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t of a fierce escalation two years earlier dan and she ar yashuv these attacks were repulsed with the loss of twenty soldiers and seven tanks an israeli officer was also killed but a broader syrian offensive quickly failed syrian reserve units were broken up by israeli air attacks and several tanks were reported to have sunk in the jordan river 167 other problems included tanks being too wide for bridges lack of radio communications between tanks and infantry and units ignoring orders to advance a post war syrian army report concluded our forces did not go on the offensive either because they did not arrive or were not wholly prepared or because they could not find shelter from the enemy s aircraft the reserves could not withstand the air attacks they dispersed after their morale plummeted 168 the syrians bombarded israeli civilian settlements in the galilee panhandle with two battalions of m 46 130mm guns four companies of heavy mortars and dug in panzer iv tanks the syrian bombardment killed two civilians and hit 205 houses as well as farming installations an inaccurate report from a syrian officer said that as a result of the bombardment that the enemy appears to have suffered heavy losses and is retreating 50 israelis debate whether the golan heights should be attacked on 7 and 8 june the israeli leadership debated about whether to attack the golan heights as well syria had supported pre war raids that had helped raise tensions and had routinely shelled israel from the heights so some israeli leaders wanted to see syria punished 169 military opinion was that the attack would be extremely costly since it would entail an uphill battle against a strongly fortified enemy the western side of the golan heights consists of a rock escarpment that rises 500 meters 1 700 feet from the sea of galilee and the jordan river and then flattens to a gently sloping plateau dayan opposed the operation bitterly at first believing such an undertaking would result in losses of 30 000 and might trigger soviet intervention prime minister eshkol on the other hand was more open to the possibility as was the head of the northern command david elazar whose unbridled enthusiasm for and confidence in the operation may have eroded dayan s reluctance citation needed eventually the situation on the southern and central fronts cleared up intelligence estimated that the likelihood of soviet intervention had been reduced reconnaissance showed some syrian defenses in the golan region collapsing and an intercepted cable revealed that nasser was urging the president of syria to immediately accept a ceasefire at 3 a m on 9 june syria announced its acceptance of the ceasefire despite this dayan became more enthusiastic about the idea and at 7 a m gave the order to go into action against syria e 169 without consultation or government authorization 171 the syrian army consisted of about 75 000 men grouped in nine brigades supported by an adequate amount of artillery and armor israeli forces used in combat consisted of two brigades the 8th armored brigade and the golani brigade in the northern part of the front at givat haem and another two infantry and one of peled s brigades summoned from jenin in the center the golan heights unique terrain mountainous slopes crossed by parallel streams every several kilometers running east to west and the general lack of roads in the area channeled both forces along east west axes of movement and restricted the ability of units to support those on either flank thus the syrians could move north south on the plateau itself and the israelis could move north south at the base of the golan escarpment an advantage israel possessed was the intelligence collected by mossad operative eli cohen who was captured and executed in syria in 1965 regarding the syrian battle positions syria had built extensive defensive fortifications in depths up to 15 kilometers 172 as opposed to all the other campaigns iaf was only partially effective in the golan because the fixed fortifications were so effective the syrian forces proved unable to put up effective defense largely because the officers were poor leaders and treated their soldiers badly often officers would retreat from danger leaving their men confused and ineffective the israelis also had the upper hand during close combat that took place in the numerous syrian bunkers along the golan heights as they were armed with the uzi a submachine gun designed for close combat while syrian soldiers were armed with the heavier ak 47 assault rifle designed for combat in more open areas citation needed israeli attack first day 9 june israeli tanks advancing on the golan heights june 1967 on the morning of 9 june israeli jets began carrying out dozens of sorties against syrian positions from mount hermon to tawfiq using rockets salvaged from captured egyptian stocks the airstrikes knocked out artillery batteries and storehouses and forced transport columns off the roads the syrians suffered heavy casualties and a drop in morale with some senior officers and troops deserting the attacks also provided time as israeli forces cleared paths through syrian minefields the airstrikes did not seriously damage the syrians bunkers and trench systems and the bulk of syrian forces on the golan remained in their positions 173 about two hours after the airstrikes began the 8th armored brigade led by colonel albert mandler advanced into the golan heights from givat haem its advance was spearheaded by engineering corps sappers and eight bulldozers which cleared away barbed wire and mines as they advanced the force came under fire and five bulldozers were immediately hit the israeli tanks with their manoeuvrability sharply reduced by the terrain advanced slowly under fire toward the fortified village of sir al dib with their ultimate objective being the fortress at qala israeli casualties steadily mounted 174 part of the attacking force lost its way and emerged opposite za ura a redoubt manned by syrian reservists with the situation critical colonel mandler ordered simultaneous assaults on za ura and qala heavy and confused fighting followed with israeli and syrian tanks struggling around obstacles and firing at extremely short ranges mandler recalled that the syrians fought well and bloodied us we beat them only by crushing them under our treads and by blasting them with our cannons at very short range from 100 to 500 meters the first three israeli tanks to enter qala were stopped by a syrian bazooka team and a relief column of seven syrian tanks arrived to repel the attackers 174 the israelis took heavy fire from the houses but could not turn back as other forces were advancing behind them and they were on a narrow path with mines on either side the israelis continued pressing forward and called for air support a pair of israeli jets destroyed two of the syrian tanks and the remainder withdrew the surviving defenders of qala retreated after their commander was killed meanwhile za ura fell in an israeli assault and the israelis also captured the ein fit fortress 174 in the central sector the israeli 181st battalion captured the strongholds of dardara and tel hillal after fierce fighting desperate fighting also broke out along the operation s northern axis where golani brigade attacked thirteen syrian positions including the formidable tel fakhr position navigational errors placed the israelis directly under the syrians guns in the fighting that followed both