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t of kerala started the international centre for free and open source software icfoss 77 in march 2015 the indian government announced a policy on adoption of foss 78 79 italy the italian military is transitioning to libreoffice and the opendocument format odf libreitalia association announced on september 15 2015 that the ministry of defence would over the next year and a half install this suite of office productivity tools on some 150 000 pc workstations making it europe s second largest libreoffice implementation 80 by june 23 2016 6 000 stations have been migrated 81 e learning military platform 82 needs update jordan in january 2010 the government of jordan announced a partnership with ingres corporation now named actian an open source database management company based in the united states to promote open source software use starting with university systems in jordan 83 malaysia malaysia launched the malaysian public sector open source software program saving millions on proprietary software licenses until 2008 84 85 peru in 2005 the government of peru voted to adopt open source across all its bodies 86 the 2002 response to microsoft s critique is available online in the preamble to the bill the peruvian government stressed that the choice was made to ensure that key pillars of democracy were safeguarded the basic principles which inspire the bill are linked to the basic guarantees of a state of law 87 portugal in 2000 the portuguese vieira do minho municipality began switching to free and open source software 88 romania iosspl is a free and open source software used for public libraries in romania 89 spain in 2017 the city of barcelona started to migrate its computer systems away from the windows platform the city s strategy was first to replace all user applications with open source alternatives until the underlying windows operating system is the only proprietary software remaining in a final step the operating system replaced with linux 90 uganda in september 2014 the uganda national information technology authority nita u announced a call for feedback on an open source strategy policy 91 at a workshop in conjunction with the ict association of uganda ictau united states in february 2009 the white house moved its website to linux servers using drupal for content management 92 in august 2016 the united states government announced a new federal source code policy which mandates that at least 20 of custom source code developed by or for any agency of the federal government be released as open source software oss 93 in addition the policy requires that all source code be shared strictly between agencies the public release is under a three year pilot program and agencies are obliged to collect data on this pilot to gauge its performance the overall policy aims to reduce duplication avoid vendor lock in and stimulate collaborative development the website code gov provides an online collection of tools best practices and schemas to help agencies implement this policy the policy announcement stated it also provides the primary discoverability portal for custom developed software intended both for government wide reuse and for release as oss 93 as yet unspecified oss licenses will be added to the code 94 venezuela in 2004 a law in venezuela decree 3390 went into effect mandating a two year transition to open source in all public agencies as of june 2009 update the transition was still under way 95 96 needs update adoption by supranational unions and international organizations edit european union edit we migrated key functions from windows to linux because we needed an operating system that was stable and reliable one that would give us in house control so if we needed to patch adjust or adapt we could official statement of the united space alliance which manages the computer systems for the international space station iss regarding why they chose to switch from windows to linux on the iss 97 98 in 2017 the european commission stated that eu institutions should become open source software users themselves even more than they already are and listed open source software as one of the nine key drivers of innovation together with big data mobility cloud computing and the internet of things 99 in 2020 the european commission adopted its open source strategy 2020 2023 100 including encouraging sharing and reuse of software and publishing commission s source code as key objectives among concrete actions there is also to set up an open source programme office in 2020 101 and in 2022 it launched its own foss repository code europa eu 102 in 2021 the commission decision on the open source licensing and reuse of commission software 2021 c 495 i 01 103 was adopted under which as a general principle the european commission may release software under eupl or another foss license if more appropriate there are exceptions though in may 2022 104 the expert group on the interoperability of european public services came published 27 recommendations to strengthen the interoperability of public administrations across the eu these recommendations are to be taken into account later in the same year in commission s proposal of the interoperable europe act production edit see also open source software development open source software development ossd is the process by which open source software is developed the software s source code is publicly available to be used modified and enhanced 105 notable examples of open source software products are mozilla firefox android and vlc media player 106 the development process is typically different from traditional methods such as waterfall instead favoring early releases and community involvement 106 agile development strategies are most often employed ossd with are characterized by their iterative and incremental frameworks 107 open source software developers will typically use methods such as e mail wikis web forums and instant messaging services for communication as individuals are not typically working in close proximity to one another 108 version control systems such as git are utilized to make code collaboration easier 106 issues and incidents edit gplv3 controversy edit the gnu general public license gpl is one of the most widely used copyleft licenses in the free and open source software foss community and was created by the free software foundation fsf version 2 gplv2 published in 1991 played a central role in protecting the freedom of software to be run studied modified and shared by users 109 however as technology and legal landscapes evolved particularly with the rise of digital rights management drm and software patents some developers and legal experts argued that gplv2 did not adequately protect user freedoms in newer contexts 110 this led to the development of gplv3 which sought to address these concerns 111 while copyright is the primary legal mechanism that foss authors use to ensure license compliance for their software other mechanisms such as legislation patents and trademarks have implications as well in response to legal issues with patents and the digital millennium copyright act dmca the free software foundation released version 3 of its gnu general public license gnu gplv3 in 2007 that explicitly addressed the dmca and patent rights one of the key issues gplv3 aimed to address was a practice known as tivoization named after the company tivo which used gpl covered software but implemented hardware