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negeri, maulana, malik, ibrahim, fusha, amiya, مقارنة, خوريمقارنة, خوري, abdul, mukhlis, 219917900, 24865, ajas, v5i1, 195, tensions, fushâ, âmiyya, riham, shendy, 123, 150474487, 17507, tpls, 0902, limitations, unspoken, documentation, identifier, garc, ebsco, services, brown, keith, ogilve, sarah, elsevier, 0080877747, concise, 28th, spelled, amiyya, amiyah, ammiyah, amiyyah, ammiyyah, teaching, disambiguation, placement, accent, extremely, nowhere, recognizable, cacac, ˈʒbəl, ǧabal, جَبَل, vccvcv, makˈtaba, presumed, pattern, disagreement, developments, monastir, sfax, o̞ː, e̞ː, did, develop, phonemically, postulated, attempt, handle, requires, assuming, attempted, autonomous, eliminate, asserted, property, whole, none, proposals, seems, tenable, unpredictable, fronted, tolerate, shortens, occurrence, elision, undergo, vcvcv, ignoring, permitted, cluster, broken, insertion, goes, converted, labialization, schwa, obscuring, split, hand, spreads, nearest, complications, complex, rounded, marrakesh, length, syllabified, sonority, hierarchy, subdialects, tell, syllabic, peaks, phrase, fem, xəssək, təktəb, xəssk, ətkətb, xsˤsˤk, tktbi, uniformly, substituted, ccəc, single, allophonically, environments, weaker, velarized, allāh, aɫɫaː, الله, causes, pharyngeal, fricative, partial, powerful, sides, former, causing, near, reflect, complicated, predictable, furthermore, relational, preceding, expected, ijja, minimally, lip, rounding, stop, lightly, aspirated, alveolar, unaspirated, velarization, glottal, closure, devoiced, cairene, residue, applies, etymological, give, taħħa, tagħha, bitaʕ̞ħa, bitaħħa, bitaʕha, affricated, instance, emerged, thanks, replaces, affricates, remains
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oroccan arabic are exceptions this dual marking differs syntactically from the frozen dual in that it cannot take possessive suffixes in addition it differs morphologically from the frozen dual in various dialects such as levantine arabic the productive dual differs from ca in that its use is optional whereas the use of the ca dual was mandatory even in cases of implicitly dual reference the ca dual was marked not only on nouns but also on verbs adjectives pronouns and demonstratives the dual in those varieties that have them is analyzed as plural for agreement with verbs adjectives pronouns and demonstratives development of an analytic genitive construction with the usage of حق ḥagg بتاع bitāʕ تاع tāʕ ديال diyāl etc to rival the constructed genitive the bedouin dialects make the least use of the analytic genitive moroccan arabic makes the most use of it to the extent that the constructed genitive is no longer productive and used only in certain relatively frozen constructions the relative pronoun is no longer inflected in ca it took gender number and case endings pronominal clitics ending in a short vowel moved the vowel before the consonant hence second singular ak and ik rather than ka and ki third singular masculine uh rather than hu similarly the feminine plural verbal marker na became an because of the absolute prohibition in all arabic dialects against having two vowels in hiatus the above changes occurred only when a consonant preceded the ending when a vowel preceded the forms either remained as is or lost the final vowel becoming k ki h and n respectively combined with other phonetic changes this resulted in multiple forms for each clitic up to three depending on the phonetic environment the verbal markers tu first singular and ta second singular masculine both became t while second singular feminine ti remained mesopotamian dialects in southeastern turkey are an exception for they retain the ending tu for first person singular in the dialect of southern nejd including riyadh the second singular masculine ta has been retained but takes the form of a long vowel rather than a short one as in ca the forms given here were the original forms and have often suffered various changes in the modern dialects all of these changes were triggered by the loss of final short vowels see below various simplifications have occurred in the range of variation in verbal paradigms