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ndia were brought to grenada in 1857 14 24 nutmeg was introduced to grenada in 1843 when a merchant ship called in on its way to england from the east indies 14 24 the ship had a small quantity of nutmeg trees on board which they left in grenada nutmeg continues to be an important crop for the grenadine economy later colonial period after slavery edit in 1877 grenada was made a crown colony theophilus a marryshow founded the representative government association rga in 1918 to agitate for a new and participative constitutional dispensation for the grenadian people 33 due to marryshow s lobbying the wood commission of 1921 22 concluded that grenada was ready for constitutional reform in the form of a modified crown colony government this modification granted grenadians the right to elect five of the 15 legislative council members on a restricted property franchise enabling the wealthiest 4 of adult grenadians to vote 34 marryshow was named a commander of the order of the british empire cbe in 1943 35 in 1950 eric gairy founded the grenada united labour party gulp initially as a trade union which led to the 1951 general strike for better working conditions 14 24 36 this sparked great unrest and so many buildings were set ablaze that the disturbances became known as the sky red days on 10 october 1951 grenada held its first general elections based on universal adult suffrage 37 with gairy s party winning six of the eight seats contested 37 from 1958 to 1962 grenada was part of the federation of the west indies 14 23 24 after the federation s collapse grenada was granted full autonomy over its internal affairs as an associated state on 3 march 1967 23 herbert blaize of the grenada national party gnp was the first premier of the associated state of grenada from march to august 1967 eric gairy served as premier from august 1967 until february 1974 23 post independence era edit maurice bishop visiting east germany 1982 independence was granted on 7 february 1974 under the leadership of eric gairy who became the first prime minister of grenada 14 23 24 this is annually commemorated as independence day 38 grenada opted to remain within the commonwealth retaining queen elizabeth as monarch represented locally by a governor general civil conflict gradually broke out between eric gairy s government and some opposition parties including the marxist new jewel movement njm 23 gairy and the gulp won the 1976 grenadian general election albeit with a reduced majority 23 however the opposition deemed the results invalid due to fraud and the violent intimidation performed by the so called mongoose gang a private militia loyal to gairy 39 40 41 on 13 march 1979 whilst gairy was out of the country the njm launched a bloodless coup which removed gairy suspended the constitution and established a people s revolutionary government prg headed by maurice bishop who declared himself prime minister 23 his marxist leninist government established close ties with cuba nicaragua and other communist bloc countries 23 all political parties except for the new jewel movement were banned and no elections were held during the four years of prg rule invasion by the united states 1983 edit main article united states invasion of grenada members of the eastern caribbean defence force during the 1983 invasion of grenada coup and execution of maurice bishop edit by mid 1983 a dispute developed between bishop and certain high ranking members of the njm though bishop cooperated with cuba and the ussr on various trade and foreign policy issues he sought to maintain a non aligned status hardline marxist party members including communist deputy prime minister bernard coard deemed bishop insufficiently revolutionary and demanded that he either step down or enter into a power sharing arrangement citation needed on 16 october 1983 bernard coard and his wife phyllis coard backed by the grenadian army led a coup against the government of maurice bishop and placed bishop under house arrest 23 these actions led to street demonstrations in various parts of the island as bishop enjoyed widespread popular support bishop was freed by impassioned supporters who marched en masse to his guarded residence from a rally in the capital s central square bishop then led the crowd to the island s military headquarters to reassert his power grenadian soldiers were dispatched in armoured vehicles by the coard faction to retake the fort and a confrontation between soldiers and civilians at the fort ended in gunfire and panic three soldiers and at least eight civilians died in the tumult that also injured 100 others a school sponsored study later found in 2000 42 when the initial shooting ended with bishop s surrender he and a group of seven of his closest supporters were taken prisoner and executed by firing squad besides bishop the group included three of his cabinet ministers a trade union leader and three service industry workers 43 after the execution of bishop