Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
pole, attachment, hardware, equipment, utility, contents, use, description, access, dead, end, poles, history, markings, route, environmental, impact, see, also, references, external, links, materials, power, distribution, wires, and, communication, cables, other, by, type, brandings, coordinates, on, tags,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (336), and (153), pole (130), poles (118), for (75), are (66), utility (63), from (62), power (54), with (53), wood (48), used (42), lines (35), line (30), #distribution (27), archived (26), this (25), telegraph (24), steel (24), cable (24), edit (23), concrete (23), united (21), wires (21), may (20), also (20), electrical (20), hardware (20), electric (19), original (19), were (19), that (18), other (17), energy (17), voltage (17), states (17), pdf (17), can (17), usually (17), use (15), was (15), equipment (15), system (15), cables (15), they (15), not (14), have (14), some (14), retrieved (13), transmission (13), grid (13), such (13), insulators (13), two (13), areas (13), but (13), ground (13), attachment (13), articles (12), electricity (12), telephone (12), com (12), mounted (12), carry (12), made (12), wooden (11), phase (11), plant (11), three (11), frc (11), service (11), which (11), provide (11), august (10), wire (10), high (10), storage (10), requirements (10), treated (10), pmcpole (10), one (10), materials (10), them (10), called (10), support (10), wayback (9), timber (9), post (9), protection (9), overhead (9), rural (9), many (9), preservative (9), www (9), ansi (9), their (9), between (9), along (9), more (9), into (9), space (9), february (8), 2012 (8), 2008 (8), january (8), current (8), machine (8), 2016 (8), creosote (8), standard (8), long (8), however (8), first (8), these (8), communication (8), attached (8), wikipedia (7), about (7), non (7), unsourced (7), pine (7), transformer (7), strength (7), october (7), metal (7), company (7), 2009 (7), fiber (7), utilities (7), help (7), railway (7), only (7), route (7), where (7), lower (7), date (7), copper (7), each (7), most (7), end (7), using (6), statements (6), 2024 (6), all (6), 2025 (6), national (6), building (6), composite (6), american (6), british (6), coordinates (6), public (6), been (6), found (6), structures (6), citation (6), needed (6), section (6), during (6), when (6), often (6), due (6), type (6), substations (6), directly (6), customer (6), lightning (6), toggle (5), safety (5), commons (5), page (5), link (5), links (5), description (5), products (5), gas (5), fuel (5), log (5), renewable (5), load (5), factor (5), environmental (5), demand (5), generic (5), association (5), joint (5), related (5), washington (5), its (5), western (5), australia (5), history (5), reinforced (5), north (5), after (5), stobie (5), transformers (5), years (5), information (5), still (5), network (5), there (5), common (5), tags (5), sub (5), markings (5), species (5), higher (5), top (5), sometimes (5), manufacturer (5), posts (5), carried (5), seen (5), either (5), conductors (5), customers (5), countries (5), urban (5), through (5), straight (5), cooke (5), lateral (5), dead (5), voltages (5), main (5), provides (5), aerial (5), drop (5), local (5), contents (4), search (4), view (4), code (4), under (4), site (4), references (4), pylons (4), street (4), org (4), control (4), list (4), tall (4), oil (4), structural (4), insulated (4), out (4), single (4), hydro (4), station (4), conductor (4), following (4), routes (4), inspection (4), various (4), telecom (4), has (4), example (4), standards (4), april (4), maintenance (4), south (4), attachments (4), residential (4), right (4), resistance (4), underground (4), railways (4), built (4), much (4), general (4), kingdom (4), way (4), uninsulated (4), around (4), becoming (4), maryland (4), name (4), practice (4), specific (4), number (4), set (4), world (4), being (4), brand (4), class (4), aluminum (4), generally (4), length (4), corrosion (4), supported (4), must (4), coaxial (4), connected (4), europe (4), means (4), morse (4), climbing (4), astm (4), drilled (4), supporting (4), primary (4), secondary (4), communications (4), grounded (4), neutral (4), above (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), contact (3), additional (3), you (3), wikimedia (3), last (3), june (3), category (3), wikidata (3), 2010 (3), short (3), telecommunications (3), japan (3), lumber (3), natural (3), see (3), split (3), tar (3), board (3), beam (3), fossil (3), device (3), protective (3), circuit (3), failure (3), management (3), tower (3), generation (3), thermal (3), sources (3), quality (3), article (3), waste (3), applied (3), birds (3), read (3), institute (3), 2011 (3), every (3), across (3), now (3), department (3), agriculture (3), specifications (3), july (3), refusal (3), meet (3), overland (3), office (3), engineers (3), engineering (3), case (3), types (3), oppenheimer (3), portal (3), concerns (3), soil (3), considered (3), including (3), pentachlorophenol (3), places (3), design (3), thus (3), visual (3), adding (3), impact (3), would (3), separated (3), place (3), norfolk (3), another (3), open (3), signal (3), tag (3), bottom (3), installed (3), located (3), valuable (3), just (3), installation (3), nails (3), below (3), marked (3), fir (3), referred (3), height (3), although (3), year (3), mark (3), brandings (3), typically (3), metres (3), light (3), horizontal (3), depending (3), similar (3), television (3), traffic (3), loading (3), outside (3), fibre (3), optic (3), twisted (3), pair (3), phases (3), early (3), sections (3), bare (3), low (3), 19th (3), century (3), yellow (3), instead (3), fire (3), invented (3), systems (3), off (3), feet (3), america (3), wheatstone (3), buried (3), trees (3), great (3), construction (3), any (3), easily (3), crossarm (3), material (3), reliable (3), work (3), steps (3), linemen (3), known (3), pre (3), industry (3), include (3), holes (3), bolts (3), fiberglass (3), tia (3), eia (3), 222 (3), manufacture (3), gauge (3), cast (3), reduce (3), purpose (3), requires (3), lights (3), like (3), drops (3), vertical (3), while (3), down (3), rod (3), arrester (3), 120 (3), 230 (3), fuse (3), commonly (3), distances (3), tools (3), subsection (3), add (2), languages (2), table (2), statistics (2), conduct (2), privacy (2), policy (2), terms (2), license (2), categories (2), containing (2), video (2), expanded (2), incomplete (2), november (2), needing (2), september (2), 2020 (2), dates (2), infrastructure (2), authority (2), forestry (2), preservation (2), reclaimed (2), forest (2), engineered (2), distillation (2), biomass (2), rail (2), fence (2), sawdust (2), ties (2), black (2), liquid (2), fiberboard (2), plastic (2), oriented (2), strand (2), joist (2), laminated (2), cross (2), truss (2), railroad (2), plate (2), production (2), bark (2), tax (2), source (2), carbon (2), capacity (2), relay (2), generator (2), earth (2), leakage (2), fault (2), devices (2), start (2), substation (2), return (2), pumped (2), connection (2), balancing (2), response (2), services (2), cycle (2), based (2), wind (2), biofuel (2), solar (2), marine (2), nuclear (2), petroleum (2), shale (2), coal (2), compressed (2), study (2), order (2), vehicle (2), usda (2), development (2), programs (2), methods (2), photographs (2), external (2), removal (2), doi (2), chemicals (2), why (2), canada (2), how (2), those (2), plates (2), taiwan (2), understanding (2), osgeo (2), bridges (2), gpo (2), david (2), 2014 (2), 2022 (2), james (2), electrification (2), need (2), does (2), australian (2), point (2), northern (2), charles (2), economic (2), 3159 (2), 3174 (2), rizwan (2), 2023 (2), e14976 (2), heliyon (2), march (2), what (2), bury (2), pylon (2), large (2), electronics (2), environment (2), animals (2), recent (2), toxic (2), safe (2), rest (2), expense (2), avoiding (2), pollution (2), placed (2), ciconia (2), missing (2), needs (2), operated (2), spars (2), spaced (2), removed (2), suspended (2), traditionally (2), insulation (2), preventing (2), road (2), marking (2), before (2), subtransmission (2), delmarva (2), coordinate (2), follow (2), networks (2), east (2), upon (2), state (2), said (2), increases (2), travels (2), refers (2), second (2), branding (2), digit (2), war (2), collectors (2), older (2), value (2), character (2), southern (2), cedar (2), douglas (2), originally (2), maximum (2), meaning (2), butt (2), foot (2), uncommon (2), manufactured (2), surface (2), determined (2), relevant (2), red (2), structurally (2), climb (2), hazards (2), therefore (2), prevalent (2), prevention (2), prevent (2), decay (2), today (2), than (2), thicker (2), even (2), simple (2), against (2), new (2), digital (2), repeaters (2), act (2), 132 (2), near (2), quite (2), roads (2), less (2), solid (2), ceramic (2), catv (2), focs (2), without (2), tapered (2), forces (2), preservatives (2), performance (2), pressure (2), parts (2), germany (2), linked (2), adelaide (2), supply (2), iron (2), mid (2), 1844 (2), build (2), faults (2), his (2), inserted (2), inches (2), six (2), seven (2), baltimore (2), equivalent (2), samuel (2), patented (2), pioneer (2), commercial (2), 1843 (2), had (2), proved (2), william (2), fothergill (2), city (2), providing (2), loads (2), side (2), accessible (2), guy (2), people (2), vehicles (2), strain (2), tension (2), learn (2), cite (2), sets (2), workers (2), hazard (2), longer (2), gaffs (2), trucks (2), access (2), documents (2), telcordia (2), traditional (2), lag (2), bonding (2), tubular (2), typical (2), thin (2), antennas (2), welding (2), feasible (2), points (2), operational (2), practical (2), make (2), drill (2), could (2), taller (2), required (2), criteria (2), widespread (2), coastal (2), conditions (2), heavy (2), apparatus (2), 400 (2), premises (2), associated (2), fixtures (2), events (2), linking (2), increasingly (2), problem (2), path (2), get (2), cause (2), cutout (2), wye (2), delta (2), schematics (2), center (2), plus (2), step (2), 240 (2), ogw (2), carrying (2), carries (2), composites (2), slab (2), widely (2), apart (2), published (2), 100 (2), same (2), telecommunication (2), towers (2), who (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), changes (2), english (2), norsk (2), bahasa (2), create (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), topic, mobile, cookie, statement, developers, legal, contacts, disclaimers, text, available, apply, agree, registered, trademark, profit, organization, foundation, inc, creative, attribution, sharealike, rendered, parsoid, edited, 2026, utc, hidden, clips, lists, 2021, webarchive, template, dmy, matches, telephony, furniture, https, index, php, title, utility_pole, oldid, 1360282439, yale, lux, databases, wikiproject, yakisugi, woodworking, processing, drying, recycling, papermaking, mulch, woods, green, bamboo, dry, destructive, certified, masts, framing, tanbark, brandy, potash, dugout, canoe, clapboard, billet, bavin, axe, historical, woodchips, wool, flour, ramial, chipped, liquor, barkdust, tannin, sandalwood, pitch, pyroligneous, acid, methanol, lye, smoke, lignin, dyes, cellulosic, ethanol, hemicellulose, nano, cellulose, birch, derivatives, rayon, pulpwood, pulp, paperboard, paper, corrugated, cardboard, fibers, pellet, firewood, firelog, biochar, charcoal, fuelwood, panel, plywood, particle, straw, mdf, masonite, hardboard, parallel, lvl, veneer, glued, treenail, stud, sill, siding, shingle, rafter, purlin, plank, panelling, molding, house, cabin, lath, flooring, flitch, cruck, cls, bressummer, batten, sectors, consumption, spark, dark, quark, spread, payments, commercialization, certificates, pigouvian, net, metering, feed, tariff, subsidies, cost, offsets, credits, availability, economics, policies, gfi, residual, numerical, interlock, kit, sulfur, hexafluoride, breaker, arc, interrupter, rolling, blackout, outage, islanding, cascading, brownout, modes, reactive, tso, operator, super, smart, gallop, mains, country, interconnector, shore, direct, retailing, busbar, dynamic, distributed, contingency, ancillary, virtual, rankine, microgeneration, micro, chp, inverter, resource, inertial, induction, dispatchable, cooling, combined, cogeneration, sustainable, wave, tidal, osmotic, geothermal, biogas, dioxide, seasonal, superconducting, magnetic, battery, flywheel, air, hydroelectricity, variability, frequency, repowering, reliability, flow, peak, nameplate, merit, home, investment, droop, speed, base, backfeeding, automatic, concepts, delivery, photo, collection, throughout, abroad, ann, garden, hungarian, appreciation, society, media, mateus, zrostlikova, gomes, silva, ribeiro, marriott, electrokinetic, comprehensive, chromatographic, 1193, 97862454, s2cid, 1007, s10800, 010, 0089, 1183, journal, electrochemistry, epa, ocspp, 2015, agency, overview, birdfact, sit, everything, explained, aplic, bird, nests, columbia, 2013, little, pol, 電力座標, 2007, numbers, december, wiki, 2019, leginfo, legislature, gov, malicious, injuries, highways, telegraphs, 2017, britishtelephones, chambers, thinksmallcell, potential, outdoor, small, cell, bulletins, laboratory, taylor, specialist, administration, 1978, preservers, effectiveness, preserver, international, codes, rob, linn, 