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9 white women with citizenship say that sexual harassment is unwanted behavior women of color without citizenship found it difficult to explain what they thought sexual harassment was but that it did include race 49 this however makes it difficult for black women to differentiate sexual harassment in the workplace from sexual harassment in society 49 motivations for sexual harassment edit author martha langelan describes four different classes of harassers 59 portrayal of catcalling a common form of street harassment a predatory harasser a person who gets sexual thrills from humiliating others this harasser may become involved in sexual extortion and may frequently harass just to see how targets respond those who do not resist may even become targets for rape a dominance harasser the most common type who engages in harassing behavior as an ego boost strategic or territorial harassers who seek to maintain privilege in jobs or physical locations for example a man s harassment of a female employee in a predominantly male occupation a street harasser another type of sexual harassment performed in public places by strangers street harassment includes verbal and nonverbal behavior remarks that are frequently sexual in nature and comments on physical appearance or a person s presence in public 60 the perpetrators of sexual harassment are more likely to be male than female in one 2018 survey of u s federal workers who were asked to recall the most distressing times they had been sexually harassed 82 of the harassers were men researchers theorize that men are more likely to sexually harass because it is an expression of power that strengthens the harasser s gender based social status because today s societies empower men over people of other genders sexual harassment is most effective at reinforcing the social privileges of men 61 this power based theory of harassment also explains why sexual harassment often targets and punishes people for deviating from traditional gender roles people are more likely to sexually harass when they hold hostile sexist beliefs and believe in the gender binary thinking that men and women should stay in certain proper roles however whether they actually harass others strongly depends on the situation organizations that tolerate or do not care about harassment and places that prioritize men by numbers or leadership are very likely to have sexual harassment occur 61 sexual harassment s usefulness in reinforcing power and gender roles shapes how it occurs even when harassment seems to express a harasser s sexual desire it is often motivated by the desire to punish someone for not conforming to gender roles or to devalue women due to their gender harassment is often ambient not targeted at an individual but public or pervasive within a setting affecting many bystanders even targeted harassment can affect other observers when it occurs publicly 44 situations edit 1874 painting by b woltze weimar portraying a man sexually harassing a woman in mourning on a train sexual harassment may occur in a variety of circumstances and in places as varied as factories schools colleges the theater and the music business 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 often the perpetrator has or is about to have power or authority over the victim owing to differences in social political educational or employment relationships as well as in age harassment relationships are specified in many ways the perpetrator can be anyone such as a client a partner a co worker a parent or legal guardian a relative a teacher or professor a student a friend or a stranger harassment can occur in varying locations in schools 69 colleges workplaces in public and in other places harassment can occur whether or not there are witnesses to it the perpetrator may be completely unaware that their behavior is offensive or constitutes sexual harassment the perpetrator may be completely unaware that their actions could be unlawful 4 incidents of harassment can take place in situations in which the targeted person may not be aware of or understand what is happening an incident may be a one time occurrence adverse effects on harassed persons include stress social withdrawal sleep disorders eating difficulties and other impairments of health the victim and perpetrator can be any gender the incident may arise from a misunderstanding by the perpetrator and or the victim these misunderstandings can be reasonable or unreasonable the perpetrator may be motivated by many things including wanting to belittle embarrass or intimidate the victim because of their sex or in wanting to express sexual desire 70 examples of online harassment commonly experienced by women journalists who face higher levels of harassment in more gendered and sexual forms than men in those roles 71 with the advent of the internet social interactions including sexual harassment increasingly occur online for example in video games or in chat rooms according to the 2014 pew research statistics on online harassment 25 of women and 13 of men between the ages of 18 and 24 have experienced sexual harassment while online 72 in the workplace edit further information sexual harassment in education and sexual harassment in the workplace in the united states the united states equal employment opportunity commission eeoc defines workplace sexual harassment as harassment based on a victim s sex including offensive remarks about a person s sex or unwelcome sexual advances requests for sexual favors and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature 4 harassment is illegal when this conduct explicitly or implicitly affects an individual s employment unreasonably interferes with an individual s work performance or creates an intimidating hostile or offensive work environment 73 the challenged conduct must be unwelcome in the sense that the employee did not solicit or incite it and in the sense that the employee regarded the conduct as undesirable or offensive 74 particularly when the alleged harasser may have some reason e g prior consensual relationship to believe that the advances will be welcomed it is important for the victim to communicate that the conduct is unwelcome 74 surveys vary widely in determining how frequently sexual harassment occurs in workplaces a well regarded 2003 meta survey concluded that about 58 of women have been sexually harassed at work 44 another survey concluded that 13 of male employees have been harassed at work citation needed in a 2024 study 42 of transgender employees reported having been sexually harassed at work 75 women made 78 2 of the workplace sexual harassment complaints filed with the eeoc from 2018 to 2021 76 only about 30 of workplace sexual harassment victims tell their supervisor or union representative about the harassment only 6 13 ever file a formal complaint managers often relabel sexual harassment claims as mere interpersonal disagreements and retaliation is common 77 thus 43 5 of eeoc sexual harassment complaints included retaliation complaints in 2018 2021 76 a survey of harassment case plaintiffs found that 24 had been fired for complaining of harassment and another 42 had resigned due to the harassment 78 most workplace sexual harassment is perpetrated by coworkers or peers rather than managers workplace culture is one of the strongest determining factors for sexual harassment sexual harassment is more likely in fields that are seen as traditionally masculine or companies where men outnumber