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her railroads followed suit 51 in 1902 the reclamation act was passed allowing irrigation projects to be built in montana s eastern river valleys in 1909 congress passed the enlarged homestead act that expanded the amount of free land from 160 to 320 acres 0 6 to 1 3 km 2 per family and in 1912 reduced the time to prove up on a claim to three years 52 in 1916 the stock raising homestead act allowed homesteads of 640 acres in areas unsuitable for irrigation 53 this combination of advertising and changes in the homestead act drew tens of thousands of homesteaders lured by free land with world war i bringing particularly high wheat prices in addition montana was going through a temporary period of higher than average precipitation 54 homesteaders arriving in this period were known as honyockers or scissorbills 50 the word honyocker possibly derived from the ethnic slur hunyak 55 and was applied in a derisive manner at homesteaders who were perceived as being greenhorns new at his business or unprepared 56 however most of these new settlers had farming experience though many did not 57 honyocker scissorbill nester he was the joad of a half century ago swarming into a hostile land duped when he started robbed when he arrived hopeful courageous ambitious he sought independence or adventure comfort and security the honyocker was farmer spinster deep sea diver fiddler physician bartender cook he lived in minnesota or wisconsin massachusetts or maine there the news sought him out jim hill s news of free land in the treasure state joseph kinsey howard montana high wide and handsome 1964 48 however farmers faced a number of problems massive debt was one 58 also most settlers were from wetter regions unprepared for the dry climate lack of trees and scarce water resources 59 in addition small homesteads of fewer than 320 acres 130 ha were unsuited to the environment weather and agricultural conditions are much harsher and drier west of the 100th meridian 60 then the droughts of 1917 1921 proved devastating many people left and half the banks in the state went bankrupt as a result of providing mortgages that could not be repaid 61 as a result farm sizes increased while the number of farms decreased 60 by 1910 homesteaders filed claims on over five million acres and by 1923 over 93 million acres were farmed 62 in 1910 the great falls land office alone had more than a thousand homestead filings per month 63 and at the peak of 1917 1918 it had 14 000 new homesteads each year 58 significant drops occurred following the drought in 1919 60 montana and world war i as world war i broke out jeannette rankin representative of montana and the first woman in the united states to be a member of congress voted against the united states declaration of war her actions were widely criticized in montana where support for the war and patriotism was strong 64 in 1917 1918 due to a miscalculation of montana s population about 40 000 montanans 10 of the state s population 64 volunteered or were drafted into the armed forces this represented a manpower contribution to the war that was 25 higher than any other state on a per capita basis around 1 500 montanans died as a result of the war and 2 437 were wounded also higher than any other state on a per capita basis 65 montana s remount station in miles city provided 10 000 cavalry horses for the war more than any other army post in the country the war created a boom for montana mining lumber and farming interests as demand for war materials and food increased 64 in june 1917 the u s congress passed the espionage act of 1917 which was extended by the sedition act of 1918 66 in february 1918 the montana legislature had passed the montana sedition act which was a model for the federal version 67 in combination these laws criminalized criticism of the u s government military or symbols through speech or other means the montana act led to the arrest of more than 200 individuals and the conviction of 78 mostly of german or austrian descent more than 40 spent time in prison in may 2006 then governor brian schweitzer posthumously issued full pardons for all those convicted of violating the montana sedition act 68 the montanans who opposed u s entry into the war included immigrant groups of german and irish heritage as well as pacifist anabaptist people such as the hutterites and mennonites many of whom were also of germanic heritage in turn pro war groups formed such as the montana council of defense created by governor samuel v stewart and local loyalty committees 64 war sentiment was complicated by labor issues the anaconda copper company which was at its historic peak of copper production 69 was an extremely powerful force in montana but it also faced criticism and opposition from socialist newspapers and unions struggling to make gains for their members 70 in butte a multiethnic community with a significant european immigrant population labor unions particularly the newly formed metal mine workers union opposed the war on grounds it mostly profited large lumber and mining interests 64 in the wake of ramped up mine production and the speculator mine disaster in june 1917 64 industrial workers of the world organizer frank little arrived in butte to organize miners he gave some speeches with inflammatory antiwar rhetoric on august 1 1917 he was dragged from his boarding house by masked vigilantes and hanged from a railroad trestle considered a lynching 71 little s murder and the strikes that followed resulted in the national guard being sent to butte to restore order 64 overall anti german and antilabor sentiment increased and created a movement that led to the passage of the montana sedition act the following february 72 in addition the council of defense was made a state agency with the power to prosecute and punish individuals deemed in violation of the act the council also passed rules limiting public gatherings and prohibiting the speaking of german in public 64 in the wake of the legislative action in 1918 emotions rose u s attorney burton k wheeler and several district court judges who hesitated to prosecute or convict people brought up on charges were strongly criticized wheeler was brought before the council of defense though he avoided formal proceedings and a district court judge from forsyth was impeached burnings of german language books and several near hangings occurred the prohibition on speaking german remained in effect into the early 1920s complicating the wartime struggles the 1918 influenza epidemic claimed the lives of more than 5 000 montanans 64 the suppression of civil liberties that occurred led some historians to dub this period montana s agony 70 depression era an economic depression began in montana after world war i and lasted through the great depression until the beginning of world war ii in 1917 a decade long drought began straining farms in the state after the war the national military stopped buying food causing food prices and thus farmers incomes to fall dramatically 73 this caused great hardship for farmers ranchers and miners 74 75 montana and world war ii by the time the u s entered world war ii on december 8 1941 many montanans had enlisted in the military to escape the poor national economy of the previous decade another 40 000 plus montanans entered the armed forces in the first year following the declaration of war and more than 57 000 joined up before the war ended these numbers constituted about ten percent of