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income germany collected from taxation a figure which increased to nearly 40 per cent of total german income as the war went on 421 in the east the intended gains of lebensraum were never attained as fluctuating front lines and soviet scorched earth policies denied resources to the german invaders 422 unlike in the west the nazi racial policy encouraged extreme brutality against what it considered to be the inferior people of slavic descent most german advances were thus followed by mass atrocities and war crimes 423 the nazis killed an estimated 2 8 million ethnic poles in addition to polish jewish victims of the holocaust 424 although by 1942 resistance groups formed in most occupied territories 425 the assessments of the effectiveness of soviet partisans 426 and french resistance 427 suggests that they did not significantly hamper german operations until late 1943 soviet partisans hanged by the german army the russian academy of sciences reported in 1995 that civilian victims in the soviet union at german hands totalled 13 7 million dead twenty per cent of the 68 million people in the occupied soviet union in asia japan termed nations under its occupation as being part of the greater east asia co prosperity sphere essentially a japanese hegemony which it claimed was for purposes of liberating colonised peoples 428 although japanese forces were sometimes welcomed as liberators from european domination japanese war crimes frequently turned local public opinion against them 429 during japan s initial conquest it captured 4 000 000 barrels 640 000 m 3 of oil 550 000 tonnes left behind by retreating allied forces and by 1943 was able to get production in the dutch east indies up to 50 million barrels 7 900 000 m 3 of oil 6 8 million tonnes 76 per cent of its 1940 output rate 429 home fronts and production main articles military production during world war ii and home front during world war ii allies to axis gdp ratio throughout the war in the 1930s britain and the united states together controlled almost 75 of world mineral output essential for projecting military power 430 in europe before the outbreak of the war the allies had significant advantages in both population and economics in 1938 the western allies united kingdom france poland and the british dominions had a 30 per cent larger population and a 30 per cent higher gross domestic product than the european axis powers germany and italy including colonies the allies had more than a 5 1 advantage in population and a nearly 2 1 advantage in gdp 431 in asia at the same time china had roughly six times the population of japan but only an 89 per cent higher gdp this reduces to three times the population and only a 38 per cent higher gdp if japanese colonies are included 431 the united states produced about two thirds of all munitions used by the allies in world war ii including warships transports warplanes artillery tanks trucks and ammunition 432 although the allies economic and population advantages were largely mitigated during the initial rapid blitzkrieg attacks of germany and japan they became the decisive factor by 1942 after the united states and soviet union joined the allies and the war evolved into one of attrition 433 while the allies ability to out produce the axis was partly due to more access to natural resources other factors such as germany and japan s reluctance to employ women in the labour force 434 allied strategic bombing 435 and germany s late shift to a war economy 436 contributed significantly additionally neither germany nor japan planned to fight a protracted war and had not equipped themselves to do so 437 germany japan and the soviet union used millions of slave labourers in war related industries 410 412 392 advances in technology and its application main article technology during world war ii a v 2 rocket launched from a fixed site in peenemünde 21 june 1943 aircraft were used for reconnaissance as fighters bombers and ground support and each role developed considerably innovations included airlift the capability to quickly move limited high priority supplies equipment and personnel 438 and strategic bombing the bombing of enemy industrial and population centres to destroy the enemy s ability to wage war 439 anti aircraft weaponry also advanced including defences such as radar and surface to air artillery in particular the introduction of the proximity fuze the use of the jet aircraft was pioneered and led to jets becoming standard in air forces worldwide 440 advances were made in nearly every aspect of naval warfare most notably with aircraft carriers and submarines although aeronautical warfare had relatively little success at the start of the war actions at taranto pearl harbor and the coral sea established the carrier as the dominant capital ship in place of the battleship 441 442 443 in the atlantic escort carriers became a vital part of allied convoys increasing the effective protection