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content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 history toggle history subsection 1 1 rand water board 2 river basin toggle river basin subsection 2 1 vaal dam 2 2 tugela vaal transfer scheme 2 3 lesotho highlands water project 2 4 basin ecology 3 industry and agriculture 4 current uses 5 tourism 6 see also 7 references 8 external links toggle the table of contents vaal river 58 languages afrikaans العربية مصرى تۆرکجه беларуская тарашкевіца беларуская български català cebuano čeština cymraeg dansk deutsch ελληνικά español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français nordfriisk frysk ghanaian pidgin hausa עברית हिन्दी hrvatski magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 ქართული 한국어 latina lietuvių македонски മലയാളം bahasa melayu nederlands norsk bokmål sesotho sa leboa polski português română русский srpskohrvatski српскохрватски slovenščina soomaaliga српски srpski sesotho svenska kiswahili ไทย setswana українська tiếng việt 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide coordinates 29 4 15 s 23 38 10 e 29 07083 s 23 63611 e 29 07083 23 63611 from wikipedia the free encyclopedia tributary of the orange river south africa vaal redirects here not to be confused with vall or victorian aborigines advancement league vaal ǀhai lekwa ilikwa the vaal seen from the n3 national freeway upstream from the vaal dam here it forms the border between the mpumalanga and free state provinces location of the vaal river mouth etymology ǀhai pale ǃarib river native name ǀhaiǃarib korana location country south africa region free state gauteng northern cape mpumalanga physical characteristics source location near breyten mouth orange river location near douglas coordinates 29 4 15 s 23 38 10 e 29 07083 s 23 63611 e 29 07083 23 63611 elevation 1 241 m 4 072 ft length 1 458 km 906 mi basin size 196 438 km 2 75 845 sq mi discharge location orange river average 125 m 3 s 4 400 cu ft s basin features tributaries left vet river the vaal river ˈ v ɑː l afrikaans pronunciation ˈfɑːl khoemana ǀhaiǃarib is the largest tributary of the orange river in south africa the river has its source near breyten in mpumalanga province east of johannesburg and about 30 kilometres 19 mi north of ermelo and only about 240 kilometres 150 mi from the indian ocean 1 it then flows westwards to its confluence with the orange river southwest of kimberley in the northern cape it is 1 458 kilometres 906 mi long and forms the border between mpumalanga gauteng and north west province on its north bank and the free state on its south it is the third largest river in south africa after the orange river 2200 km long and the limpopo river 1750 km long and was established as the main source of water for the great witswatersrand area after the 19th century gold rush 2 the vaal dam lies on the vaal river in deneysville just south of the border between gauteng and the free state the vaal river is the longest river wholly within the borders of south africa vaal is a dutch name later afrikaans translated by the griquas or boers 3 from an earlier kora khoekhoe or orakobab name sometimes spelled as tky gariep in khoekhoegowab orthography it is ǀhai garib drab river 4 both vaal and tky in modern orthography ǀhai mean drab or dull which alludes to the colour of the waters especially noticeable during flood season when the river is laden with silt in the upper reaches the river was named iligwa sindebele ikwa or igwa isizulu ilikwa siswati lekwa sesotho or cuoa by the khoekhoe all referring to the plain it traverses 4 history edit pont ferry on the vaal river anno 1899 historically the river formed the northern border of moshoeshoe i s basotho kingdom at its height citation needed in the mid 19th century then became the boundary between two boer republics the south african republic later the transvaal province and the orange free state the geographic name transvaal comes from the name of this river meaning beyond the vaal river this was in respect to the cape colony and natal which were the main areas of european settlement at the time and which lay south of the vaal during the late 19th century there was an influx of people migrating to the witwatersrand in search of gold the vaal river would eventually become the main water source for the witwatersrand the growing population initially used water from the groundwater of the zuurbekom wells in gauteng s west rand eventually these would dry up and people would need a new source that could provide for their domestic agricultural and industrial activities 5 water schemes were initially established by the private sector to deal with the growing demand these included the braamfontein water company s vierfontein syndicate of 1893 and the sivewright concession of 