the people s revolutionary army pra formed a military marxist government with general hudson austin as chairman the army declared a four day total curfew during which anyone leaving their home without approval would be shot on sight 44 45 united states and allied response and reaction edit m102 howitzers of 320th field artillery regiment firing during the 1983 invasion of grenada us president ronald reagan stated that particularly worrying was the presence of cuban construction workers and military personnel building a 10 000 foot 3 000 m airstrip on grenada 46 bishop had stated the purpose of the airstrip was to allow commercial jets to land but some us military analysts argued that the only reason for constructing such a long and reinforced runway was so that it could be used by heavy military transport planes the contractors american and european companies and the eec which provided partial funding all claimed the airstrip did not have military capabilities reagan asserted that cuba under the direction of the soviet union would use grenada as a refuelling stop for cuban and soviet airplanes loaded with weapons destined for central american communist insurgents 47 the organization of eastern caribbean states oecs barbados and jamaica all appealed to the united states for assistance 48 on 25 october 1983 combined forces from the united states and the regional security system rss based in barbados invaded grenada in an operation codenamed operation urgent fury the us stated this was done at the behest of barbados dominica citation needed and governor general paul scoon 49 scoon had requested the invasion through secret diplomatic channels but it was not made public for his safety 50 progress was rapid and within four days the americans had removed the military government of hudson austin citation needed the invasion was criticised by the governments of britain 51 trinidad and tobago and canada the united nations general assembly condemned it as a flagrant violation of international law by a vote of 108 to 9 with 27 abstentions 52 53 the united nations security council considered a similar resolution which was supported by 11 countries however the united states vetoed the motion 54 post invasion arrests edit after the invasion the pre revolutionary grenadian constitution came into operation once again eighteen members of the prg pra were arrested on charges related to the murder of maurice bishop and seven others the 18 included the top political leadership of grenada at the time of the execution along with the entire military chain of command directly responsible for the operation that led to the executions fourteen were sentenced to death one was found not guilty and three were sentenced to 45 years in prison the death sentences were eventually commuted to terms of imprisonment those in prison have become known as the grenada 17 55 since 1983 edit when us troops withdrew from grenada in december 1983 governor general scoon appointed an interim advisory council chaired by nicholas brathwaite to organise new elections 56 the first democratic elections since 1976 were held in december 1984 and were won by the new national party under herbert blaize who served as prime minister until his death in december 1989 57 58 ben jones briefly succeeded blaize as prime minister and served until the march 1990 election 59 60 this election was won by the national democratic congress under nicholas brathwaite who served as prime minister until he resigned in february 1995 61 he was succeeded by george brizan for a brief period 62 until the june 1995 election which was won by the new national party under keith mitchell who went on to win the 1999 and 2003 elections serving for a record 13 years until 2008 23 mitchell re established relations with cuba and also reformed the country s banking system which had come under criticism over potential money laundering concerns 14 23 24 in 2000 02 much of the controversy of the late 1970s and early 1980s was once again brought into the public consciousness with the opening of the truth and reconciliation commission 23 the commission was chaired by a roman catholic priest father mark haynes and was tasked with uncovering injustices arising from the pra bishop s regime and before it held a number of hearings around the country brother robert fanovich head of presentation brothers college pbc in st george s tasked some of his senior students with conducting a research project into the era and specifically into the fact that maurice bishop s body was never discovered 63 42 aftermath of hurricane ivan in grenada on 7 september 2004 after being hurricane free for 49 years the island was directly hit by hurricane ivan 64 ivan struck as a category 3 hurricane resulting in 39 deaths and damage or destruction to 90 of the island s homes 14 23 24 on 14 july 2005 hurricane emily a category 1 hurricane at the time struck the northern part of the island with 80 knot 150 km h 92 mph winds killing one person and causing an estimated