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ncing explanation what i meant by we would know the mind of god is we would know everything that god would know if there were a god which there isn t i m an atheist 237 in addition hawking stated if you like you can call the laws of science god but it wouldn t be a personal god that you would meet and put questions to 219 politics hawking was a longstanding labour party supporter 243 244 his endorsement of them in the 2017 uk general election cited the conservative party s proposed cuts to the national health service nhs but he was openly critical of labour s ability to win a general election under party leader jeremy corbyn 245 hawking once recorded a video tribute to the democratic party candidate in the 2000 u s presidential election al gore 246 hawking supported universal health care 247 and maintained that without the nhs he would not have survived into his 70s 248 he especially feared privatisation of healthcare in the uk stating the more profit is extracted from the system the more private monopolies grow and the more expensive healthcare becomes the nhs must be preserved from commercial interests and protected from those who want to privatise it 249 hawking criticized the conservatives for wanting to privatise the nhs and for cutting funding to it as a result 250 he was also in favour of increasing the numbers of doctors and nurses in the nhs 251 hawking also supported a universal basic income 252 before the 2014 referendum on scottish independence from the uk hawking was one of two hundred public figures who signed a letter endorsing a vote against independence 253 voters ultimately agreed with them 254 hawking similarly denounced brexit the uk s withdrawal from the european union eu he predicted it would weaken the uk s contribution to global scientific efforts he claimed modern scientific research requires international collaboration and that freedom of movement within europe as is guaranteed to eu citizens encourages the spread of ideas 255 256 voters decided in favour of withdrawal in a 2016 referendum 257 later that year as pro brexit prime minister theresa may honoured hawking at the pride of britain awards he told her please don t ask me to help with brexit 258 hawking encouraged action to prevent climate change 259 he feared u s president donald trump s policies on global warming by denying the evidence for climate change and pulling out of the paris agreement donald trump will cause avoidable environmental damage to earth endangering the natural world for us and our children 260 hawking also theorized that climate change could lead earth to become like venus with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees celsius and raining sulphuric acid 261 furthermore hawking supported nuclear disarmament 243 244 and stem cell research 244 262 he believed the u s 2003 invasion of iraq was a war crime 244 263 he was also critical of the israeli government s actions in the israeli palestinian conflict stating they are likely to lead to disaster and once boycotted an academic conference in israel over the occupation of palestine 264 in the 2010s hawking accused then secretary of state for health and social care jeremy hunt of cherry picking evidence to support debased scientific claims 248 personal life marriages hawking met his future wife jane wilde at a party in 1962 the following year hawking was diagnosed with motor neurone disease mnd also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis als or lou gehrig s disease in october 1964 the couple became engaged while aware of hawking s new physical limitations and shortened life expectancy 139 265 hawking later recalled before i got motor neuron disease i was bored with life but the prospect of an early death made me realize life was really worth living 33 266 the two were married on 14 july 1965 in their shared hometown of st albans 84 hawking being presented by his daughter lucy hawking at the lecture he gave for nasa s 50th anniversary 2008 the couple resided in cambridge within hawking s walking distance to the department of applied mathematics and theoretical physics damtp during their first years of marriage jane lived in london during the week as she completed her degree at westfield college they travelled to the united states several times for conferences and physics related visits jane began a phd programme through westfield college in medieval spanish poetry completed in 1981 the couple had three children robert born may 1967 267 268 lucy born november 1970 269 and timothy born april 1979 134 hawking rarely discussed his illness and physical challenges even in a precedent set during their courtship with jane 270 his disabilities meant that the responsibilities of home and family rested firmly on his wife s shoulders leaving him more time to think about physics 271 upon his appointment in 1974 to a year long position at caltech jane proposed that a graduate or post doctoral student live with them and help with his care hawking accepted and bernard carr travelled with them as the first of many students who fulfilled this role 272 273 the family spent a generally happy and stimulating year in pasadena 274 hawking returned to cambridge in 1975 to a new home and a new job as reader don page with whom hawking had begun a close friendship at caltech arrived to work as the live in graduate student assistant with page s help and that of a secretary jane s responsibilities were reduced so she could return to her doctoral thesis and her new interest in singing 275 around december 1977 jane met organist jonathan hellyer jones when singing in a church choir hellyer jones became close to the hawking family and by the mid 1980s he and jane developed romantic feelings for each other 138 276 277 according to jane her husband was accepting of the situation stating he would not object so long as i continued to love him 138 278 279 jane and hellyer jones were determined not to break up the family and their relationship remained platonic for a long period 280 by the 1980s hawking s marriage had been strained for many years jane felt overwhelmed by the intrusion into their family life of the required nurses and assistants 281 the impact of his celebrity status was challenging for colleagues and family members while the prospect of living up to a worldwide fairytale image was daunting for the couple 282 189 hawking s views of religion also contrasted with her strong christian faith and resulted in tension 189 283 284 after a tracheotomy in 1985 hawking required a full time nurse and nursing care was split across three shifts daily in the late 1980s hawking grew close to one of his nurses elaine mason to the dismay of some colleagues caregivers and family members who were disturbed by her strength of personality and protectiveness 285 in february 1990 hawking told jane that he was leaving her for mason 286 and departed the family home 287 after his divorce from jane in 1995 hawking married mason in september 287 288 in 1999 jane published a memoir music to move the stars about her marriage and its breakdown its revelations caused a sensation in the media but as was his usual practice regarding his personal life hawking made no public comment except to say that he did not read biographies about himself 289 after his second marriage hawking s family felt excluded and marginalised from his life 284 for a period of about five years in the early 2000s his family and staff became increasingly worried that he