women or leadership is dominated by men organizational tolerance of harassment sexism or alcohol use and institutions with strong power hierarchies also increase the likelihood of harassment 44 based on data from the eeoc the industries with the most sexual harassment reports between 2005 and 2015 were restaurant and hospitality health care academia and the military sources of harassment vary widely by industry for nurses 58 have been harassed by a patient 26 by a colleague and 19 by a patient s acquaintances in the u s military 60 of sexual harassment is caused by a supervisor citation needed for restaurant industry employees around 66 of women and 50 of men have been sexually harassed by management and around 80 of women and 55 of men have been sexually harassed by customers 79 most sexual harassment at work takes the form of gender harassment a far smaller number of harassment victims report experiencing sexual coercion at work this was about 4 of women surveyed across factory settings and academia in 1997 workplace sexual harassment is frequently repeated with less than a third of victims describing harassment as a one time occurrence and many stating it had lasted for weeks to months 44 whether sexual harassment incidents include physical harassment usually depends on the industry around 50 of sexual harassment complaints by blue collar workers included a physical component compared to 32 of complaints by managers a study of harassment cases in 1986 1995 found that more than half of the instances of workplace harassment occurred entirely outside the workplace with a third involving letters phone calls or visits to the victim s home 80 see also anita hill and clarence thomas supreme court nomination an i believe anita hill pin in support of anita hill s 1991 testimony to the senate judiciary committee where she accused u s supreme court nominee clarence thomas of sexual harassment in 1991 anita hill witnessed and testified to the senate judiciary committee against supreme court of the united states nominee clarence thomas citing sexual harassment 81 hill said on 11 october 1991 in televised hearings that thomas had sexually harassed her while he was her supervisor at the department of education and the eeoc 82 according to hill thomas asked her out socially many times during her two years of employment as his assistant 83 and after she declined his requests he used work situations to discuss sexual subjects and push advances 84 83 since hill testified in 1991 the term sexual harassment became known outside academic and legal circles the number of cases reported in the united states and canada increased markedly climbing steadily since 81 sexual harassment is discussed a lot in modern society people are becoming more and more concerned about the laws of sexual harassment therein many school groups are focusing on this matter 85 see also paula jones and bill clinton sexual assault and misconduct allegations in 1994 paula jones a civil servant and former arkansas state employee sued president bill clinton for sexual harassment in the initial lawsuit jones cited clinton for sexual harassment at a hotel in 1991 following a series of civil suits and appeals the case was settled in 1998 president clinton reached an out of court settlement with jones agreeing to pay her 850 000 but acknowledging no wrongdoing 86 sexual bribery edit a sexual bribe is the solicitation of sex any sexual activity or other sex linked behavior for a promise of elevation in work status or pay it is in an employment setting in which a sexual relationship with an employer or superior is made an explicit or implied condition for obtaining or retaining employment or its benefits a sexual bribe may be either overt or subtle but falls under the type of quid pro quo sexual harassment 87 girl watching edit girl watching is considered a game amongst men in which they sexually evaluate women this game is a form of sexual harassment one that is very common in the workplace 88 this game just like other forms of sexual harassment are not the actions of an individual outside of the norm but rather of those within it 89 an analysis of sexual harassment surveys conducted by ilies revealed that when the question regarding sexual harassment was phrased if women had ever experienced sexual harassment then the frequency of women s responses was 24 whereas if women were asked if they had experienced sexually harassing behaviors then the frequency was 58 90 indonesian illustration of a group of men catcalling a woman beth quinn 2002 the author of sexual harassment and masculinity the power and meaning of girl watching originally was not researching girl watching when she stumbled upon the game however quinn 2002 stated that her work was more exploratory than confirmatory explaining why she continued exploring the idea of girl watching 88 at first quinn was researching the difference between what women and men see as sexual harassment it was through the interviews 43 that she conducted that she noticed an occurrence of the game in her interviews with men in addition to conducting interviews quinn 2002 observed the participants and gathered additional information about the game she learned that men usually when in a group will watch the women around them and make comments towards them 88 quinn 2002 found that men saw no problem with this and viewed it as a game that did no harm to women according to quinn men can excuse sexual harassment because it is not seen as such to them men see it as a game or playing 91 92 men as well use humor to harass women sexually through humor men can make crude remarks and if caught can claim that it was only a joke and that women need to loosen up this results in the continuation of sexual harassment against women 93 through instances like these men sexually harassing women or their advances are encouraged in turn forcing women to reject men politely only resulting in more sexual advances from men 94 92 through quinn 2002 asking men to imagine themselves as women they unintentionally revealed the harm it causes women the men began to claim they would make sure to dress appropriately and in ways that would not draw the attention of other men so they would not be targeted it was this information that revealed the harm girl watching caused to women 95 quinn continued to learn more about men s feelings towards the game and its effect on women through her interviews quinn learned that it was fun for men until they got caught if a woman looked towards the group watching her during their remarks or said something to them it would make things awkward and no longer be the fun game they were playing this is because men were looking at women as objects and as soon as the women made notice of them or they got caught they would become a subject objecting ruining their game because she was no longer an object for their enjoyment 95 women are seen as objects with no feelings or thoughts not as subjects 96 london public service advertisement stating that intrusive sexual staring is sexual harassment this sexual harassment does not occur merely because of men s attraction to women but rather as a power move similar to most cases of sexual harassment men tend to harass as a way of staying in power 97 when men feel threatened they will resort to sexual harassment as a way of maintaining their power men also harass as a way of maintaining their masculinity especially when they feel it is threatened 94 98 when s...
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