radius and helping to close the mid atlantic gap 444 carriers were also more economical than battleships due to the relatively low cost of aircraft 445 and because they are not required to be as heavily armoured 446 submarines which had proved to be an effective weapon during world war i 447 were expected by all combatants to be important in the second the british focused development on anti submarine weaponry and tactics such as sonar and convoys while germany focused on improving its offensive capability with designs such as the type vii submarine and wolfpack tactics 448 gradually improving allied technologies such as the leigh light hedgehog squid and homing torpedoes proved effective against german submarines 449 nuclear gadget being raised to the top of the detonation shot tower at alamogordo bombing range trinity nuclear test new mexico july 1945 land warfare changed from the static frontlines of trench warfare of world war i which had relied on improved artillery that outmatched the speed of both infantry and cavalry to increased mobility and combined arms the tank which had been used predominantly for infantry support in the first world war had evolved into the primary weapon 450 in the late 1930s tank design was considerably more advanced than it had been during world war i 451 and advances continued throughout the war with increases in speed armour and firepower 452 453 at the start of the war most commanders thought enemy tanks should be met by tanks with superior specifications 454 this idea was challenged by the poor performance of the relatively light early tank guns against armour and german doctrine of avoiding tank versus tank combat this along with germany s use of combined arms were among the key elements of their highly successful blitzkrieg tactics across poland and france 450 many means of destroying tanks including indirect artillery anti tank guns both towed and self propelled mines short ranged infantry antitank weapons and other tanks were used 454 even with large scale mechanisation infantry remained the backbone of all forces 455 and throughout the war most infantry were equipped similarly to world war i 456 the portable machine gun spread a notable example being the german mg 34 and various submachine guns which were suited to close combat in urban and jungle settings 456 the assault rifle a late war development incorporating many features of the rifle and submachine gun became the standard post war infantry weapon for most armed forces 457 most major belligerents attempted to solve the problems of complexity and security involved in using large codebooks for cryptography by designing ciphering machines the most well known being the german enigma machine 458 development of sigint sig nals int elligence and cryptanalysis enabled the countering process of decryption notable examples were the allied decryption of japanese naval codes 459 and british ultra a pioneering method for decoding enigma that benefited from information given to the united kingdom by the polish cipher bureau which had been decoding early versions of enigma before the war 460 another component of military intelligence was deception which the allies used to great effect in operations such as mincemeat and bodyguard 459 461 other technological and engineering feats achieved during or as a result of the war include the world s first programmable computers z3 colossus and eniac guided missiles and modern rockets the manhattan project s development of nuclear weapons operations research the development of artificial harbours and oil pipelines under the english channel 462 463 although penicillin was discovered before the war the development of industrial production technology as well as the mass production and use began during the war 464 see also lists of world war ii topics world war iii hypothetical future global conflict notes while various other dates have been proposed as the date on which world war ii began or ended this is the period most frequently cited often abbreviated as wwii or ww2 the uk declared war on germany at 11 am france followed 6 hours later at 5 pm reparations were exacted from east germany hungary romania and bulgaria using soviet dominated joint enterprises the soviet union also instituted trading arrangements deliberately designed to favour the country moscow controlled the communist parties that ruled the satellite states and they followed orders from the kremlin historian mark kramer concludes the net outflow of resources from eastern europe to the soviet union was approximately 15 billion to 20 billion in the first decade after world war ii an amount roughly equal to the total aid provided by the united states to western europe under the marshall plan references see also bibliography of world war ii weinberg 2005 p 6 ferris john mawdsley evan 2015 the cambridge history of the second world war volume i fighting the war cambridge cambridge university press förster gessler 2005 p 64 ghuhl wernar 2007 imperial japan