was being physically abused 290 police investigations took place but were closed as hawking refused to make a complaint 291 in 2006 hawking and mason quietly divorced 292 293 and hawking resumed closer relationships with jane his children and his grandchildren 189 293 reflecting on this happier period a revised version of jane s book re titled travelling to infinity my life with stephen was published in 2007 291 and was made into a film the theory of everything in 2014 294 disability hawking had a rare early onset slow progressing form of mnd which gradually paralysed him over decades 21 during his final year at oxford he had experienced increasing clumsiness including a fall on some stairs and difficulties when rowing 295 296 the problems worsened and his speech became slightly slurred his family noticed the changes when he returned home for christmas and medical investigations were begun 297 298 he was diagnosed with mnd at age 21 in 1963 doctors gave him a life expectancy of two years 299 300 in the late 1960s hawking s physical abilities declined he began to use crutches and could no longer give lectures regularly 301 as he slowly lost the ability to write he developed compensatory visual methods including seeing equations in terms of geometry 302 303 werner israel later compared the achievements to mozart composing an entire symphony in his head 304 305 hawking was unwilling to accept help or make concessions for his disabilities he preferred to be regarded as a scientist first popular science writer second and in all the ways that matter a normal human being with the same desires drives dreams and ambitions as the next person 306 jane hawking later noted some people would call it determination some obstinacy i ve called it both at one time or another 307 he required much persuasion to accept the use of a wheelchair at the end of the 1960s 308 but ultimately became notorious for the wildness of his wheelchair driving 309 hawking was popular among his colleagues but his illness as well as his reputation for brashness distanced him from some 307 when hawking first began using a wheelchair he was using standard motorised models or powerchairs the earliest surviving example of these chairs was made by bec mobility and sold by christie s in november 2018 for 296 750 310 hawking continued to use this type of chair until the early 1990s at which time his ability to use his hands to drive a wheelchair deteriorated hawking used a variety of different chairs from that time including a dragonmobility dragon elevating powerchair from 2007 311 a permobil c350 from 2014 and then a permobil f3 from 2016 312 hawking at an als convention in san francisco in the 1980s hawking s speech deteriorated and by the late 1970s he could be understood by only his family and closest friends to communicate with others someone who knew him well would interpret his speech into intelligible speech 313 spurred by a dispute with the university over who would pay for the ramp needed for him to enter his workplace hawking and his wife campaigned for improved access and support for those with disabilities in cambridge 314 315 including adapted student housing at the university 316 in general hawking had ambivalent feelings about his role as a disability rights champion while wanting to help others he also sought to detach himself from his illness and its challenges his lack of engagement in this area led to some critics saying he was not doing enough although white and gribbin noted just by staying alive and continuing to work at the intense rate he and the world have grown used to he is an inspiration to handicapped people everywhere 317 during a visit to cern on the border of france and switzerland in mid 1985 hawking contracted pneumonia which in his condition was life threatening he was so ill that jane was asked if life support should be terminated she refused but the consequence was a tracheotomy which required round the clock nursing care and caused the loss of what remained of his speech 318 319 the nhs was ready to pay for a nursing home but jane was determined that he would live at home the cost of the care was funded by an american foundation 320 321 nurses were hired for the three shifts required to provide the round the clock support he required one of those employed was elaine mason who was to become hawking s second wife 322 for his communication hawking initially raised his eyebrows to choose letters on a spelling card 323 but in 1986 he received a computer program called the equalizer from walter woltosz ceo of words plus who had developed an earlier version of the software to help his mother in law who also had als and had lost her ability to speak and write 324 in a method he used for the rest of his life hawking could now simply press a switch to select phrases words or letters from a bank of about 2 500 3 000 that were scanned 325 326 the program was originally run on a desktop computer elaine mason s husband david a computer engineer adapted a small computer and attached it to his wheelchair 327 released from the need to use somebody to interpret his speech hawking commented that i can communicate better now than before i lost my voice 328 the voice he used had an american accent and is no longer produced 329 330 despite the later availability of other voices hawking retained this original voice saying that he preferred it and identified with it 331 originally hawking activated a switch using his hand and could produce up to 15 words per minute 163 lectures were prepared in advance and were sent to the speech synthesiser in short sections to be delivered 329 hawking gradually lost the use of his hand and in 2005 he began to control his communication device with movements of his cheek muscles 332 333 334 with a rate of about one word per minute 333 with this decline there was a risk of him developing locked in syndrome so hawking worked with intel researchers on systems that could translate his brain patterns or facial expressions into switch activations after several prototypes did not perform as planned they settled on an adaptive word predictor made by the london based startup swiftkey which used a system similar to his original technology hawking had an easier time adapting to the new system which was further developed after inputting large amounts of hawking s papers and other written materials and uses predictive software similar to other smartphone keyboards 189 324 334 335 hawking in 2008 by 2009 he could no longer drive his wheelchair independently but the same people who created his new typing mechanics were working on a method to drive his chair using movements made by his chin this proved difficult since hawking could not move his neck and trials showed that while he could indeed drive the chair the movement was sporadic and jumpy 324 336 near the end of his life hawking experienced increased breathing difficulties often resulting in his requiring the usage of a ventilator and being regularly hospitalised 189 hawking continued to travel widely including trips to chile easter island south africa spain to receive the fonseca prize in 2008 337 338 canada 339 and numerous trips to the u s 340 for practical reasons related to his disability hawking increasingly travelled by private jet and by 2011 that had become his only mode of international travel 341 disability outreach starting in the 1990s hawking accepted the mantle of role model for disabled people lecturing 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