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icularly to employment and local economies outside of the major cities the activities of multinational companies based in ireland have made it one of the largest exporters of pharmaceutical agents medical devices and software related goods and services in the world ireland s exports also relate to the activities of large irish companies such as ryanair kerry group smurfit kappa and increasingly irish based aircraft lessors such as avolon the country exports mineral resources including zinc and lead concentrates and also has significant deposits of gypsum and smaller quantities of copper aluminium oxide silver gold barite and dolomite 70 tourism in ireland contributes about 4 of gdp and is a significant source of employment other goods exports include agri food such as cattle beef sheep and dairy products ireland s major imports include data processing equipment chemicals petroleum and petroleum products textiles and clothing financial services provided by multinational corporations based at the irish financial services centre also contribute to irish exports the eu is by far the country s largest trading partner accounting for 57 9 of exports and 60 7 of imports prior to brexit the united kingdom was the most important trading partner within the eu accounting for 15 4 of exports and 32 1 of imports outside the eu the united states accounted for 23 2 of exports and 14 1 of imports in 2010 159 energy main article energy in ireland a wind farm in county wexford esb bord gáis energy and airtricity are the three main electricity and gas suppliers in ireland there are 19 82 billion cubic metres of proven reserves of gas 70 160 natural gas extraction previously occurred at the kinsale head until its exhaustion the corrib gas field was due to come on stream in 2013 14 in 2012 the barryroe field was confirmed to have up to 1 6 billion barrels of oil in reserve with between 160 and 600 million recoverable 161 that could provide for ireland s entire energy needs for up to 13 years when it is developed in 2015 16 there have been significant efforts to increase the use of renewable and sustainable forms of energy in ireland particularly in wind power with 3 000 megawatts 162 of wind farms being constructed some for the purpose of export 163 the sustainable energy authority of ireland seai has estimated that 6 5 of ireland s 2011 energy requirements were produced by renewable sources 164 the seai has also reported an increase in energy efficiency in ireland with a 28 reduction in carbon emissions per house from 2005 to 2013 165 in 2021 ireland was the 24th largest wind energy producer in the world and the 3rd ranked in 2020 on a per capita basis 166 transport main articles transport in ireland rail transport in ireland and roads in ireland the country s three main international airports at dublin shannon and cork serve many european and intercontinental routes with scheduled and chartered flights the london to dublin air route is the ninth busiest international air route in the world and also the busiest international air route in europe with 14 500 flights between the two in 2017 167 168 in 2015 4 5 million people took the route at that time the world s second busiest 167 aer lingus is the flag carrier of ireland although ryanair is the country s largest airline ryanair is europe s largest low cost carrier 169 the second largest in terms of passenger numbers and the world s largest in terms of international passenger numbers 170 iarnród éireann trains at heuston station railway services are provided by iarnród éireann irish rail which operates all internal intercity commuter and freight railway services in the country dublin is the centre of the network with two main stations heuston station and connolly station linking to the country s cities and main towns the enterprise service which runs jointly with northern ireland railways connects dublin and belfast the whole of ireland s mainline network operates on track with a gauge of 5 ft 3 in 1 600 mm which is unique in europe and has resulted in distinct rolling stock designs dublin s public transport network includes the dart luas dublin bus and dublinbikes 171 motorways national primary roads and national secondary roads are managed by transport infrastructure ireland while regional roads and local roads are managed by the local authorities in each of their respective areas the road network is primarily focused on the capital but motorways connect it to other major irish cities including cork limerick waterford and galway 172 dublin is served by major infrastructure such as the east link and west link toll bridges as well as the dublin port tunnel the jack lynch tunnel under the river lee in cork and the limerick tunnel under the river shannon were two major projects outside dublin 173 demographics main article demographics of the republic of ireland see also historical population of ireland population of ireland since 1951 genetic research suggests that the earliest settlers migrated from iberia following the most recent ice age 174 after the mesolithic neolithic and bronze age migrants introduced a celtic language and culture migrants from the two latter eras still represent the genetic heritage of most irish people 175 176 gaelic tradition expanded and became the dominant form over time irish people are a combination of gaelic norse anglo norman french and british ancestry the population of ireland was recorded as 5 149 139 in 2022 an increase of 8 since 2016 177 in 2011 ireland had the highest birth rate in the european union 16 births per 1 000 of population 178 in 2014 36 3 of births were to unmarried women 179 annual population growth rates exceeded 2 during the 2002 2006 intercensal period which was attributed to high rates of natural increase and immigration 180 this rate declined somewhat during the subsequent 2006 2011 intercensal period with an average annual percentage change of 1 6 the total fertility rate tfr in 2017 was estimated at 1 80 children born per woman below the replacement rate of 2 1 it remains considerably below the high of 4 2 children born per woman in 1850 181 in 2018 the median age of the irish population was 37 1 years 182 at the time of the 2022 census the number of non irish nationals was recorded at 631 785 this represents an 8 increase from the 2016 census figure of 535 475 177 the five largest sources of non irish nationals were poland 93 680 the uk 83 347 india 45 449 romania 43 323 lithuania 31 177 and latvia 27 338 respectively the non irish nationalities which saw the largest increase from 2016 were india 33 984 romania 14 137 brazil 13 698 ukraine 10 006 the non irish nationalities which saw the largest decrease from 2016 were poland 28 835 uk 19 766 lithuania 5 375 latvia 1 633 and slovakia 1 117 183 see also list of urban areas in the republic of ireland largest cities towns and villages in the republic of ireland by population 2022 census 184 dublin cork settlement population settlement population limerick galway 1 dublin 1 263 219 11 ennis 27 923 2 cork 222 526 12 carlow 27 351 3 limerick 102 287 13 kilkenny 27 184 4 galway 85 910 14 naas 26 180 5 waterford 60 079 15 tralee 26 079 6 drogheda 44 135 16 newbridge 24 366 8 dundalk 43 112 17 balbriggan 24 322 7 swords 40 776 18 portlaoise 23 494 9 navan 33 886 19 athlone 22 869 10 bray 33 512 20 mullingar 22 667 languages main articles languages of ireland irish language hiberno english and mid ulster english percentage of population