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dpr makes laws with the president approves the state budget and oversees the government 188 the dpd may propose review and advise on bills concerning regional government 180 but has less authority than the dpr 189 indonesia s legal system belongs primarily to the civil law tradition while also incorporating customary adat law and islamic law including in marriage and inheritance matters for muslims 190 judicial power is exercised by the supreme court the courts beneath it and the constitutional court 191 the supreme court acts as the final appellate court and reviews regulations below statutes 190 the constitutional court reviews statutes for constitutionality decides disputes over state institution powers political party dissolution and election results 192 it also has a role in presidential impeachment proceedings 193 the religious courts hear marriage divorce and inheritance cases as well as certain economic disputes arising under islamic law 194 the judicial commission proposes candidates for supreme court justices and has responsibilities concerning judicial conduct 192 parties and elections main articles list of political parties in indonesia and elections in indonesia prabowo subianto president gibran rakabuming raka vice president since the return to competitive elections in 1999 indonesia has had a fragmented multi party system 195 no party has won a majority in legislative elections 196 and presidents have usually governed through broad coalitions that include many parties in the legislature and cabinet 197 198 political parties are often distinguished by their orientation toward secular nationalism or political islam e 199 but governing coalitions commonly include both 200 party politics often relies more on patronage and elite power sharing than detailed policy programmes 201 although the role of islam in public life is a source of ideological difference 202 opposition parties have at times joined presidential power sharing arrangements after elections 203 indonesia held its first general election in 1955 204 since 2004 voters have directly elected the president the dpr and the dpd every five years 205 members of the dpr are elected through party based contests 206 while dpd candidates run as individuals to represent provincial constituencies 207 national elections require large scale logistics as ballots and other materials must reach remote islands mountain areas and places with limited infrastructure 208 administrative divisions main article subdivisions of indonesia indonesia is a unitary state divided into provinces regencies and cities each with elected regional authorities regulated by law 209 provinces are headed by governors and have provincial legislatures dprd regencies and cities are headed by regents and mayors and have local legislatures 209 below regencies and cities are districts which are divided into villages 210 rural villages have self governing status while urban villages form part of district administration 211 regional autonomy after 1998 transferred substantial powers to subnational governments including the provinces 212 special arrangements apply to nine of them aceh may apply aspects of islamic law 213 the six provinces in papua have special autonomy 214 and yogyakarta retains a hereditary sultanate 215 jakarta has autonomy due to its role as the national capital 216 since 2022 nusantara in east kalimantan has been planned as the future national capital 217 this section is transcluded from template indonesia provinces labelled map edit history aceh north sumatra west sumatra riau riau islands bangka belitung jambi south sumatra bengkulu lampung banten jakarta west java central java yogyakarta east java bali west nusa tenggara east nusa tenggara west kalimantan central kalimantan north kalimantan east kalimantan south kalimantan north sulawesi north maluku central sulawesi gorontalo west sulawesi south sulawesi southeast sulawesi maluku southwest papua west papua central papua papua highland papua south papua foreign relations and military main articles foreign relations of indonesia and indonesian national armed forces jakarta hosts the headquarters of asean 218 indonesia follows an independent and active bebas aktif foreign policy a doctrine formulated by vice president mohammad hatta in 1948 219 in practice the doctrine has meant avoiding military alliances and rival power blocs while using diplomacy to pursue national interests 220 221 as a middle power indonesia works through regional and multilateral institutions while preserving room to manoeuvre in its relations with major powers 222 indonesian military academy cadets as a founding member of the association of southeast asian nations asean indonesia places the organisation at the centre of its regional diplomacy 223 including in managing relations with major powers 224 indonesia has broad bilateral ties with malaysia and singapore including cooperation in economic defence and cultural fields 225 226 relations with australia are conducted through a comprehensive strategic partnership covering several areas including economic development and regional stability 227 on china united states competition indonesia has avoided formal alignment with either power supported asean led forums and sought cooperation that does not heighten regional conflict 228 221 indonesia has been a member of the united nations since 1950 229 apart from an absence in 1965 66 230 231 it participates in multilateral forums including the non aligned movement the organisation of islamic cooperation and the east asia summit 232 after decades as a major recipient of foreign aid 233 indonesia has been providing development assistance since 2015 and established a foreign aid agency in 2019 234 since 1957 it has sent military and police personnel to un peacekeeping missions 235 the indonesian national armed forces tni consists of the army navy and air force 236 the army s territorial units extend across provincial and regency city areas 237 until its termination in 2000 the military s dual function dwifungsi doctrine provided a basis for involvement in political affairs alongside its security role 238 by 2004 reforms had ended unelected military representation in parliament and removed the military faction from the mpr 239 a 2024 study found that cooperative parliamentary oversight had helped stabilise civil military relations but also slowed further reform and weakened democratic management of defence 240 law enforcement and human rights main articles indonesian national police and human rights in indonesia the may 1998 riots in jakarta involved attacks on people and property that targeted chinese indonesians 241 law enforcement in indonesia is primarily carried out by the indonesian national police polri the chief of the indonesian national police is directly responsible to the president 242 polri s duties include maintaining public order and security protecting and serving the public and enforcing the law 243 human rights concerns include racism against the chinese and papuans 244 245 and communal violence after 1998 including conflicts in kalimantan and maluku religious and gender minorities have faced discriminatory regulations 246 while anti lgbt campaigns since 2016 have involved official statements raids and proposed legal restrictions 247 the national commission on human rights is the main state human rights body 248 its work has faced constraints from politicisation internal divisions and