sides took heavy casualties with the israelis losing all nineteen of their tanks and half tracks 175 the israeli battalion commander then ordered his twenty five remaining men to dismount divide into two groups and charge the northern and southern flanks of tel fakhr the first israelis to reach the perimeter of the southern approach laid on the barbed wire allowing their comrades to vault over them from there they assaulted the fortified syrian positions the fighting was waged at extremely close quarters often hand to hand 175 on the northern flank the israelis broke through within minutes and cleared out the trenches and bunkers during the seven hour battle the israelis lost 31 dead and 82 wounded while the syrians lost 62 dead and 20 captured among the dead was the israeli battalion commander the golani brigade s 51st battalion took tel azzaziat and darbashiya also fell to israeli forces 175 a universal newsreel from 9 june about the war and un reactions by the evening of 9 june the four israeli brigades had all broken through to the plateau where they could be reinforced and replaced thousands of reinforcements began reaching the front those tanks and half tracks that had survived the previous day s fighting were refuelled and replenished with ammunition and the wounded were evacuated by dawn the israelis had eight brigades in the sector citation needed syria s first line of defense had been shattered but the defenses beyond that remained largely intact mount hermon and the banias in the north and the entire sector between tawfiq and customs house road in the south remained in syrian hands in a meeting early on the night of 9 june syrian leaders decided to reinforce those positions as quickly as possible and to maintain a steady barrage on israeli civilian settlements citation needed israeli attack second day 10 june throughout the night the israelis continued their advance though it was slowed by fierce resistance an anticipated syrian counterattack never materialized at the fortified village of jalabina a garrison of syrian reservists levelling their anti aircraft guns held off the israeli 65th paratroop battalion for four hours before a small detachment managed to penetrate the village and knock out the heavy guns citation needed meanwhile the 8th brigade s tanks moved south from qala advancing 6 miles 9 7 km to wasit under heavy artillery and tank bombardment at the banias in the north syrian mortar batteries opened fire on advancing israeli forces only after golani brigade sappers had cleared a path through a minefield killing 16 israeli soldiers and wounding four citation needed on the next day 10 june the central and northern groups joined in a pincer movement on the plateau but that fell mainly on empty territory as the syrian forces retreated at 8 30 a m the syrians began blowing up their own bunkers burning documents and retreating several units joined by elad peled s troops climbed to the golan from the south only to find the positions mostly empty when the 8th brigade reached mansura 5 miles 8 0 km from wasit the israelis met no opposition and found abandoned equipment including tanks in perfect working condition in the fortified banias village golani brigade troops found only several syrian soldiers chained to their positions 176 during the day the israeli units stopped after obtaining manoeuvre room between their positions and a line of volcanic hills to the west in some locations israeli troops advanced after an agreed upon ceasefire 177 to occupy strategically strong positions 178 to the east the ground terrain is an open gently sloping plain this position later became the ceasefire line known as the purple line time magazine reported in an effort to pressure the united nations into enforcing a ceasefire damascus radio undercut its own army by broadcasting the fall of the city of quneitra three hours before it actually capitulated that premature report of the surrender of their headquarters destroyed the morale of the syrian troops left in the golan area 179 conclusion main articles israeli military governorate and israeli occupation of the west bank a week ago the fateful campaign began the existence of the state of israel hung in the balance the hopes of generations and the vision that was realised in our own time during the fighting our forces destroyed about 450 enemy planes and hundreds of tanks the enemy forces were decisively defeated in battles many fled for their lives or were captured for the first time since the establishment of the state the threat to our security has been removed at once from the sinai peninsula the gaza strip jerusalem the west bank and the northern border levi eshkol 12 june 1967 address to israeli parliament 180 a universal newsreel from 13 june about the war by 10 june israel had completed its final offensive in the golan heights and a ceasefire was signed the next day israel had seized the gaza strip the sinai peninsula the west bank of the jordan river including east jerusalem and the golan heights 181 about a million arabs were placed under israel s direct control in the newly captured territories israel s strategic depth grew by at least 300 kilometers in the south 60 kilometers in the east and 20 kilometers of extremely rugged terrain in the north a security asset that proved useful in the yom kippur war six years later speaking three weeks after the war ended as he accepted an honorary degree from hebrew university yitzhak rabin gave his reasoning behind the success of israel our airmen who struck the enemies planes so accurately that no one in the world understands how it was done and people seek technological explanations or secret weapons our armoured troops who beat the enemy even when their equipment was inferior to his our soldiers in all other branches who overcame our enemies everywhere despite the latter s superior numbers and fortifications all these revealed not only coolness and courage in the battle but an understanding that only their personal stand against the greatest dangers would achieve victory for their country and for their families and that if victory was not theirs the alternative was annihilation 182 in recognition of contributions rabin was given the honor of naming the war for the israelis from the suggestions proposed including the war of daring war of salvation and war of the sons of light he chose the least ostentatious the six day war evoking the days of creation 183 dayan s final report on the war to the israeli general staff listed several shortcomings in israel s actions including misinterpretation of nasser s intentions overdependence on the united states and reluctance to act when egypt closed the straits he also credited several factors for israel s success egypt did not appreciate the advantage of striking first and their adversaries did not accurately gauge israel s strength and its willingness to use it 183 in egypt according to heikal nasser had admitted his responsibility for the military defeat in june 1967 184 according to historian abd al azim ramadan nasser s mistaken decisions to expel the international peacekeeping force from the sinai peninsula and close the straits of tiran in 1967 led to a state of war with israel despite egypt s lack of military preparedness 185 after the 1973 yom kippur war egypt reviewed the causes of its loss of the 1967 war issues that were identified included the individualistic bureaucratic leadership promotions on the basis...
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