restrictions that prevented users from running modified versions of the software this was seen by the free software foundation fsf as a direct violation of software freedom prompting gplv3 to include language explicitly forbidding such restrictions 112 additionally gplv3 introduced clauses to protect users against aggressive enforcement of software patents and reinforced the idea that users should retain control over the software they use after the development of the gnu gplv3 in 2007 the fsf as the copyright holder of many pieces of the gnu system updated many citation needed of the gnu programs licenses from gplv2 to gplv3 on the other hand the adoption of the new gpl version was heavily discussed in the foss ecosystem 113 several projects decided against upgrading to gplv3 for instance the linux kernel 114 115 the busybox 116 117 project advfs 118 blender 119 and the vlc media player decided against adopting the gplv3 120 apple a user of gcc and a heavy user of both drm and patents switched the compiler in its xcode ide from gcc to clang which is another foss compiler 121 but is under a permissive license 122 lwn speculated that apple was motivated partly by a desire to avoid gplv3 121 the samba project also switched to gplv3 so apple replaced samba in their software suite by a closed source proprietary software alternative 123 the controversy with gplv3 mirrored a more general philosophical split in the open source community whether people should hold licenses that aggressively defend user freedoms as with copyleft or take a more permissive collaborative approach supporters applauded gplv3 for fortifying protections against restrictions imposed by hardware and patent threats 112 while critics felt it created legal and ideological barriers that complicated its development and made it less appealing to adopt 124 the fallout helped to raise the acceptance of permissive licenses like the mit and apache licenses especially by commercial software developers 125 skewed prioritization ineffectiveness and egoism of developers edit leemhuis criticizes the priorities of skilled developers who instead of fixing issues in already popular open source applications and desktop environments create new mostly redundant software to gain fame and fortune 126 he also criticizes notebook manufacturers for optimizing their own products only privately or creating workarounds instead of helping fix the actual causes of the many issues with linux on notebooks such as the unnecessary power consumption 126 commercial ownership of open source software edit mergers have affected major open source software sun microsystems sun acquired mysql ab owner of the popular open source mysql database in 2008 127 oracle in turn purchased sun in january 2010 acquiring their copyrights patents and trademarks thus oracle became the owner of both the most popular proprietary database and the most popular open source database oracle s attempts to commercialize the open source mysql database have raised concerns in the foss community 128 partly in response to uncertainty about the future of mysql the foss community forked the project into new database systems outside of oracle s control these include mariadb percona and drizzle 129 all of these have distinct names they are distinct projects and cannot use the trademarked name mysql 130 legal cases edit oracle v google edit main article google llc v oracle america inc in august 2010 oracle sued google claiming that its use of java in android infringed on oracle s copyrights and patents in may 2012 the trial judge determined that google did not infringe on oracle s patents and ruled that the structure of the java apis used by google was not copyrightable the jury found that google infringed a small number of copied files but the parties stipulated that google would pay no damages 131 oracle appealed to the federal circuit and google filed a cross appeal on the literal copying claim 132 economics edit main article open source see also commons based peer production free content sharing economy and post scarcity economy by defying ownership regulations in the construction and use of information a key area of contemporary growth the free open source software foss movement counters neoliberalism and privatization in general 133 134 by realizing the historical potential of an economy of abundance for the new digital world foss may lay down a plan for political resistance or show the way towards a potential transformation of capitalism 134 according to yochai benkler jack n and lillian r berkman professor for entrepreneurial legal studies at harvard law school free software is the most visible part of a new economy of commons based peer production of information knowledge and culture as examples he cites a variety of foss projects including both free software and open source 135 see also edit free and open source software portal contributing guidelines contributor license agreement floss manuals floss weekly free software movement free software license free and open source graphics device driver list of free and open source software packages list of formerly proprietary software lists of open source artificial intelligence software open collaboration open source license openwashing outline of free software notes edit foss is an inclusive term that covers both free software and open source software 1 which despite describing similar development models have differing cultures and philosophical backgrounds 2 free refers to the users freedom to copy and re use the software the free software foundation an organization that advocates the free software model suggests that to understand the concept one should think of free as in free speech not as in free beer see the free software definition gnu retrieved 4 february 2010 free software focuses on the fundamental freedoms it gives to users whereas open source software focuses on the perceived strengths of its peer to peer development model 3 zero based numbering in which the initial element of a sequence is assigned the index 0 is typically used in computer programming references edit 1 2 3 sources describing free and open source software as an umbrella term encompassing both free software and open source software 4 5 6 7 8 feller 2005 pp 89 362 feller 2005 pp 101 106 110 111 1 2 3 laura fortunato mark galassi 2021 the case for free and open source software in research and scholarship philosophical transactions of the royal society a 379 2197 10 bibcode 2021rspta 37900079f doi 10 1098 rsta 2020 0079 osti 1836982 pmid 33775148 wikidata q111919147 retrieved 5 february 2026 via osti crowston kevin wei kangning howison james wiggins andrea 5 march 2008 free libre open source software development what we know and what we do not know acm computing surveys 44 2 association for computing machinery 7 1 7 35 doi 10 1145 2089125 2089127 issn 0360 0300 retrieved 15 december 2024 floss is an umbrella term covering a diversity of kinds of software and approaches to development the distinction between free software and open source software is sometimes controversial and there are important differences between these two development communities kelty 2008 however our focus in this article is research on their development processes which are acknowledged by participants to be largely similar hence our use of this umbrella term 1 2 greenleaf graham lindsay david 7 june 2018 voluntary licensing creating public rights 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