1996, etsa, story, mcmullen, ron, rom, nomination, heritage, recognition, joining, frews, pond, territory, kieve, jeffrey, 1973, 655205099, oclc, social, rasheed, javed, hajra, asfra, afzaal, muhammad, ahmad, sajid, rashid, 37095914, pmid, 10121627, pmc, 2405, 8440, issn, 1016, 2023heliy, 914976r, bibcode, eco, sustainability, analysis, precast, manufacturing, pakistan, harness, rick, coalition, volga, raptor, electrocutions, florida, commission, consumer, assistance, grigsby, leonard, 2001, usa, crc, press, 8493, 8578, isbn, handbook, fiona, pei, says, exploring, ways, choosing, upgrades, electricalclassroom, traction, stanchion, lamppost, charging, sport, involving, throwing, caber, toss, historically, filled, pcb, pcbs, persist, adverse, effects, polychlorinated, biphenyl, considerable, improvement, weathering, offered, infusion, term, drawbacks, raised, toxicity, specifically, biodegradation, release, phenolic, compounds, research, continues, explore, render, disposal, preserve, nesting, regarded, form, reason, population, density, scenic, beauty, justify, architects, pretty, nest, romania, white, storks, expansion, beside, bridge, former, ireland, dungannon, portadown, too, jamming, occur, accomplish, four, per, spar, exists, highlands, scotland, wired, suffolk, brandon, wymondham, locations, multiple, method, especially, burying, expensive, situation, extensively, prior, 1965, necessitated, passed, over, attenuated, boxes, decommissioned, eccles, replacement, saugus, massachusetts, faded, reads, 733, crisfield, poor, man, gps, region, reference, sign, ordnance, survey, edf, anglia, area, geometry, upper, plane, went, favor, shortages, few, unique, increasing, regardless, property, unauthorized, misdemeanor, felony, california, law, cited, nail, abbreviation, abbreviations, salts, next, determine, ranges, smaller, increments, hyphen, brands, separate, nailed, chromated, arsenate, concerning, vintage, accordance, burned, resulting, birth, position, specification, essentially, eye, level, rule, thumb, logo, beneath, preceded, month, salisbury, preserved, withstand, elements, dangerous, indicating, unsafe, proximity, alphanumeric, designation, 242, initialism, official, batch, treatment, picture, 2003, size, letters, medium, stout, age, items, thanks, improvements, coupled, lowered, costs, premature, concern, compared, nace, developing, procedures, identify, hold, holding, analogue, demultiplexing, illustration, providers, share, ownership, renting, governs, sizes, fall, guidelines, forth, rus, bulletin, 1724e, 150, multiplexing, ottawa, ontario, normally, supplied, 1980s, trident, though, melbourne, cambs, buntingford, herts, russia, third, errant, predominately, unshielded, wound, core, affixed, rated, glass, poly, eastern, part, square, sawn, probably, until, refuses, accept, guaranteed, resisted, late, political, remains, powerful, undergrounding, bell, rapidly, destroyed, interior, vulnerable, collapsible, named, mostly, england, 1872, continent, centre, 1924, cyril, terrace, darwin, submarine, wrought, termites, granted, 000, mile, began, having, lead, sheathed, laying, tested, dug, stripped, sheath, bought, strung, advertisement, newspaper, sealed, proposals, will, received, undersigned, furnishing, 700, sound, chestnut, dimensions, wit, eight, diameter, tapering, five, hundred, eighty, miles, 036, 600, congress, suspending, driving, force, establishing, basis, founded, extended, previously, troublesome, failing, britain, native, sweden, norway, installations, later, sulphate, larch, slough, gardner, 1895, toledo, ohio, 1923, oldest, hakodate, push, brace, shorter, runs, angle, stronger, guys, always, caused, reaching, portion, populated, encased, tube, reflectors, reducing, chance, walking, crashing, ends, angles, direction, elsewhere, anchor, termination, heavier, crossarms, doubled, tripled, replaced, itself, riser, remove, message, please, challenged, citations, improve, brackets, arranged, pattern, hand, holds, repair, allowed, spikes, ascend, boots, fitted, loops, scandinavian, climbers, vast, majority, bucket, apprentice, lineman, covering, d4923, c136, opcs, cannot, hooks, teeth, staples, unacceptable, avoid, loosening, cover, family, combine, members, polyester, resin, variety, chemical, additives, produce, lightweight, weather, resistant, structure, hollow, wall, thickness, outer, polyurethane, coating, 