third weak verbs with radical w and radical j traditionally transliterated y have merged in the form i perfect tense they had already merged in ca except in form i form i perfect faʕula verbs have disappeared often merging with faʕila doubled verbs now have the same endings as third weak verbs some endings of third weak verbs have been replaced by those of the strong verbs or vice versa in some dialects all dialects except some bedouin dialects of the arabian peninsula share the following innovations from ca loss of the inflected passive i e marked through internal vowel change in finite verb forms new passives have often been developed by co opting the original reflexive formations in ca particularly verb forms v vi and vii in ca these were derivational not inflectional as neither their existence nor exact meaning could be depended upon however they have often been incorporated into the inflectional system especially in more innovative sedentary dialects hassaniya arabic contains a newly developed inflected passive that looks somewhat like the old ca passive najdi arabic has retained the inflected passive up to the modern era though this feature is on its way to extinction as a result of the influence of other dialects loss of the indefinite n suffix tanwiin on nouns when this marker still appears it is variously an in or en in some bedouin dialects it still marks indefiniteness on any noun although this is optional and often used only in oral poetry in other dialects it marks indefiniteness on post modified nouns by adjectives or relative clauses all arabic dialects preserve a form of the ca adverbial accusative an suffix which was originally a tanwiin marker loss of verb form iv the causative verb form ii sometimes gives causatives but is not productive uniform use of i in imperfect verbal prefixes ca had u before form ii iii and iv active and before all passives and a elsewhere some bedouin dialects in the arabian peninsula have uniform a najdi arabic has a when the following vowel is i and i when the following vowel is a all sedentary dialects share the following additional innovations loss of a separately distinguished feminine plural in verbs pronouns and demonstratives this is usually lost in adjectives as well development of a new indicative subjunctive distinction the indicative is marked by a prefix while the subjunctive lacks this the prefix is b or bi in egyptian arabic and levantine arabic but ka or ta in moroccan arabic it is not infrequent to encounter ħa as an indicative prefix in some persian gulf states and in south arabian arabic viz yemen ʕa is used in the north around the san aa region and ʃa is used in the southwest region of ta iz tunisian arabic maltese and at least some varieties of algerian and libyan arabic lack an indicative prefix rural dialects in tunisia however may use ta loss of h in the third person masculine enclitic pronoun when attached to a word ending in a consonant the form is usually u or o in sedentary dialects but ah or ih in bedouin dialects after a vowel the bare form h is used but in many sedentary dialects the h is lost here as well in egyptian arabic for example this pronoun is marked in this case only by lengthening of the final vowel and concomitant stress shift onto it but the h reappears when followed by another suffix ramā he threw it marama hū ʃ he didn t throw it the following innovations are characteristic of many or most sedentary dialects agreement verbal adjectival with inanimate plurals is plural rather than feminine singular or feminine plural as in ca development of a circumfix negative marker on the verb involving a prefix ma and a suffix ʃ in combination with the fusion of the indirect object and the development of new mood markers this results in morpheme rich verbal complexes that can approach polysynthetic languages in their complexity an example from egyptian arabic ma bi t ɡib u ha lnaː ʃ negation indicative 2nd person subject bring feminine object to us negation you plural aren t bringing her them to us note versteegh glosses bi as continuous in egyptian tunisian and moroccan arabic the distinction between active and passive participles has disappeared except in