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network interface controller wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 purpose 2 implementation 3 performance and advanced functionality 4 see also 5 notes 6 references 7 external links toggle the table of contents network interface controller 57 languages العربية български brezhoneg bosanski català čeština dansk deutsch ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français gaeilge galego עברית hrvatski magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia ido italiano 日本語 jawa қазақша 한국어 коми lëtzebuergesch lietuvių latviešu олык марий македонски bahasa melayu nederlands norsk bokmål ਪੰਜਾਬੀ polski پښتو português română русский srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenčina српски srpski svenska kiswahili தமிழ் тоҷикӣ türkçe українська اردو tiếng việt 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia hardware component that connects a computer to a network network card redirects here for the british rail discount card see network railcard network interface controller a 1990s ethernet network interface card that connects to the motherboard via the now obsolete isa bus this combination card features both a bnc connector left for use in now obsolete 10base2 networks and an 8p8c connector right for use in 10base t networks connects to motherboard via one of integrated in chipset or soc discrete onboard pci connector isa connector pcie including mini pcie and m 2 firewire usb thunderbolt hdmi via hdmi ethernet channel network via one of ethernet wi fi fibre channel atm fddi token ring arcnet infiniband speeds full duplex or half duplex 10 mbit s 100 mbit s 1 gbit s full duplex 1 2 2 5 gbit s 5 gbit s 10 gbit s up to 160 gbit s common manufacturers intel realtek broadcom includes former avago emulex marvell technology group cavium formerly qlogic mellanox chelsio a network interface controller nic also known as a network interface card 3 network adapter lan adapter and physical network interface 4 is a computer hardware component that connects a computer to a computer network 5 early network interface controllers were commonly implemented on expansion cards that plugged into a computer bus the low cost and ubiquity of the ethernet standard means that most newer computers have a network interface controller built into the motherboard or contained in a usb connected dongle although network cards remain available modern network interface controllers offer advanced features such as interrupt and dma interfaces to the host processors support for multiple receive and transmit queues partitioning into multiple logical interfaces and on controller network traffic processing such as the tcp offload engine purpose edit the network controller implements the electronic circuitry required to communicate using a specific physical layer and data link layer standard such as ethernet or wi fi a this provides a base for a full network protocol stack allowing communication among computers on the same local area network lan and large scale network communications through routable protocols such as internet protocol ip the nic allows computers to communicate over a computer network either by using cables or wirelessly the nic is both a physical layer and data link layer device as it provides physical access to a networking medium and for ieee 802 and similar networks provides a low level addressing system through the use of mac addresses that are uniquely assigned to network interfaces implementation edit 12 early isa 8 bit and 16 bit pc network cards the lower right most card is an early wireless network card and the central card with partial beige plastic cover is a pstn modem intel ophir 82571 dual port gigabit ethernet controller die network controllers were originally implemented as expansion cards that plugged into a computer bus the low cost and ubiquity of the ethernet standard means that most new computers have a network interface controller built into the motherboard and that method is called lan on motherboard lom newer server motherboards may have multiple network interfaces built in the ethernet capabilities are either integrated into the motherboard chipset or implemented via a low cost dedicated ethernet chip a separate network card is typically no longer required unless additional independent network connections are needed or some non ethernet type of network is used a general trend in computer hardware is towards integrating the various components of systems on a chip and this is also applied to network interface cards an ethernet network controller typically has an 8p8c socket where the network cable is connected older nics also supplied bnc or aui connections ethernet network controllers typically support 10 mbit s ethernet 100 mbit s ethernet and 1000 mbit s ethernet varieties such controllers are designated as 10 100 1000 meaning that they can support data rates of 10 100 or 1000 mbit s 10 gigabit ethernet nics are also available and as of november 2014 update are beginning to be available on computer motherboards 6 7 a qlogic qle3442 cu sfp dual port nic modular designs like sfp and sfp are highly popular especially for fiber optic communication these define a standard receptacle for media dependent transceivers so users can easily adapt the network interface to their needs leds adjacent to or integrated into the network connector inform the user of whether the network is connected and when data activity occurs the nic may include rom to store its factory assigned mac address 8 the nic may use one or more of the following techniques to indicate the availability of packets to transfer polling is where the cpu examines the status of the peripheral under program control interrupt driven i o is where the peripheral alerts the cpu that it is ready to transfer data nics may use one or more of the following techniques to transfer packet data programmed input output where the cpu moves the data to or from the nic to memory direct memory access dma where a device other than the cpu assumes control of the system bus to move data to or from the nic to memory this removes load from the cpu but requires more logic on the card in addition a packet buffer on the nic may not be required and latency can be reduced performance and advanced functionality edit an asynchronous transfer mode atm network interface intel 82574l gigabit ethernet nic a pci express 1 card which provides two hardware receive queues 9 multiqueue nics provide multiple transmit and receive queues allowing packets received by the nic to be assigned to one of its receive queues the nic may distribute incoming traffic between the receive queues using a hash function each receive queue is assigned to a separate interrupt by routing each of those interrupts to different cpus or cpu cores