us 110 million ec 297 million worth of damage 14 24 65 agriculture and in particular the nutmeg industry suffered serious losses but that event caused changes in crop management and it is hoped that as new nutmeg trees mature the industry will gradually rebuild mitchell was defeated in the 2008 election by the ndc under tillman thomas 66 67 however he won the 2013 grenadian general election by a landslide and the nnp returned to power 68 winning again by another landslide in 2018 69 in march 2020 grenada confirmed its first case of covid 19 and as of 17 march 2022 update 13 921 cases and 217 deaths had been recorded 70 on 23 june 2022 the ndc won the general election under dickon mitchell who became prime minister the following day 71 on 1 july 2024 hurricane beryl struck the island of carriacou as a category 4 hurricane causing widespread damage across all of grenada and carriacou on carriacou there was no electricity and limited communication throughout the rest of the country 95 of customers had no power and telecommunications were also damaged 72 geography edit main article geography of grenada a map of grenada the island of grenada is the southernmost island in the antilles archipelago bordering the eastern caribbean sea and the western atlantic ocean and roughly 140 km 90 mi north of both venezuela and trinidad and tobago its sister islands make up the southern section of the grenadines which include carriacou petite martinique ronde island caille island diamond island large island saline island and frigate island the remaining islands to the north belong to st vincent and the grenadines most of the population lives in grenada and major towns there include the capital st george s grenville and gouyave the largest settlement on the sister islands is hillsborough on carriacou grenada is of volcanic origin 7 as evident in its soil mountainous interior and several explosion craters including lake antoine grand etang and levera pond grenada s highest point is mount st catherine rising to 840 m 2 760 ft above sea level 7 other major mountains include mount granby and south east mountain several small rivers with waterfalls flow into the sea from these mountains the coastline contains several bays most notably on the southern coast split into numerous thin peninsulas grenada is home to four ecoregions windward islands moist forests leeward islands dry forests windward islands dry forests and windward islands xeric scrub 73 it had a 2018 forest landscape integrity index mean score of 4 22 10 ranking it 131st globally out of 172 countries 74 an aerial photo of the capital st george s climate edit the climate is tropical hot and humid in the dry season and cooled by the moderate rainfall in the rainy season temperatures range from 22 32 c 72 90 f and are rarely below 18 c 64 f grenada lies at the southern edge of the main development region for tropical cyclone activity though the island has suffered only four landfalling hurricanes in the last several decades 75 hurricane janet passed over grenada on 23 september 1955 with winds of 185 km h 115 mph causing severe damage the most recent storm to hit grenada was hurricane beryl on 1 july 2024 a strong category 4 hurricane which set the record for the earliest forming category 5 hurricane in recorded history and the strongest hurricane to develop within the main development region mdr of the atlantic before the month of july while all three inhabited grenadian islands were impacted it passed directly over the island of carriacou causing total devastation and the damage and destruction of many vessels both in water and ashore in tyrrel bay and the carriacou mangroves petit martinique also suffered considerable damage with much more limited damage occurring on the main island of grenada mainly on the windward and northern portions of the island grenada was also impacted by hurricane ivan on 7 september 2004 76 which caused severe damage and thirty nine deaths and hurricane emily on 14 july 2005 which peaked as a category 5 hurricane on 16 july over the greater caribbean region hurricane emily caused serious damage in carriacou and in the north of grenada which had been relatively lightly affected by hurricane ivan grenada has had to be put on a tropical storm watch several times since 75 it took over five years to officially recover from ivan although recovery continued for decades after e g the st george s anglican church and the st andrew s presbyterian church scots kirk were restored in 2021 77 on 1 july 2024 hurricane beryl slammed into grenada causing damage throughout the country but especially in carriacou and petite martinique where the eye of the storm passed 78 beryl gained international attention in part because of its rapid intensification from a tropical storm to category 4 hurricane within just 48 hours 79 fauna edit main article list of mammals of grenada like much of the caribbean grenada is depauperate of large animals however ...
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