002, should, requirement, ensure, robust, good, antenna, ledges, alternate, approach, field, process, undesirable, uneconomical, bit, twist, recommended, bolt, bolted, annular, advantages, enhanced, clearances, span, galvanized, because, rigidity, derived, limited, asce, 111, aci, 318, c935, c1089, drilling, users, wish, result, difficulties, banded, become, popular, attach, designs, round, stressed, spun, statically, hybrid, zones, excellent, sea, water, salt, fog, corrosive, marsh, weight, helps, resist, winds, possible, environments, several, intrinsic, characteristics, flexibility, placement, fit, exact, addition, fasteners, lags, screws, osp, head, switzerland, functional, contained, effective, grounding, isolation, connections, metallic, dielectric, components, transition, physical, directional, guying, accommodate, stresses, created, configurations, configuration, secure, facilities, facilitate, necessary, rearrangements, streetlights, holiday, powered, panels, auxiliary, unwanted, supports, decorations, certain, holidays, cellular, trolleys, foc, optical, thick, lashed, hundreds, interconnecting, exchanges, connect, loop, subscriber, exchange, computer, designated, lowest, room, maneuver, safely, servicing, worker, zone, fallen, resultant, sparks, introduced, bundled, wildfires, touch, running, pin, insulator, driven, others, fifth, currents, flowing, shock, strikes, ahead, extremely, present, surge, flashovers, clad, greek, letter, fourth, whose, spur, branching, streets, wide, range, 500, transform, provided, cylindrical, 230y400, event, overload, melts, pivots, indication, opened, manually, disconnect, hot, stick, cutouts, china, comprise, static, acts, protecting, both, wiring, reserved, themselves, transmitted, labeled, showing, triplex, phone, particular, variant, alternatives, processes, test, awpa, despite, life, approximately, climate, requiring, regular, remedial, treatments, damage, significant, deterioration, woodpecker, borates, naphthenate, rot, fungi, insects, pacific, silver, lodgepole, jack, clearance, reach, heights, least, meters, vary, terrain, owned, leases, ieee, confused, nfpa, 300, 125, regulations, poland, gryfów, reasons, save, underbuild, shared, fashion, own, dedicated, regional, 115, shaped, feeders, kilovolts, central, run, fields, rows, accompanying, rare, together, bunkyō, platform, starting, attempted, moved, faulty, alternative, neighborhoods, perceived, ugliness, well, amounts, snow, ice, suggested, prone, hurricanes, blizzards, outages, routed, inexpensive, keep, multi, joists, held, middle, alloy, application, different, distribute, column, pairs, hanging, left, far, shoes, free, encyclopedia, item, projects, printable, version, download, print, export, switch, legacy, parser, shortened, url, permanent, here, actions, talk, türkçe, português, پنجابی, bokmål, nynorsk, melayu, 한국어, jawa, 日本語, íslenska, indonesia, हिन्दी, עברית, فارسی, español, esperanto, ελληνικά, deutsch, বাংলা, personal, special, pages, community, contribute, random, navigation, jump, content,
Text of the page (random words):
ty pole in the united states is about 35 ft 10 m tall and is buried about 6 ft 2 m in the ground 5 in order to meet clearance regulations poles can however reach heights of at least 120 feet 40 meters they are typically spaced about 125 ft 40 m apart in urban areas or about 300 ft 100 m in rural areas but distances vary widely based on terrain joint use poles are usually owned by one utility which leases space on it for other cables in the united states the national electrical safety code published by the institute of electrical and electronics engineers ieee not to be confused with the national electrical code published by the national fire protection association nfpa sets the standards for construction and maintenance of utility poles and their equipment pole materials edit most utility poles are made of wood pressure treated with some type of preservative for protection against rot fungi and insects southern yellow pine is the most widely used species in the united states however many species of long straight trees are used to make utility poles including douglas fir jack pine lodgepole pine western red cedar and pacific silver fir traditionally the preservative used was creosote but due to environmental concerns alternatives such as pentachlorophenol copper naphthenate and borates are becoming widespread in the united states in the united states standards for wood preservative materials and wood preservation processes along with test criteria are set