s world war two transaction publishers pp 7 30 polmar norman allen thomas b 1991 world war ii america at war 1941 1945 isbn 978 0 3945 8530 7 ben horin 1943 p 169 taylor 1979 p 124 yisreelit hevrah mizrahit 1965 asian and african studies p 191 for 1941 see taylor 1961 p vii kellogg william o 2003 american history the easy way barron s educational series p 236 isbn 978 0 7641 1973 6 there is also the viewpoint that both world war i and world war ii were part of the same european civil war or second thirty years war canfora 2006 p 155 prins 2002 p 11 beevor 2012 p 10 in many ways author says spanish civil war was the first battle of wwii fresh air npr 10 march 2017 archived from the original on 16 april 2021 retrieved 16 april 2021 frank willard c 1987 the spanish civil war and the coming of the second world war the international history review 9 3 368 409 doi 10 1080 07075332 1987 9640449 jstor 40105814 masaya 1990 p 4 treaty on the final settlement with respect to germany usa usembassy de 12 september 1990 archived from the original on 7 may 2012 retrieved 6 may 2012 why japan and russia never signed a wwii peace treaty asia times reuters 15 december 2016 archived from the original on 4 june 2018 texts of soviet japanese statements peace declaration trade protocol the new york times 20 october 1956 p 2 archived from the original on 9 december 2021 gilbert martin 1994 the first world war a complete history new york city henry holt and company pp 527 532 isbn 9780805076172 gerwarth robert 21 january 2019 paris peace treaties failed to create a secure peaceful and lasting world order the irish times archived from the original on 14 august 2021 retrieved 29 october 2021 ingram 2006 pp 76 78 kantowicz 1999 p 149 shaw 2000 p 35 brody 1999 p 4 zalampas 1989 p 62 mandelbaum 1988 p 96 record 2005 p 50 schmitz 2000 p 124 adamthwaite 1992 p 52 shirer 1990 pp 298 299 preston 1998 p 104 myers peattie 1987 p 458 smith steadman 2004 p 28 coogan 1993 although some chinese troops in the northeast managed to retreat south others were trapped by the advancing japanese army and were faced with the choice of resistance in defiance of orders or surrender a few commanders submitted receiving high office in the puppet government but others took up arms against the invader the forces they commanded were the first of the volunteer armies busky 2002 p 10 stanton andrea l ramsamy edward seybolt peter j 2012 cultural sociology of the middle east asia and africa an encyclopedia p 308 isbn 978 1 4129 8176 7 archived from the original on 7 march 2023 retrieved 6 april 2014 barker 1971 pp 131 132 shirer 1990 p 289 kitson 2001 p 231 neulen 2000 p 25 payne 2008 p 271 payne 2008 p 146 eastman 1986 pp 547 551 paine sarah 2012 the wars for asia 1911 1949 cambridge university press tucker spencer c 2009 a global chronology of conflict from the ancient world to the modern middle east 6 volumes from the ancient world to the modern middle east abc clio isbn 978 1 8510 9672 5 archived from the original on 7 march 2023 retrieved 27 august 2017 via google books hsu chang 1971 pp 195 200 dorn frank 1974 the sino japanese war 1937 1941 macmillan wakabayashi bob 2007 the nanking atrocity 1937 1938 complicating the picture berghahn books p 384 levene mark and roberts penny the massacre in history 1999 pp 223 224 totten samuel dictionary of genocide 2008 298 299 hsu chang 1971 pp 221 230 eastman 1986 p 566 taylor 2009 pp 150 152 sella 1983 pp 651 687 mitter rana 2013 forgotten ally houghton mifflin harcourt paine sarah the wars for asia cambridge university press p 185 beevor 2012 p 342 goldman stuart d 28 august 2012 the forgotten soviet japanese war of 1939 the diplomat archived from the original on 29 june 2015 retrieved 26 june 2015 neeno timothy nomonhan the second russo japanese war militaryhistoryonline com archived from the original on 24 november 2005 retrieved 26 june 2015 collier pedley 2000 p 144 kershaw 2001 pp 121 122 kershaw 2001 p 157 davies 2006 pp 143 144 2008 ed shirer 1990 pp 461 462 lowe marzari 2002 p 330 dear foot 2001 p 234 shirer 1990 p 471 shore 2003 p 108 watson derek 2000 molotov s apprenticeship in foreign policy the triple alliance negotiations in 1939 europe asia studies 52 4 695 722 doi 10 1080 713663077 jstor 153322 s2cid 144385167 dear foot 2001 p 608 weinberg 1995 pp 37 42 kershaw 2001 p 216 kershaw 2001 pp 218 219 historyczna fotografia było pozowaną ustawką polskieradio pl in polish archived from the original on 3 july 2025 retrieved 18 march 2025 evans 2008 pp 1 2 zabecki david t 2015 world war ii in europe an encyclopedia routledge p 1663 isbn 978 1 1358 1242 3 archived from the original on 7 march 2023 retrieved 17 june 2019 the earliest fighting started at 0445 hours when marines from the battleship schleswig holstein attempted to storm a small polish fort in danzig the westerplate keegan 1997 p 35 cienciala 2010 p 128 observes that while it is true that poland was far away making it 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