processing of the interrupt requests triggered by the network traffic received by a single nic can be distributed improving performance 10 11 the hardware based distribution of the interrupts described above is referred to as receive side scaling rss 12 82 purely software implementations also exist such as the receive packet steering rps receive flow steering rfs 10 and intel flow director 12 98 99 13 14 15 further performance improvements can be achieved by routing the interrupt requests to the cpus or cores executing the applications that are the ultimate destinations for network packets that generated the interrupts this technique improves locality of reference and results in higher overall performance reduced latency and better hardware utilization because of the higher utilization of cpu caches and fewer required context switches with multi queue nics additional performance improvements can be achieved by distributing outgoing traffic among different transmit queues by assigning different transmit queues to different cpus or cpu cores internal operating system contentions can be avoided this approach is usually referred to as transmit packet steering xps 10 some products feature nic partitioning npar also known as port partitioning that uses sr iov virtualization to divide a single 10 gigabit ethernet nic into multiple discrete virtual nics with dedicated bandwidth which are presented to the firmware and operating system as separate pci device functions 3 16 some nics provide a tcp offload engine to offload processing of the entire tcp ip stack to the network controller it is primarily used with high speed network interfaces such as gigabit ethernet and 10 gigabit ethernet for which the processing overhead of the network stack becomes significant 17 some nics offer integrated field programmable gate arrays fpgas for user programmable processing of network traffic before it reaches the host computer allowing for significantly reduced latencies in time sensitive workloads 18 moreover some nics offer complete low latency tcp ip stacks running on integrated fpgas in combination with userspace libraries that intercept networking operations usually performed by the operating system kernel solarflare s open source openonload network stack that runs on linux is an example this kind of functionality is usually referred to as user level networking 19 20 21 see also edit converged network adapter cna host adapter intel data direct i o ddio loopback interface network monitoring interface card nmic virtual network interface vif wireless network interface controller wnic notes edit although other network technologies exist ethernet ieee 802 3 and wi fi ieee 802 11 have achieved near ubiquity as lan technologies since the mid 1990s references edit port speed and duplex mode configuration docs ruckuswireless com retrieved 2020 09 25 admin arista 2020 04 23 section 11 2 ethernet standards arista arista networks retrieved 2020 09 28 1 2 enhancing scalability through network interface card partitioning pdf dell april 2011 retrieved may 12 2014 physical network interface microsoft january 7 2009 posey brien m 2006 networking basics part 1 networking hardware windowsnetworking com techgenix ltd retrieved 2012 06 09 jim o reilly 2014 01 22 will 2014 be the year of 10 gigabit ethernet network computing archived from the original on 2015 05 10 retrieved 2015 04 29 breaking speed limits with asrock x99 ws e 10g and intel 10g base t lans asrock com 24 november 2014 retrieved 19 may 2015 john savill nov 12 2000 how can i change a network adapter card s mac address retrieved 2023 11 06 intel 82574 gigabit ethernet controller family datasheet pdf intel june 2014 p 1 retrieved november 16 2014 1 2 3 tom herbert willem de bruijn may 9 2014 linux kernel documentation documentation networking scaling txt kernel org retrieved november 16 2014 intel ethernet controller i210 family product brief pdf intel 2012 retrieved november 16 2014 1 2 intel look inside intel ethernet pdf xeon e5 v3 grantley launch intel november 27 2014 archived from the original pdf on march 26 2015 retrieved march 26 2015 linux kernel documentation documentation networking ixgbe txt kernel org december 15 2014 retrieved march 26 2015 intel ethernet flow director intel february 16 2015 retrieved march 26 2015 introduction to intel ethernet flow director and memcached performance pdf intel october 14 2014 retrieved october 11 2015 patrick kutch brian johnson greg rose september 2011 an introduction to intel flexible port partitioning using sr iov technology pdf intel retrieved september 24 2015 jonathan corbet august 1 2007 large receive offload lwn net retrieved may 2 2015 high performance solutions for cyber security new wave design verification new wave dv timothy prickett morgan 2012 02 08 solarflare turns network adapters into servers when a cpu just isn t fast enough the register retrieved 2014 05 08 openonload openonload org 2013 12 03 retrieved 2014 05 08 steve pope david riddoch 2008 03 21 openonload a user level network stack pdf openonload org archived from the original pdf on 2014 07 24 retrieved 2014 05 08 external links edit physical network interface microsoft predictable network interface names freedesktop org multi queue network interfaces with smp on linux v t e basic computer components input devices pointing devices graphics tablet game controller light pen mouse optical optical trackpad pointing stick touchpad touchscreen trackball other keyboard image scanner graphics card gpu microphone refreshable braille display sound card sound chip webcam softcam output devices monitor screen refreshable braille display printer plotter speakers sound card graphics card removable data storage disk pack floppy disk optical disc cd dvd blu ray flash memory memory card usb flash drive computer case central processing unit microprocessor motherboard memory ram bios data storage hdd ssd sata nvme sshd power supply smps mosfet power mosfet vrm network interface controller fax modem expansion card ports current ethernet usb thunderbolt analog audio jack displayport hdmi obsolete firewire ieee 1394 parallel port serial port game port ps 2 port esata dvi vga related history of computing hardware history of computing hardware 1960s present list of pioneers in computer science retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title network_interface_controller oldid 1362916183 categories ethernet networking hardware hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles containing potentially dated statements from november 2014 all articles containing potentially dated statements this page was last edited on 7 july 2026 at 00 07 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents network interface controller 57 languages add topic
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