form i and in some classical borrowings these dialects tend to use form v and vi active participles as the passive participles of forms ii and iii the following innovations are characteristic of maghrebi arabic in north africa west of egypt in the imperfect maghrebi arabic has replaced first person singular ʔ with n and the first person plural originally marked by n alone is also marked by the u suffix of the other plural forms moroccan arabic has greatly rearranged the system of verbal derivation so that the traditional system of forms i through x is not applicable without some stretching it would be more accurate to describe its verbal system as consisting of two major types triliteral and quadriliteral each with a mediopassive variant marked by a prefixal t or tt the triliteral type encompasses traditional form i verbs strong ktəb write geminate ʃəmm smell hollow biʕ sell qul say xaf fear weak ʃri buy ħbu crawl bda begin irregular kul kla eat ddi take away ʒi come the quadriliteral type encompasses strong ca form ii quadriliteral form i sˤrˤfəq slap hrrəs break hrnən speak nasally hollow 2 ca form iii non ca ʕajən wait ɡufəl inflate mixəl eat slang hollow 3 ca form viii ix xtˤarˤ choose ħmarˤ redden weak ca form ii weak quadriliteral form i weak wrri show sˤqsˤi inquire hollow 2 weak ca form iii weak non ca weak sali end ruli roll tiri shoot irregular sˤifətˤ sˤafətˤ send there are also a certain number of quinquiliteral or longer verbs of various sorts e g weak pidˤali pedal blˤani scheme plan fanti dodge fake remnant ca form x stəʕməl use stahəl deserve diminutive t birˤʒəz act bourgeois t biznəs deal in drugs those types corresponding to ca forms viii and x are rare and completely unproductive while some of the non ca types are productive at one point form ix significantly increased in productivity over ca and there are perhaps 50 100 of these verbs currently mostly stative but not necessarily referring to colors or bodily defects however this type is no longer very productive due to the merging of short a and i most of these types show no stem difference between perfect and imperfect which is probably why the languages has incorporated new types so easily the following innovations are characteristic of egyptian arabic egyptian arabic probably under the influence of coptic puts the demonstrative pronoun after the noun al x da this x instead of ca haːðaː l x and leaves interrogative pronouns in situ rather than fronting them as in other dialects phonetics edit when it comes to phonetics the arabic dialects differ in the pronunciation of the short vowels a u and i and a number of selected consonants mainly ق q ج d͡ʒ and the interdentals ث θ ذ ð and ظ ðˤ in addition to the dental ض dˤ the ك k is sometimes palatalized depending on its position in a number of dialects letter standard arabic pronunciation dialectal main variations less common variations ق q q ɡ ʔ ɢ k d͡z d͡ʒ ɣ ج d͡ʒ d͡ʒ ʒ ɡ ɟ j d͡z d ك k k t͡ʃ t͡s ʃ s ض dˤ dˤ ðˤ d zˤ tˤ ظ ðˤ ðˤ dˤ zˤ d ذ ð ð d z v ث θ θ t s f emphasis spreading edit emphasis spreading is a phenomenon where a is backed to ɑ in the vicinity of emphatic consonants the domain of emphasis spreading is potentially unbounded in egyptian arabic the entire word is usually affected although in levantine arabic and some other varieties it is blocked by i or j and sometimes ʃ it is associated with a concomitant decrease in the amount of pharyngealization of emphatic consonants so that in some dialects emphasis spreading is the only way to distinguish emphatic consonants from their plain counterparts it also pharyngealizes consonants between the source consonant and affected vowels although the effects are much less noticeable than for vowels emphasis spreading does not affect the affrication of non emphatic t in moroccan arabic with the result that these two phonemes are always distinguishable regardless of the nearby presence of other emphatic phonemes consonants capital city for nation unless stated otherwise edit letter dialect group levantine nilo egyptian peninsular mesopotamian maghrebi modern standard jordan 43 syria lebanon palestine egypt egypt sohag saudia arabia jeddah saudi arabia kuwaiti iraq iraq mosul