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ncial crisis had a major effect on new zealand with the gdp shrinking for five consecutive quarters the longest recession in over thirty years 255 256 and unemployment rising back to 7 in late 2009 257 the lowest unemployment rate recorded using the current methodology was in december 2021 during the covid 19 pandemic at 3 2 258 unemployment rates for different age groups follow similar trends but are consistently higher among youth during the september 2025 quarter the general unemployment rate was around 5 3 while the unemployment rate for youth aged 15 to 24 was 15 2 259 254 260 new zealand has experienced a series of brain drains since the 1970s 261 that still continue today 262 nearly one quarter of highly skilled workers live overseas mostly in australia and britain which is the largest proportion from any developed nation 263 in recent decades however a brain gain has brought in educated professionals from europe and less developed countries 264 265 today new zealand s economy benefits from a high level of innovation 266 poverty in new zealand is characterised by growing income inequality wealth in new zealand is highly concentrated 267 with the top 1 of the population owning 16 of the country s wealth and the richest 5 owning 38 leaving a stark contrast where half the population including state beneficiaries and pensioners receive less than 24 000 268 moreover child poverty in new zealand has been identified by the government as a major societal issue 269 270 the country has 12 0 of children living in low income households that have less than 50 of the median equivalised disposable household income as of june 2022 update 271 poverty has a disproportionately high effect in ethnic minority households with a quarter 23 3 of māori children and almost a third 28 6 of pacific islander children living in poverty as of 2020 update 269 trade new zealand is heavily dependent on international trade 272 particularly in agricultural products 273 exports account for 24 of its output 95 making new zealand vulnerable to international commodity prices and global economic slowdowns food products made up 55 of the value of all the country s exports in 2014 wood was the second largest earner 7 274 new zealand s main trading partners as at june 2018 update are china nz 27 8b australia 26 2b the european union 22 9b the united states 17 6b and japan 8 4b 275 on 7 april 2008 new zealand and china signed the new zealand china free trade agreement the first such agreement china has signed with a developed country 276 in july 2023 new zealand and the european union entered into the eu new zealand free trade agreement which eliminated tariffs on several goods traded between the two regions 277 this free trade agreement expanded on the pre existing free trade agreement 278 and saw a reduction in tariffs on meat and dairy 279 in response to feedback from the affected industries 280 the service sector is the largest sector in the economy followed by manufacturing and construction and then farming and raw material extraction 95 tourism plays a significant role in the economy contributing 12 9 billion or 5 6 to new zealand s total gdp and supporting 7 5 of the total workforce in 2016 281 wool has historically been one of new zealand s major exports wool was new zealand s major agricultural export during the late 19th century 243 even as late as the 1960s it made up over a third of all export revenues 243 but since then its price has steadily dropped relative to other commodities 282 and wool is no longer profitable for many farmers 283 in contrast dairy farming increased with the number of dairy cows doubling between 1990 and 2007 284 to become new zealand s largest export earner 285 in the year to june 2018 dairy products accounted for 17 7 14 1 billion of total exports 275 and the country s largest company fonterra controls almost one third of the international dairy trade 286 other exports in 2017 18 were meat 8 8 wood and wood products 6 2 fruit 3 6 machinery 2 2 and wine 2 1 275 new zealand s wine industry has followed a similar trend to dairy the number of vineyards doubling over the same period 287 overtaking wool exports for the first time in 2007 288 289 infrastructure in 2025 renewable energy reached a new record generating 47 7 of new zealand s gross energy supply up from 45 6 in 2024 290 the majority of the country s electricity supply is generated from hydroelectric power with major schemes on the waikato waitaki and clutha mata au rivers as well as at manapouri geothermal power is also a significant generator of electricity with several large stations located across the taupō volcanic zone in the north island the four main companies in the generation and retail market are contact energy genesis energy mercury energy and meridian energy state owned transpower operates the high voltage transmission grids in the north and south islands as well as the inter island hvdc link connecting the two together 291 