1887 by the johannesburg waterworks and exploration company water was expensive and largely inaccessible for most inhabitants 6 rand water board edit main article rand water the rand water board was established in 1903 to take over the operations of the private sector with a mandate to investigate sustainable water supply and sanitation services the organisation would become fully operational in 1905 supplying water in bulk to the witwatersrand the organisation s members included officials from the johannesburg town council the chamber of mines and other local authorities within the witwatersrand 6 rand water responded to water scarcity by imposing restrictions on witwatersrand inhabitants in 1913 it also developed major water schemes that would respond to the growing demand between 1914 and 1998 the organisation partnered with various government and private entities to drive the vaal river scheme and the barrage 1914 1924 the vaal river scheme was an initiative established to manage water distribution the rand water board also established the vereeniging pumping station 1924 the zwartkopjes pumping station the vaal dam 1938 the zuikerbosch pumping station 1949 and the lesotho highlands water project 1998 6 river basin edit the vaal river basin the vaal basin in yellow and the oranje basin in orange rain and underground water collects in pans vleis and streams and where these connect the westward flowing vaal river is born the river flows west into the grootdraai dam near standerton mpumalanga on its course to the vaal dam in vereeniging the river is joined by a number of tributaries the little vaal river starts in an escarpment near ermelo near memel in the free state is where the klip river begins the watervals river begins in secunda mpumalanga the wilge river used to meet the vaal river before the vaal dam was built in 1938 now the water flows straight into the dam 5 kromelmboogspruit joins the vaal near the vaal barrage vaal river near venterskroon vaal dam edit main article vaal dam a full vaal dam in 2010 since the vaal river s surface runoff is erratic large dams have been built along its course to collect the water in the past before the river was established as the official source of water for part of the gauteng several small dams were built by farmers for irrigation when the construction of the vaal dam was completed in 1938 the dam ensured the supply of water throughout each year even when the river was not full the dam would receive water from different catchment areas through various projects 5 tugela vaal transfer scheme edit main article tugela vaal transfer scheme two water transfer schemes were developed to supply the economic heartland of the country then recognised as the pretoria witwatersrand vereeniging complex by channelling water into the vaal river from other catchment areas between the 1970s and 1990s these include the lesotho highlands water project and kwazulu natal s tugela vaal water transfer scheme 7 the tugela vaal transfer scheme was completed in 1974 to transfer from the tugela river in kwazulu natal via canals pipelines and dams into the vaal river system 5 lesotho highlands water project edit lesotho highlands water project map main article lesotho highlands water project the lesotho highlands water project was finally launched in 1997 and would entail a three phase construction that would augment water from lesotho into the vaal river including four major dams from 1954 the natural resources development council proposed that south africa receive some water from neighbouring lesotho negotiations between the two countries started in the late 1970s a treaty for the development of the scheme was signed on 24 october 1987 by representatives of lesotho south africa the european union united nations and the world bank it was then estimated to cost r9 1 billion for the first phase of the project alone 6 south africa pays r150 million to lesotho each year whether they use all of the water that is supplied or not 6 basin ecology edit according to hogan the headwaters portion of the basin supports high endemism in reptiles and lower in the watershed are elevated levels of endemism for small mammals 8 industry and agriculture edit water is drawn from the vaal to meet the industrial needs of the greater johannesburg metropolitan area and a large part of the free state in 1881 the kimberley waterworks company provided water from the vaal to the cape diamond fields at a cost of one shilling per 100 imperial gallons 450 l 120 us gal 9 10 as a part of the vaal hartz scheme it is a major source of water for irrigation water drawn from the vaal supports 12 million consumers in gauteng and surrounding areas 11 current uses edit the majority of the vaal river water upstream of the vaal dam is used for mining and industrial