resistance from other state bodies 249 economy main articles economy of indonesia agriculture in indonesia poverty in indonesia and tourism in indonesia jakarta is indonesia s principal financial centre palm oil plantation in kampar regency riau indonesia is the world s largest producer of palm oil 250 borobudur in central java indonesia s most visited tourist attraction 251 indonesia has a mixed economy in which the private sector and the government both have large roles 252 253 it is the only g20 member state in southeast asia 254 in 2025 indonesia s gross domestic product was rp23 821 quadrillion us 1 45 trillion at current prices 255 256 making it southeast asia s largest economy and placing it among the world s top 20 by nominal gdp and top 10 by gdp at purchasing power parity 257 services and industry account for the largest shares of gross domestic product 258 while agriculture remains a major source of employment 259 the economy was once largely agricultural and early post independence policy centred on agricultural self sufficiency shift towards industrial and urban growth gathered pace from the late 1960s and sped up in the 1980s as lower oil prices pushed the economy toward manufactured exports 260 export oriented manufacturing expanded from the mid 1980s to the mid 1990s during a period of strong economic growth and declining poverty 261 262 the asian financial crisis of 1997 98 caused a severe contraction 263 but growth resumed in 1999 and was followed by reforms to banking fiscal policy and the exchange rate regime 264 consumer spending makes up a large share of gdp along with population growth urbanisation and an expanding consuming class 265 domestic demand helped soften the effect of the 2008 financial crisis while exports public consumption and private consumption contributed to recovery after the covid 19 pandemic 266 267 the official poverty rate was about 8 in march 2026 268 informal employment is widespread particularly in agriculture and low skilled services informal firms tend to have lower productivity and pay and workers outside the bigger firms have more limited access to social insurance 269 businesses also have to contend with infrastructure regulatory and governance issues 270 the country s many islands affect where economic activity takes place and how goods move across the country 271 economic activity is concentrated on java 272 with jakarta in particular accounting for a disproportionate share of national output 273 meanwhile much of eastern indonesia has weaker infrastructure and economies more dependent on agriculture 272 high domestic transport costs hinder production and investment outside java and make it harder to connect producers in the outer islands with major markets 271 274 tourism is a major service industry generating about us 14 billion in foreign exchange earnings and recording 11 6 million international visitor arrivals in 2023 275 tourism related jobs and enterprises include accommodation food services passenger transport travel agencies and other activities 276 international tourism is concentrated in bali and other major gateways 277 while domestic travellers account for most tourism spending 276 indonesia spends little on research and development with limited private sector involvement and weak coordination in government 278 the government established the aircraft manufacturer later renamed indonesian aerospace in 1976 as part of an industrial transformation strategy beginning with licensed production before moving into joint aircraft development 279 the palapa domestic satellite system extended communications to remote parts of indonesia through a network of earth stations and was also used to distribute television and radio programmes 280 natural resources are economically important 281 recent policy has encouraged more processing of commodities at home particularly nickel 282 indonesia s exports include coal and petroleum gas as well as palm oil coffee and spices its main trading partners are mostly in asia with the united states also among the largest 283 indonesia takes part in regional economic cooperation through asean and apec and is integrated into the wider global economy 284 infrastructure transport and connectivity main article transport in indonesia whoosh is the first high speed railway in indonesia and southeast asia 285 road transport is the predominant mode in indonesia 286 reliance on cars and motorcycles is high because public transport in many cities has not kept pace with urban growth 287 rail transport is concentrated mainly on java with new lines recently operating in south sulawesi the jakarta bandung high speed railway the first of its kind in the region began commercial operations in 2023 286 maritime and air networks are important for linking population centres across the country 286 connectivity is weaker in eastern indonesia where higher logistics costs contribute to regional price differences 288 in telecommunications sector the palapa ring project uses terrestrial and submarine fibre as a core national internet network but there are service gaps in some remote regions 289 energy main article energy in indonesia sidrap wind farm indonesia s first wind power plant 290 in sidrap regency south sulawesi in 2023 indonesia produced nearly twice as much primary energy as it consumed with coal dominating both primary energy production and electricity generation 291 the country exports large volumes of coal and lng and imports substantial amounts of refined petroleum products 292 the state owned electricity company perusahaan listrik negara pln controls the country s transmission and distribution networks and purchases electricity from independent power producers for supply to the national grids 293 renewables supplied a small amount of indonesia s electricity in 2023 although the country ranked first globally in geothermal generation 294 investment in renewable energy has been hindered by regulatory uncertainty and pln s financial capacity 295 demographics main articles demographics of indonesia and indonesians see also list of indonesian cities by population and list of metropolitan areas in indonesia a map of districts kecamatan coloured by population density measured in people per square kilometre indonesia s 2020 census recorded 270 2 million people 6 making it the world s fourth most populous country after india china and the united states 296 the population is concentrated on java and in urban centres while many provinces outside java and bali are much less densely populated 297 java is home to 56 1 of the population 298 and its population density is far above the national average f reaching 1 171 peopleper square kilometre 3 030 people mi 2 299 indonesia has a median age of 30 7 years as of 2026 300 while about 69 of the population was aged 15 64 in 2025 301 jakarta is the country s largest metropolitan area and under the un s harmonised urban definition is listed as the world s most populous city with nearly 42 million inhabitants as of 2025 g 304 approximately 59 of indonesians lived in urban areas as of 2025 305 urbanisation has come from rural to urban migration natural increase in urban areas and the reclassification of rural settlements 306 it has also expanded metropolitan regions especially on java 307 and increased demand for infrastructure basic services and city management 308 in addition about 8 million indonesians reside overseas with large communities in malaysia t...
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