the provision of water supply and sanitation is generally of good quality regional authorities provide water abstraction treatment and distribution infrastructure to most developed areas 292 293 a boeing 787 9 dreamliner of air new zealand the flag carrier of new zealand new zealand s transport network comprises 94 000 kilometres 58 410 mi of roads including 199 kilometres 124 mi of motorways 294 and 4 128 kilometres 2 565 mi of railway lines 95 most major cities and towns are linked by bus services although the private car is the predominant mode of transport 295 the country s railways were privatised in 1993 but were re nationalised by the government in stages between 2004 and 2008 the state owned enterprise kiwirail now operates the railways with the exception of commuter services in auckland and wellington which are operated by auckland one rail and transdev wellington respectively 296 railways run the length of the country although most lines now carry freight rather than passengers 297 the road and rail networks in the two main islands are linked by roll on roll off ferries between wellington and picton operated by interislander part of kiwirail and bluebridge most international visitors arrive via air 298 new zealand has four international airports auckland christchurch queenstown and wellington only auckland and christchurch have runways long enough for aircraft capable of long haul flights to asia and the americas 299 the new zealand post office had a monopoly over telecommunications in new zealand until 1987 when telecom new zealand was formed initially as a state owned enterprise and then privatised in 1990 300 chorus which was split from telecom now spark in 2011 301 still owns the majority of the telecommunications infrastructure but competition from other providers has increased 300 a large scale rollout of gigabit capable fibre to the premises branded as ultra fast broadband began in 2009 with a target of being available to 87 of the population by 2022 302 as of 2017 update the united nations international telecommunication union ranks new zealand 13th in the development of information and communications infrastructure 303 science and technology new zealand physicist ernest rutherford has been described as the father of nuclear physics the accumulation of knowledge of agricultural practice and the effects of herbal remedies in the treatment of illness and disease by māori tohunga as well as their precise observation of nature might be considered an indigenous contribution to science in new zealand cook s voyages in the 1700s and darwin s in 1835 had important scientific botanical and zoological objectives 304 the establishment of universities in the 19th century fostered scientific discoveries by notable new zealanders including ernest rutherford for splitting the atom william pickering for rocket science maurice wilkins for helping discover dna beatrice tinsley for galaxy formation archibald mcindoe for plastic surgery sydney smith for forensics and alan macdiarmid for conducting polymers 305 crown research institutes cris were formed in 1992 from existing government owned research organisations their role is to research and develop new science knowledge products and services across the economic environmental social and cultural spectrum for the benefit of new zealand 306 the total gross expenditure on research and development r d as a proportion of gdp rose to 1 37 in 2018 up from 1 23 in 2015 new zealand ranks 21st in the oecd for its gross r d spending as a percentage of gdp 307 new zealand was ranked 26th in the global innovation index in 2025 308 309 the new zealand space agency was created by the government in 2016 for space policy regulation and sector development rocket lab was the first commercial rocket launcher in the country 310 most private and commercial research organisations in new zealand focus on the agricultural and fisheries sectors examples include the cawthron institute the livestock improvement corporation the fonterra research and development centre the bragato research institute the kiwifruit breeding centre and b lnz genetics demographics main articles demographics of new zealand and list of cities in new zealand population pyramid 2017 the 2023 new zealand census enumerated a resident population of 4 993 923 an increase of 6 3 over the 2018 census figure 3 as of september 2026 the total population has risen to an estimated 5 357 000 9 new zealand s population increased at a rate of 1 9 per year in the seven years ended june 2020 in september 2020 statistics new zealand reported that the population had climbed above 5 million people in september 2019 according to population estimates based on the 2018 census 311 n 9 new zealand s population today is concentrated to the north of the country with around 76 4 of the population living in the north island and 23 6 in the south island as of june 2025 313 during the 20th century new zealand s population drifted north in 1921 the country s median centre of