by ansi astm and american wood protection association awpa specifications despite the preservatives wood poles decay and have a life of approximately 25 to 50 years depending on climate and soil conditions therefore requiring regular inspection and remedial preservative treatments 6 7 8 woodpecker damage to wood poles is the most significant cause of pole deterioration in some parts of the u s 9 other common utility pole materials are aluminum steel and concrete with composites such as fiberglass citation needed also becoming more prevalent 10 one particular patented utility pole variant used in australia is the stobie pole made up of two vertical steel posts with a slab of concrete between them power distribution wires and equipment edit typical north american utility pole showing hardware for a residential 240 120 v split phase service drop a b c 3 phase primary distribution wires mounted on a crossarm d neutral wire e fuse cutout f lightning arrester g single phase distribution transformer h ground wire to transformer case j triplex service drop cable carries secondary current to customer k phone and cable tv wires on poles carrying both electrical and communications wiring the electric power distribution lines and associated equipment are mounted at the top of the pole above the communication cables for safety the vertical space on the pole reserved for this equipment is called the supply space 5 the wires themselves are usually uninsulated and supported by insulators commonly mounted on a horizontal beam crossarm power is transmitted using the three phase system with three wires or phases labeled a b and c sub transmission lines comprise only these 3 wires plus sometimes an overhead ground wire ogw also called a static line or a neutral suspended above them the ogw acts like a lightning rod providing a low resistance path to ground thus protecting the phase conductors from lightning a joint use utility pole in china distribution lines use two systems either grounded wye y on electrical schematics or delta greek letter δ on electrical schematics a delta system requires only a conductor for each of the three phases a grounded wye system requires a fourth conductor the neutral whose source is the center of the y and is grounded however spur lines branching off the main line to provide power to side streets often carry only one or two phase wires plus the neutral a wide range of standard distribution voltages are used from 2 400 v to 34 500 v on poles near a service drop there is a pole mounted step down distribution transformer to transform the high distribution voltage to the lower secondary voltage provided to the customer in north america service drops provide 240 120 v split phase power for residential and light commercial service using cylindrical single phase transformers in europe and most other countries 230 v three phase 230y400 service drops are used the transformer s primary is connected to the distribution line through protective devices called fuse cutouts in the event of an overload the fuse melts and the device pivots open to provide a visual indication of the problem they can also be opened manually usually by linemen using a long insulated rod called a hot stick to disconnect the transformer from the line the pole may be grounded with a heavy bare copper or copper clad steel wire running down the pole attached to the metal pin supporting each insulator and at the bottom connected to a metal rod driven into the ground some countries ground every pole while others only ground every fifth pole and any pole with a transformer on it this provides a path for leakage currents across the surface of the insulators to get to ground preventing the current from flowing through the wooden pole which could cause a fire or shock hazard 4 5 it provides similar protection in case of flashovers and lightning strikes a surge arrester or lightning arrester may also be installed between the line ahead of the cutout and the ground wire for lightning protection the purpose of the device is to conduct extremely high voltages present on the line directly to ground if uninsulated conductors touch each other due to wind or fallen trees the resultant sparks can start wildfires to reduce this problem aerial bundled conductors are being introduced communication cables edit the communications cables are attached below the electric power lines in a vertical space along the pole designated the communications