition of source code in the gnu general public license version 2 gpl2 quality edit further information software quality software quality is an overarching term that can refer to a code s correct and efficient behavior its reusability and portability or the ease of modification 30 it is usually more cost effective to build quality into a product from the start rather than try to add it later in a development process 31 higher quality code reduces lifetime cost to both suppliers and customers as via higher reliability and maintainability 32 33 maintainability is the quality of software enabling it to be easily modified without breaking extant functions 34 following coding conventions such as using clear function and variable names that correspond to their purpose makes maintenance easier 35 use of conditional loop statements only if the code could execute more than once and eliminating code that will never execute can also increase understandability 36 many software development organizations neglect maintainability during the development phase even though it will increase long term costs 33 technical debt is incurred when programmers often out of laziness or urgency to meet a deadline choose quick and dirty solutions rather than build maintainability into their code 37 a common cause is underestimates in software development effort estimation leading to insufficient resources allocated to development 38 a challenge with maintainability is that many software engineering courses do not emphasize it 39 development engineers who know that they will not be responsible for maintaining the software do not have an incentive to build in maintainability 19 copyright and licensing edit further information software copyright and software license see also history of free and open source software the situation varies worldwide but in the united states before 1974 software and its source code was not copyrightable and therefore always public domain software 40 in 1974 the us commission on new technological uses of copyrighted works contu decided that computer programs to the extent that they embody an author s original creation are proper subject matter of copyright 41 42 proprietary software is rarely distributed as source code 43 although the term open source software literally refers to public access to the source code 44 open source software has additional requirements free redistribution permission to modify the source code and release derivative works under the same license and nondiscrimination between different uses including commercial use 45 46 the free reusability of open source software can speed up development 47 source file edit source files are the files used to create a final work 48 49 software edit in the context of software development a source file is a human readable file containing source code written in a programming language 49 50 the source file must be processed by a compiler to create a format that can be directly executed or an intermediate form that can be interpreted at runtime documents edit source files for documents include word processor formats odt docx presentation formats pptx odp or markup languages markdown latex from which a final format such as portable document format pdf is derived for consistent display and distribution across different systems 51 52 in digital preservation retaining source files alongside final state files is a recommended practice 53 hardware edit in hardware design source files include cad files for mechanical components and schematics or pcb layout files for electronic components 54 55 from these editable source files manufacturing outputs such as stl files for 3d printing or gerber files for circuit board fabrication are created with cad modelers hardware s design can be created through direct modeling where geometry is manipulated directly or parametric design where shapes are based on equation or constraints 56 from these source files tessellation can be applied to translate curved surfaces into a mesh of triangles suitable for various applications such as 3d printing via stl files or real time rendering in game engines 56 57 image edit in graphic design source files such as svg or psd preserve layers that can be independently manipulated using graphics software 58 59 from these source files compressed distribution formats such as png or jpeg are derived in professional practice ownership of source files may be subject to dispute designers typically retain them as intellectual property unless contractual terms specify otherwise 60 fonts edit in typography font source files such as ufo vfc or glyphs contain human readable glyph outlines manipulated using a font editor from which font binary files such as otf ttf or woff are generated 61 62 63 64 65 66 these binary files are then used by applications such as word processors to render and format text see also edit bytecode code as data coding conventions free software legacy code machine code markup language obfuscated code object code open source software package manager programming language source code repository syntax highlighting visual programming language references edit kernighan brian w programming in c a tutorial pdf bell laboratories murray hill n j archived from the original pdf on 23 february 2015 gabbrielli martini 2023 p 519 gabbrielli martini 2023 pp 520 521 gabbrielli martini 2023 p 522 gabbrielli martini 2023 p 521 1 2 tracy 2021 p 1 1 2 tracy 2021 p 121 stallman richard february 1989 gnu general public license gnu lin et al 2001 pp 238 239 katyal 2019 p 1194 1 2 tracy 2021 pp 122 123 o regan 2022 pp 230 231 233 377 foster 2014 pp 249 274 280 305 1 2 3 spinellis d code reading the open source perspective addison wesley professional 2003 isbn 0 201 79940 5 art and computer programming