speaking irish daily outside the education system in the 2011 census the irish constitution describes irish as the national language and the first official language but english the second official language dominates in the 2016 census about 1 75 million people 40 of the population said they were able to speak irish but of those under 74 000 spoke it on a daily basis 185 irish is spoken as a community language only in a small number of rural areas mostly in the west and south of the country collectively known as the gaeltacht except in gaeltacht regions road signs are usually bilingual 186 most public notices and print media are in english only while the state is officially bilingual citizens can often struggle to access state services in irish and most government publications are not available in both languages even though citizens have the right to deal with the state in irish irish language media include the tv channel tg4 the radio station rté raidió na gaeltachta and online newspaper tuairisc ie in the irish defence forces all foot and arms drill commands are given in the irish language as a result of immigration polish is the most widely spoken language in ireland after english with irish as the third most spoken 187 several other central european languages namely czech hungarian and slovak as well as baltic languages lithuanian and latvian are also spoken on a day to day basis other languages spoken in ireland include shelta spoken by irish travellers and a dialect of scots is spoken by some ulster scots people in donegal 188 most secondary school students choose to learn one or two foreign languages languages available for the junior certificate and the leaving certificate include french german italian and spanish leaving certificate students can also study arabic japanese and russian some secondary schools also offer ancient greek hebrew and latin the study of irish is generally compulsory for leaving certificate students but some may qualify for an exemption in some circumstances such as learning difficulties or entering the country after age 11 189 religion main article religion in the republic of ireland religion in the republic of ireland 3 religion percent catholic church 69 1 non religious 14 5 protestant 4 0 muslim 1 6 not stated 6 7 other 4 1 religious freedom is constitutionally provided for in ireland and the country s constitution has been secular since 1973 christianity is the predominant religion and while ireland remains a predominantly catholic country the percentage of the population who identified as catholic on the census has declined significantly in the early 21st century from 84 2 percent in the 2011 census to 69 1 percent in 2022 190 191 other results from the 2016 census were 4 2 protestant 1 3 orthodox 1 3 muslim and 9 8 having no religion 192 according to a georgetown university study before 2000 the country had one of the highest rates of regular mass attendance in the western world 193 while daily attendance was 13 in 2006 there was a reduction in weekly attendance from 81 in 1990 to 48 in 2006 the decline was reported as stabilising though 194 in 2011 it was reported that weekly mass attendance in dublin was 18 and even lower among younger generations 195 st mary s cathedral is the seat of the catholic church in dublin st patrick s cathedral dublin is the national cathedral of the church of ireland the church of ireland adhered to by 2 7 of the population is the second largest christian denomination membership declined throughout the twentieth century but experienced an increase early in the 21st century alongside other christian denominations other significant protestant denominations are the presbyterian church and methodist church immigration has contributed to a growth in hindu and muslim populations in percentage terms as of the 2006 census orthodox christianity and islam were the fastest growing religions with increases of 100 and 70 respectively 196 ireland s patron saints are patrick bridget and columba saint patrick is commonly recognised as the primary patron saint 197 saint patrick s day is celebrated on 17 march in ireland and abroad as the irish national day with parades and other celebrations as with other traditionally catholic european states such as spain and italy 198 ireland underwent a period of legal secularisation in the late twentieth century in 1972 the article of the constitution naming specific religious groups was deleted by the fifth amendment in a referendum article 44 remains in the constitution the state acknowledges that the homage of public worship is due to almighty god it shall hold his name in reverence and shall respect and honour religion the article also establishes freedom of religion prohibits endowment of any religion prohibits the state from religious discrimination and requires the state to treat religious and non religious schools in a non prejudicial manner although most schools in ireland are patronised by religious organisations government policy has been to transfer some schools to non denominational or multi denominational patronage 199 200 and a secularist trend is occurring among younger generations 201 education main article education in the republic of ireland the long room at the library of trinity college dublin these paragraphs are an excerpt from education in the republic of ireland edit education in the republic of ireland is a primary secondary and higher often known as third level or tertiary education in recent years further education has grown immensely and ireland now has one of the highest percentages of higher education completion in the eu at 55 of working age adults and 63 of adults aged 25 34 as of 2023 202 growth in the economy since the 1960s has driven much of the change in the education system for universities there are student service fees up to a maximum of 2 500 which students are required to pay on registration to cover examinations insurance and registration costs although grants are available for low income students 203 students must go to schools from ages 5 to 16 or until they have completed three years of second level of education 204 under the constitution of ireland parents are not obliged in violation of their conscience and lawful preference to send their children to schools established by the state or to any particular type of school designated by the state 205 however the parental right to homeschool their child has met legal contests over minimum standards in the absence of constitutional provision for state defined educational standards while english is the primary medium of instruction at all levels in most schools across the state in gaelscoileanna irish language schools irish is the primary medium of instruction at all levels and english is taught as a second language the irish language remains a core subject taught in all public schools with exemptions given to individual pupils on grounds of significant periods lived abroad learning difficulties and other similar and or valid reasons the typical secondary school consists of first to third year with the junior certificate at the end of third transition year if offered and taken by the student and fifth and sixth year with the leaving certificate at the end of sixth year the vast majority of students complete secondary education with only 4 of students failing to complete the leaving certificate the second lowest percentage in the eu where the average is 10 202 ireland s seco...
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