space 5 the communications space is separated from the lowest electrical conductor by the communication worker safety zone which provides room for workers to maneuver safely while servicing the communication cables avoiding contact with the power lines 5 the most common communication cables found on utility poles are copper or fibre optic cable foc for telephone lines and coaxial cable for cable television catv coaxial or optical fibre cables linking computer networks are also increasingly found on poles in urban areas the cable linking the telephone exchange to local customers is a thick cable lashed to a thin supporting cable containing hundreds of twisted pair subscriber lines each twisted pair line provides a single telephone circuit or local loop to a customer there may also be focs interconnecting telephone exchanges like electrical distribution lines communication cables connect to service drops when used to provide local service to customers other equipment edit utility poles may also carry other equipment such as street lights supports for traffic lights and overhead wires for electric trolleys and cellular network antennas they can also carry fixtures and decorations specific for certain holidays or events specific to the city where they are located solar panels mounted on utility poles may power auxiliary equipment where the expense of a power line connection is unwanted streetlights and holiday fixtures are powered directly from secondary distribution pole attachment hardware edit the primary purpose of pole attachment hardware is to secure the cable and associated aerial plant facilities to poles and to help facilitate necessary plant rearrangements an aerial plant network requires high quality reliable hardware to structurally support the distribution cable plant provide directional guying to accommodate lateral stresses created on the pole by pole line configurations and pole loading configuration provide the physical support and protection for drop cable plant from the pole to the customer premises transition cable plant from the aerial network to underground and buried plant provide the means for safe and effective grounding bonding and isolation connections for the metallic and dielectric components of the network functional performance requirements common to pole line hardware for utility poles made of wood steel concrete or fiber reinforced composite frc materials are contained in telcordia gr 3174 generic requirements for hardware attachments for utility poles 11 attachment hardware by pole type edit wood poles head of a 400 v pole in switzerland in europe insulators usually were attached directly at the pole the traditional wood pole material provides great flexibility during placement of hardware and cable apparatus holes are easily drilled to fit the exact hardware needs and requirements in addition fasteners such as lags and screws are easily applied to wood structures to support outside plant osp apparatus non wood poles there are three main non wood pole materials and structures on which the attachment hardware may be mounted concrete steel and fiber reinforced composite frc each material has intrinsic characteristics that need to be considered during the design and manufacture of the attachment hardware concrete poles several power poles made of concrete the most widespread use of concrete poles is in marine environments and coastal zones where excellent corrosion resistance is required to reduce the impact of sea water salt fog and corrosive soil conditions e g marsh their heavy weight also helps the concrete poles resist the high winds possible in coastal areas the various designs for concrete poles include tapered structures and round poles made of solid concrete pre stressed concrete spun cast or statically cast and a hybrid of concrete and steel the drilling of installed concrete poles is not feasible users may wish to have the attachment hardware cast into the concrete during the pole manufacture as a result of these operational difficulties banded hardware has become the more popular means to attach cable plant to concrete poles design criteria and requirements for concrete poles can be derived from various industry documents including but not limited to asce 111 aci 318 astm c935 and astm c1089 steel poles steel poles can provide advantages for high voltage lines where taller poles are required for enhanced clearances and longer span requirements