population was in the tasman sea west of levin in manawatū whanganui by 2017 it had moved 280 km 170 mi north to near kawhia in waikato 314 new zealand is a predominantly urban country with 84 5 of the population living in urban areas and 51 4 in the seven cities with populations exceeding 100 000 313 auckland with over 1 4 million residents is by far the largest city 313 new zealand cities generally rank highly on international livability measures for instance in 2024 auckland was ranked the world s fifth most liveable city and wellington the fourteenth by the mercer quality of living survey 315 the median age of the new zealand population at the 2023 census was 38 1 years up from 37 4 years in the 2018 census 316 317 with life expectancy in 2022 2024 being 80 1 years for males and 83 5 years for females 318 while new zealand is experiencing sub replacement fertility with a total fertility rate of 1 6 in 2020 the fertility rate is above the oecd average 319 320 by 2050 the median age is projected to rise to 43 years and the percentage of people 60 years of age and older to rise from 18 to 29 321 v t e largest cities or towns in new zealand statistics new zealand june 2025 estimate ssga18 boundaries 313 rank name region pop rank name region pop 1 auckland auckland 1 547 200 11 new plymouth taranaki 60 200 2 christchurch canterbury 407 800 12 porirua wellington 60 100 3 wellington wellington 209 800 13 rotorua bay of plenty 58 500 4 hamilton waikato 192 100 14 whangārei northland 56 100 5 tauranga bay of plenty 160 900 15 invercargill southland 51 200 6 lower hutt wellington 113 200 16 nelson nelson 50 800 7 dunedin otago 104 000 17 hastings hawke s bay 49 800 8 palmerston north manawatū whanganui 81 200 18 upper hutt wellington 44 500 9 hibiscus coast auckland 67 800 19 whanganui manawatū whanganui 42 800 10 napier hawke s bay 66 400 20 gisborne gisborne 38 100 ethnicity and immigration main articles new zealanders and immigration to new zealand pedestrians on queen street in auckland an ethnically diverse city in the 2023 census 62 1 of residents responded as being ethnically new zealand european and 17 8 responded as being ethnically māori other major ethnicities include chinese 5 2 indian 5 1 samoan 4 3 filipino 2 2 tongan 2 0 cook islands maori 1 9 and english 1 4 3 13 2 responded with multiple ethnicities with 8 2 alone responding as both european and māori 322 statistics new zealand allows people to choose multiple ethnicities and reports ethnic data based on total responses therefore ethnicities add up to more than 100 for legacy systems which can only accept one ethnicity people are usually allocated to a single ethnicity based on a pre determined priority order with māori given highest priority and new zealand european given lowest priority 323 the population has become more multicultural and diverse in recent decades in 1961 the census reported that the population of new zealand was 92 european and 7 māori with asian and pacific minorities sharing the remaining 1 324 however new zealand s non european population is disproportionately concentrated in the north island and especially in the auckland region while auckland is home to 33 of new zealand s population it is home to 62 of the country s pasifika population and 60 of its asian population 3 pasifika festival celebrating pasifika new zealanders and their pan cultural identity while the demonym for a new zealand citizen is new zealander the informal kiwi is commonly used both internationally 325 and by locals 326 the māori loanword pākehā has been used to refer to new zealanders of european descent although some reject this name the word today is increasingly used to refer to all non polynesian new zealanders 327 the māori were the first people to reach new zealand followed by the early european settlers following colonisation immigrants were predominantly from britain ireland and australia because of restrictive policies similar to the white australia policy 328 there was also significant dutch dalmatian 329 german and italian immigration together with indirect european immigration through australia north america south america and south africa 330 331 net migration increased after the second world war in the 1970s and 1980s policies on immigration were relaxed and immigration from asia was promoted 331 332 in 2009 10 an annual target of 45 000 50 000 permanent residence approvals was set by the new zealand immigration service more than one new migrant for every 100 new zealand residents 333 in the 2023 census 28 8 of people counted were not born in new zealand up from 27 4 in the 2018 census the most popular countries of origin for overseas born residents were england 14 6 mainland china 10 2 india 10 0 the philippines 7 0 south africa 6 7 australia 6 1 fiji 4 8 and samoa 4 3 334 the number of fee paying international students and international exchange students increased sharply in the late 1990s with more than 20 000 studyi...
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