use such as coal mines and sasol s energy and chemical related activities as well as urban use and power generation further downstream of the dam water is mostly dedicated to urban requirements and although proportionally less a considerable amount of this section is also used for mining and industries irrigation and power generation 12 the river regularly experiences pollution of its upper reaches and this affects users downstream during 2019 the lekwa local municipality s main water treatment plant in standerton was in disrepair and was causing chronic pollution problems to assist users downstream clean water had to be pumped into the river to dilute its high salt levels thereby wasting a large quantity of this scarce resource 13 in 2021 a report released by the south african human rights commission found the river to be polluted beyond acceptable levels including the flow of raw sewerage into the river 14 15 tourism edit vaal dam at deneysville the vaal river is made up of 50 km of navigable water the river basin thus offers a range of leisurely water activities that attract local and international tourists throughout the year activities include boating yachting and water skiing deneysville is a town on the free state side of the vaal river and is a popular water centre where visitors can enjoy swimming kiteboarding yachting boating catamaran cruising jet skiing windsurfing snorkelling and fishing see also edit orange river list of rivers in south africa lower vaal water management area vaal dam witwatersrand basin witwatersrand gold rush drainage basins of south africa references edit times comprehensive atlas 12th ed times books london 2007 9 longest rivers sa9 accessed 2 april 2018 archived from the original on 18 september 2019 retrieved 30 april 2018 thompson g 1827 travels and adventures in southern africa i henry colburn london p 74 1 2 du plessis e j 1973 suid afrikaanse berg en riviername tafelberg uitgewers cape town pp 326 221 isbn 0 624 00273 x 1 2 3 4 water origination home rand water 7 february 2019 archived from the original on 24 september 2015 retrieved 7 february 2019 1 2 3 4 5 crooks j 2004 background history of rand water home rand water archived from the original on 9 february 2019 retrieved 7 february 2019 rivers of south africa manzi s news accessed 31 march 2018 pdf archived from the original pdf on 1 november 2019 retrieved 30 april 2018 c michael hogan 2013 vaal river ed p saundry encyclopedia of earth national council for science and the environment washington dc the kimberley waterworks the cornishman no 155 30 june 1881 p 6 the kimberley waterworks the cornishman no 156 7 july 1881 p 4 state of the environment of south africa soesa annual national state of the environment report archived from the original on 9 february 2012 retrieved 26 february 2012 upper vaal wma overview of water resources availability and utilisation department of water affairs accessed 2 april 2018 pdf archived from the original pdf on 30 april 2018 retrieved 30 april 2018 saba athandiwe 11 november 2019 tens of millions spent on repairs but sewage still flows in the vaal mail guardian retrieved 22 november 2019 mnguni elkington sibusiso 2022 pollution of the vaal river system in south africa a case study pdf wit transactions on ecology and the environment 257 17 via wits press bhengu lwandile flow of raw sewage into vaal river a violation of human rights sahrc rules news24 retrieved 21 april 2023 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to vaal river wikisource has the text of the 1911 encyclopædia britannica article vaal parys info parys on the vaal vaal meander vaal river cruises vaal river properties archived 8 july 2017 at the wayback machine vaal de grace estate university campus on banks of vaal river archived 2013 03 25 at the wayback machine lesotho highlands development authority archived 17 march 2022 at the wayback machine v t e rivers of south africa rivers limpopo vaal orange tugela great fish tributaries blyde caledon kraai saalboom authority control databases viaf gnd retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title vaal_river oldid 1367956421 categories vaal river tributaries of the orange river internal borders of south africa rivers of the free state province rivers of gauteng rivers of the northern cape rivers of mpumalanga lesotho south africa relations water supply and sanitation in south africa hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata use dmy dates from april 2022 use south african english from july 2023 all wikipedia articles written in south african english pages using gadget wikiminiatlas articles containing korana language text coordinates on wikidata pages with afrikaans ipa all articles with unsourced st...
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