the state s population and montana again contributed one of the highest numbers of soldiers per capita of any state many native americans were among those who served including soldiers from the crow nation who became code talkers at least 1 500 montanans died in the war 76 montana also was the training ground for the first special service force or devil s brigade a joint u s canadian commando style force that trained at fort william henry harrison for experience in mountainous and winter conditions before deployment 76 77 air bases were built in great falls lewistown cut bank and glasgow some of which were used as staging areas to prepare planes to be sent to allied forces in the soviet union during the war about 30 japanese fu go balloon bombs were documented to have landed in montana though no casualties nor major forest fires were attributed to them 76 in 1940 jeannette rankin was again elected to congress in 1941 as she had in 1917 she voted against the united states declaration of war after the japanese attack on pearl harbor hers was the only vote against the war and in the wake of public outcry over her vote rankin required police protection for a time other pacifists tended to be those from peace churches who generally opposed war many individuals claiming conscientious objector status from throughout the u s were sent to montana during the war as smokejumpers and for other forest fire fighting duties 76 in 1942 the u s army established camp rimini near helena for the purpose of training sled dogs in winter weather other military during world war ii the planned battleship uss montana was named in honor of the state but it was never completed montana is the only one of the first 48 states lacking a completed battleship being named for it alaska and hawaii have both had nuclear submarines named after them montana is the only state in the union without a modern naval ship named in its honor however in august 2007 senator jon tester asked that a submarine be christened uss montana 78 secretary of the navy ray mabus announced on september 3 2015 that virginia class attack submarine ssn 794 will become the second commissioned warship to bear the name 79 the submarine was commissioned on june 25 2022 80 it was stationed at joint base pearl harbor hickam in december 2024 cold war montana in the post world war ii cold war era montana became host to u s air force military air transport service 1947 for airlift training in c 54 skymasters and eventually in 1953 strategic air command air and missile forces were based at malmstrom air force base in great falls the base also hosted the 29th fighter interceptor squadron air defense command from 1953 to 1968 in december 1959 malmstrom afb was selected as the home of the new minuteman i intercontinental ballistic missile the first operational missiles were in place and ready in early 1962 in late 1962 missiles assigned to the 341st strategic missile wing played a major role in the cuban missile crisis when the soviets removed their missiles from cuba president john f kennedy said the soviets backed down because they knew he had an ace in the hole referring directly to the minuteman missiles in montana montana eventually became home to the largest icbm field in the u s covering 23 500 square miles 61 000 km 2 81 geography main article geography of montana see also regional designations of montana ecological systems of montana list of mountain ranges in montana and list of forests in montana map of montana montana is one of the eight mountain states located in the north of the western united states region it borders north dakota and south dakota to the east wyoming is to the south idaho is to the west and southwest and the canadian provinces of british columbia alberta and saskatchewan are to the north making it the only state to border three canadian provinces with an area of 147 040 square miles 380 800 km 2 82 montana is slightly larger than japan or germany it is the fourth largest state in the united states after alaska texas and california 83 and is the largest landlocked state 84 topography relief map of montana the state s topography is roughly defined by the continental divide which splits much of the state into distinct eastern and western regions 85 most of montana s hundred or more named mountain ranges are in the state s western half most of which is geologically and geographically part of the northern rocky mountains 85 86 the absaroka and beartooth ranges in the state s south central part are technically part of the central rocky mountains 87 the rocky mountain front is a significant feature in the state s north central portion 88 and isolated island ranges that interrupt the prairie landscape common in the central and eastern parts of the state 89 about 60 percent of the state is prairie part of the northern great plains 90 the bitterroot mountains one of the longest continuous ranges in the rocky mountain chain from alaska to mexico 91 along with smaller ranges including the coeur d alene mountains and the cabinet mountains divide the state from idaho the southern third of the bitterroot range blends into the continental divide 92 other major mountain ranges west of the divide include the cabinet mountains the anaconda range the missions the garnet range the sapphire mountains and the flint creek range 93 the divide s northern section where the mountains rapidly give way to prairie is part of the rocky mountain front 94 the front is most pronounced in the lewis range located primarily in glacier national park 95 due to the configuration of mountain ranges in glacier national park the northern divide which begins in alaska s seward peninsula 96 crosses this region and turns east in montana at triple divide peak 97 it causes the waterton river belly and saint mary rivers to flow north into alberta canada 98 there they join the saskatchewan river which ultimately empties into hudson bay 99 east of the divide several roughly parallel ranges cover the state s southern part including the gravelly range madison range gallatin range absaroka range and the beartooth mountains which contain the state s highest point granite peak 12 799 feet 3 901 m high 100 101 north of these ranges are the big belt mountains bridger mountains tobacco roots and several island ranges including the crazy mountains and little belt mountains 102 saint mary lake in glacier national park belly river in waterton lakes national park between many mountain ranges are several rich river valleys the big hole 103 bitterroot 104 gallatin 105 flathead 106 107 and paradise valleys 108 have extensive agricultural resources and multiple opportunities for tourism and recreation east and north of this transition zone are the expansive and sparsely populated northern plains with tableland prairies smaller island mountain ranges and badlands 109 the isolated island ranges east of the divide include the bear paw mountains 110 bull mountains 111 castle mountains 112 crazy mountains 113 highwood mountains 114 judith mountains 114 little belt mountains 112 little rocky mountains 114 the pryor mountains 113 little snowy mountains big snowy mountains 111 sweet grass hills 111 and in the state s southeastern corner near ekalaka the long pines 86 many of these isolated eastern ranges were created about 120 to 66 million years ago when magma welling up from the interior cracked and bowed the earth s surface here 115 the area east of the divide in the state...
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