tunisia algeria algieria oran moroccan urban ق q ɡ ʔ ʔ ɡ ɡ d͡z ɡ d͡ʒ ɡ q d͡ʒ k q in some words g ج d͡ʒ d͡ʒ ʒ ɡ d͡ʒ d͡ʒ j ʒ d͡ʒ ʒ ʒ ɡ ث θ t s t s θ θ θ t t ذ ð d z d z ð ð d ظ ðˤ dˤ zˤ dˤ zˤ ðˤ ðˤ dˤ ض dˤ dˤ ك k k k t͡s s k t͡ʃ k notes the pronunciation of standard ج depends on the region or the country but d͡ʒ is the predominant pronunciation outside the arab world and the only accepted pronunciation for quranic recitation the other common pronunciations are ɡ ʒ or ɟ the usage of the sounds d͡z for ق and t͡s or s for ك are more common in the traditional najdi dialects moroccan ج ʒ is sometimes pronounced g in some words as in جلس gləs he sat most dialects of arabic will use q for ق in learned words that are borrowed from standard arabic into the respective dialect or when arabs speak modern standard arabic the main dialectal variations in arabic consonants revolve around the consonants ج ق ث ذ ض ظ and partially ك classical arabic ق q varies widely from a dialect to another with ɡ q and ʔ being the most common ɡ in most of the arabian peninsula northern and eastern yemen and parts of oman southern iraq some parts of the levant upper egypt sudan libya mauritania chad and to lesser extent in some parts mostly rural of tunisia algeria and morocco but it is also used partially across those countries in some words q in most of tunisia algeria and morocco southern and western yemen and parts of oman northern iraq parts of the levant especially druze dialects however most other dialects of arabic will use this pronunciation in learned words that are borrowed from standard arabic into the respective dialect ʔ in most of the levant and lower egypt as well as some north african towns such as tlemcen and fez other variations include ɢ in sudanese and some forms of yemeni k in rural palestinian d͡ʒ in some positions in iraqi and gulf arabic ɣ or ʁ in some positions in sudanese and consonantally in the yemeni dialect of yafi d͡z in some positions in najdi though this pronunciation is fading in favor of ɡ classical arabic ج ɟ modern standard d͡ʒ varies widely from a dialect to another with d͡ʒ ʒ and ɡ being the most common d͡ʒ in most of the arabian peninsula algeria iraq upper egypt sudan parts of the levant and yemen ʒ in most of the levant and north africa ɡ in lower egypt parts of yemen and oman other variations include j in the persian gulf and southern iraq and coastal hadhramaut ɡʲ in some arabian bedouin dialects and parts of sudan as the 8th century persian linguist sibawayh described it classical interdental consonants ث θ and ذ ð become t d or s z in some words in egypt sudan most of the levant parts of the arabian peninsula urban hejaz and parts of yemen in morocco algeria and other parts of north africa they are consistently t d they remain θ and ð in most of the arabian peninsula iraq tunisia parts of yemen rural palestinian eastern libyan and some rural algerian dialects in arabic speaking towns of eastern turkey urfa siirt and mardin they respectively become f v this article should specify the language of its non english content using lang or langx transliteration for transliterated languages and ipa for phonetic transcriptions with an appropriate iso 639 code wikipedia s multilingual support templates may also be used see why june 2021 reflexes of classical q place reflex ˈqalb baqara ˈwaqt ˈqaːl ˈqamar ˈqahwa quddaːm heart cow time said moon coffee in front of medina hejazi arabic ɡ galb bagara wagt gāl gamar gahwa guddām uzbeki arabic jugari q occ ɡ qalb baqara waqt waḥt qāl qamar giddām kuwait city kuwait q or ɡ occ d͡ʒ gaḷb bgara wakt sporadic gāl gumar gahwa jiddām muslim baghdad arabic ɡ occ d͡ʒ gaḷuḅ baqare wakət gāl gumar gahwe guddām jiddām baghdadi judeo arabic q occ d͡ʒ qalb qāl qamaɣ jeddām mosul iraq q qʌləb bʌgʌɣa wʌqət qāl qʌmʌɣ qʌhwi qəddām anah iraq q or ɡ qālb bagra waqet qāl gahwa rural south mesopotamian arabic ɡ occ d͡ʒ galub bgure bagre wakit gāl gumar ghawe gahwe jiddām judeo iraqi arabic q qalb baqaṛa waqt waxt qāl qamaṛ qahwe qǝddām mardin anatolia q qalb baqaṛe waqt waxt qāl qumaṛ qaḥwe qǝddām sheep nomads s mesopotamia ne arabian peninsula ɡ occ d͡ʒ galb ga...
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