tubular steel poles are typically made from 11 gauge galvanized steel with thicker 10 or 7 gauge materials used for some taller poles because of their higher strength and rigidity for tall tower type structures 5 gauge materials are used although steel poles can be drilled on site with an annular drill bit or standard twist drill it is not a recommended practice as with concrete poles bolt holes could be built into the steel pole during manufacture for use as general attachment points or places for steps to be bolted into the pole welding of attachment hardware or attachment ledges to steel poles may be a feasible alternate approach to help provide reliable attachment points however operational and practical hazards of welding in the field may make this process undesirable or uneconomical steel poles should meet industry specifications such as tia eia 222 g structural standard for antenna supporting structures and antennas current tia eia 222 structural standards for steel and tia eia rs 222 or an equivalent requirement set to help ensure a robust and good quality pole is being used fiber reinforced composite frc poles frc poles cover a family of pole materials that combine fiberglass fiber strength members with a cross linked polyester resin and a variety of chemical additives to produce a lightweight weather resistant structure frc poles are hollow and similar to the tubular steel poles with a typical wall thickness of 1 4 to 1 2 in 6 to 13 mm with an outer polyurethane coating that is 0 002 in 0 05 mm thin as with all the other non wood poles frc poles cannot be mounted with the traditional climbing hardware of hooks and gaffs frc poles can be pre drilled by the manufacturer or holes can be drilled on site attachments using lag bolts teeth nails and staples are unacceptable for frc poles through bolts are used instead of lag bolts for maximum bonding to the pole and to avoid loosening of hardware the relevant industry documents covering frc poles include astm d4923 ansi c136 20 opcs 03 02 and telcordia gr 3159 generic requirements for fiber reinforced composite frc concrete and steel utility poles 12 access edit pre apprentice lineman class climbing telephone poles in some countries such as the united kingdom utility poles have sets of brackets arranged in a standard pattern up the pole to act as hand and foot holds so that maintenance and repair workers can climb the pole to work on the lines in the united states such steps have been determined to be a public hazard and are no longer allowed on new poles citation needed linemen may use climbing spikes called gaffs to ascend wooden poles without steps on them in the uk boots fitted with steel loops that go around the pole known as scandinavian climbers are also used for climbing poles in the us linemen use bucket trucks for the vast majority of poles that are accessible by vehicle dead end poles edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed august 2012 learn how and when to remove this message example of dead end riser poles the poles at the end of a straight section of utility line where the line ends or angles off in another direction are called dead end poles in the united states elsewhere they may be referred to as anchor or termination poles these must carry the lateral tension of the long straight sections of wire they are usually made with heavier construction the power lines are attached to the pole by horizontal strain insulators either placed on crossarms which are either doubled tripled or replaced with a steel crossarm to provide more resistance to the tension forces or attached directly to the pole itself dead end and other poles that support lateral loads have guy wires to support them the guys always have strain insulators inserted in their length to prevent any high voltages caused by electrical faults from reaching the lower portion of the cable that is accessible by the public in populated areas guy wires are often encased in a yellow plastic or wood tube with reflectors attached to their lower end so that they can be seen more easily reducing the chance of people and animals walking into them or vehicles crashing into them another means of providing support for lateral loads is a push brace pole a second shorter pole that is attached to the side of the first and runs at an angle to the ground if there is no space for a lateral support a stronger pole e g a construction of concrete or iron is used history...
|