onlamp com archived 20 february 2018 at the wayback machine 2005 kaczmarek et al 2018 p 68 katyal 2019 pp 1186 1187 1 2 katyal 2019 p 1195 1 2 3 offutt jeff january 2018 overview of software maintenance and evolution george mason university department of computer science retrieved 5 may 2024 tripathy naik 2014 p 296 tripathy naik 2014 p 297 tripathy naik 2014 pp 318 319 1 2 o regan 2022 p 375 tripathy naik 2014 p 94 1 2 dooley 2017 p 272 o regan 2022 pp 18 21 o regan 2022 p 133 kaczmarek et al 2018 pp 348 349 sebesta 2012 p 28 galin 2018 p 26 o regan 2022 pp 68 117 o regan 2022 pp 3 268 1 2 varga 2018 p 12 varga 2018 p 5 tripathy naik 2014 pp 296 297 tripathy naik 2014 p 309 varga 2018 pp 6 7 varga 2018 p 7 varga 2018 pp 7 8 liu joseph p dogan stacey l 2005 copyright law and subject matter specificity the case of computer software new york university annual survey of american law 61 2 archived from the original on 25 june 2021 apple computer inc v franklin computer corporation puts the byte back into copyright protection for computer programs archived 7 may 2017 at the wayback machine in golden gate university law review volume 14 issue 2 article 3 by jan l nussbaum january 1984 lemley menell merges and samuelson software and internet law p 34 boyle 2003 p 45 morin et al 2012 open source versus closed source sen et al 2008 p 209 morin et al 2012 free and open source software foss licensing o regan 2022 p 106 definition of free cultural works freedom defined retrieved 15 august 2026 1 2 definition of source file pcmag encyclopedia retrieved 16 july 2026 meredith alisdair hughes lori 19 may 2025 input files are source files pdf report iso iec jtc1 sc22 wg21 why submit the tex latex source arxiv supported file formats for pdf conversion adobe acrobat adobe retrieved 27 july 2026 artefactual systems and digital preservation coalition july 2021 preserving documents doi 10 7207 twgn21 07 best practices for open source hardware 1 0 open source hardware association retrieved 26 july 2026 bonvoisin jérémy mies robert boujut jean françois stark rainer 2017 what is the source of open source hardware journal of open hardware 1 1 5 doi 10 5334 joh 7 1 2 machado felipe malpica norberto borromeo susana 5 december 2019 parametric cad modeling for open source scientific hardware comparing openscad and freecad python scripts plos one 14 12 e0225795 bibcode 2019ploso 1425795m doi 10 1371 journal pone 0225795 pmc 6894851 pmid 31805116 importing cad files into unreal engine using datasmith epic games developer documentation epic games retrieved 29 august 2026 the ultimate guide to design source files the designs experts 24 june 2025 retrieved 10 august 2026 digital image file formats and when to use them newcastle university 9 november 2021 retrieved 18 july 2026 tobin jonathan 17 october 2013 does a designer have to turn over source files when a client asks for them american institute of graphic arts aiga translation commons 2025 font creation guidelines pdf translation commons p 32 source formats glyphs handbook georg seifert and rainer erich scheichelbauer retrieved 9 august 2026 willis nathan 28 august 2013 adobe s open source font experience lwn net retrieved 9 august 2026 applying the ofl to fonts that you design sil open font license sil international retrieved 9 august 2026 faqs about fonts adobe adobe inc retrieved 9 august 2026 onboarding fonts to google fonts google fonts guide google fonts retrieved 9 august 2026 sources edit ablon lillian bogart andy 2017 zero days thousands of nights the life and times of zero day vulnerabilities and their exploits pdf rand corporation isbn 978 0 8330 9761 3 archived pdf from the original on 8 october 2024 retrieved 31 may 2024 boyle james 2003 the second enclosure movement and the construction of the public domain law and contemporary problems 66 1 33 74 issn 0023 9186 archived from the original on 24 march 2025 retrieved 7 april 2025 campbell kelly martin garcia swartz daniel d 2015 from mainframes to smartphones a history of the international computer industry harvard university press isbn 978 0 674 28655 9 daswani neil elbayadi moudy 2021 big breaches cybersecurity lessons for everyone apress isbn 978 1 4842 6654 0 dooley john f 2017 software development design and coding with patterns debugging unit testing and refactoring apress isbn 978 1 4842 3153 1 foster elvis c 2014 software engineering a methodical approach apress isbn 978 1 4842 0847 2 gabbrielli maurizio martini simone 2023 programming languages principles and paradigms 2nd ed springer isbn 978 3 031 34144 1 galin daniel 2018 software quality concepts and practice john wiley sons isbn 978 1 119 13449 7 haber morey j hibbert brad 2018 asset attack vectors building effective vulnerability management strategies to protect organizations apress isbn 978 1 4842 3627 7 kaczmarek stefan lees brad bennett gary fisher mitch 2018 objective c for absolute beginners iphone ipad and mac programming made easy apress isbn 978 1 4842 3428 0 katyal sonia k 2019 the paradox of source code secrecy cornell law review 104 1183 kitchin rob dodge martin 2011 code space software and everyday life mit press isbn 978 0 262 04248 2 lin daniel sag matthew laurie ronald s 2001 source code versus object code patent implications for the open source community santa clara computer and high technology law journal 18 235 archived from the original on 20 may 2024 retrieved 31 may 2024 morin andrew urban jennifer sliz piotr 2012 a quick guide to software licensing for the scientist programmer plos computational biology 8 7 e1002598 bibcode 2012plscb 8e2598m doi 10 1371 journal pcbi 1002598 issn 1553 7358 pmc 3406002 pmid 22844236 o regan gerard 2022 concise guide to software engineering from 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