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and preventing unnecessary loss of the available water supplies is now an issue faced by the state 193 the sardar sarovar project a debated dam project in the narmada valley consisting of a network of canals has significantly increased irrigation in the region however its impact on communities who were displaced is still a contested issue in 2012 gujarat began an experiment to reduce water loss due to evaporation in canals and to increase sustainability in the area by constructing solar panels over the canals in a one megawatt mw solar power project set up at chandrasan gujarat uses solar panels fixed over a 750 metre stretch of an irrigation canal unlike many solar power projects this one does not take up large amounts of land since the panels are constructed over the canals and not on additional land this results in lower upfront costs since land does not need to be acquired cleared or modified to set up the panels the chandrasan project is projected to save 9 million litres of water per year 194 the government of gujarat to improve soil management and introduce farmers to new technology started on a project which involved giving every farmer a soil health card this acts like a ration card providing permanent identification for the status of cultivated land as well as farmers names account numbers survey numbers soil fertility status and general fertiliser dose samples of land from each village are taken and analysed by the gujarat narmada valley fertiliser corporation state fertiliser corporation and indian farmers fertilisers co operative 1 200 000 soil test data from the villages was collected as of 2008 from farmer s field villages have gone into a database assistance and advice for this project was given by local agricultural universities and crop and soil specific data was added to the database this allows the soil test data to be interpreted and recommendations or adjustments made in terms of fertiliser requirements which are also added to the database 195 culture main article culture of gujarat literature main article gujarati literature idol of hemchandra acharya at a jain temple in new jersey regarded as the father of gujarati language the city of patan was renowned for its collection of ancient jain manuscripts and as a royal capital of jain learning 196 which has drawn the admiration of many scholars british indologist and sanskritist peter peterson described the collection as follows i know of no town in india and only a few in the world which can boast of so great a store documents of venerable antiquity they would be the pride and jealously guarded treasure of any university library in europe 197 the history of gujarati literature may be traced back to 1000 ce well known laureates of gujarati literature include hemchandracharya narsinh mehta mirabai akho premanand bhatt shamal bhatt dayaram dalpatram narmad govardhanram tripathi mahatma gandhi k m munshi umashankar joshi suresh joshi swaminarayan pannalal patel and rajendra shah 198 kavi kant zaverchand meghani and kalapi are famous gujarati poets citation needed gujarat vidhya sabha gujarat sahitya sabha and gujarati sahitya parishad are ahmedabad based literary institutions promoting the spread of gujarati literature saraswatichandra is a landmark novel by govardhanram tripathi writers like aanand shankar dhruv ashvini bhatt balwantray thakore bhaven kachhi bhagwatikumar sharma chandrakant bakshi gunvant shah harindra dave harkisan mehta jay vasavada jyotindra dave kanti bhatt kavi nanalal khabardar sundaram makarand dave ramesh parekh suresh dalal tarak mehta vinod bhatt dhruv bhatt and varsha adalja have influenced gujarati thinkers citation needed depiction of shrimad rajchandra writing atma siddhi in single sitting of 1 5 hrs one of the longest gujarati poems based on jain philosophy a notable contribution to gujarati literature came from the swaminarayan paramhanso like brahmanand swami premanand with prose like vachanamrut and poetry in the form of bhajans 199 shrimad rajchandra vachnamrut and shri atma siddhi shastra written in 19th century by jain philosopher and poet shrimad rajchandra mahatma gandhi s guru are very well known 200 201 gujarati theatre owes a lot to bhavai bhavai is a folk musical performance of stage plays ketan mehta and sanjay leela bhansali explored artistic use of bhavai in films such as bhavni bhavai oh darling yeh hai india and hum dil de chuke sanam dayro gathering involves singing and conversation reflecting on human nature citation needed mumbai theatre veteran alyque padamsee best known in the english speaking world for playing muhammad ali jinnah in sir richard attenborough s gandhi was from a traditional gujarati kutchi family from kathiawar 202 cuisine main article gujarati cuisine gujarati thali gujarati food is primarily vegetarian the typical gujarati thali consists of rotli or bhakhari or thepala or rotlo dal or kadhi khichdi bhat and shak athanu indian pickle and chhundo are used as condiments the four major regions of gujarat all bring their own styles to gujarati food many gujarati dishes are distinctively sweet salty and spicy at the same time in the saurashtra region kutch region chhash buttermilk is believed to be a must have in their daily food citation needed cinema main article gujarati cinema the gujarati film industry dates back to 1932 when the first gujarati film narsinh mehta was released 203 204 205 after flourishing through the 1960s to 1980s the industry saw a decline the industry is revived in recent times the film industry has produced more than one thousand films since its inception 206 the government of gujarat announced a 100 entertainment tax exemption for gujarati films in 2005 207 and a policy of incentives in 2016 208 music main article music of gujarat gujarati folk music known as sugam sangeet is a hereditary profession of the barot community gadhvi and charan communities have contributed heavily in modern times the omnipresent instruments in gujarati folk music include wind instruments such as turi bungal and pava string instruments such as the ravan hattho ektaro and jantar and percussion instruments such as the manjira and zanz pot drum 209 festivals garba during navaratri in ahmedabad navratri garba at ambaji mata temple tourists playing dandiya raas international kite festival ahmedabad the folk traditions of gujarat include bhavai and raas garba bhavai is a folk theatre it is partly entertainment and partly ritual and is dedicated to amba the raas garba is a folk dance done as a celebration of navratri by gujarati people the folk costume of this dance is chaniya choli for women and kedia for men different styles and steps of garba include dodhiyu simple five simple seven popatiyu trikoniya hand movement which forms an imagery triangle lehree tran taali butterfly hudo two claps and many more sheri garba is one of the oldest form of garba where all the women wear red patola sari and sing along while dancing it is a very graceful form of garba 210 makar sankranti is a festival where people of gujarat fly kites in gujarat from december through to makar sankranti people start enjoying kite flying undhiyu a special dish made of various vegetables is a must have of gujarati people on makar sankranti surat is especially well known for the strong string which is made by applying glass powder on the row thread to provide it a cutting edge 211 apart from navratri and makar sankranti uttarayana diwali holi janmashtami raksha bandhan dusshera rama navami mahavir janma kalyanak eid tazia paryushan bhavnath fair and others are also celebrated diffusion of culture due to close proximity to the arabian sea gujarat has developed a mercantile ethos which maintained a cultural tradition of seafaring long distance trade and overseas contacts with the outside world since ancient times and the diffusion of culture through gujarati diaspora was a logical outcome of such a tradition during the pre modern period various european sources have observed that these merchants formed diaspora communities outside of gujarat and in many parts of the world such as the persian gulf middle east horn of africa hong kong indonesia and philippines 212 long before the internal rise of the maratha dynasty and the british raj colonial occupation 213 early 1st century western historians such as strabo and dio cassius are testament to gujarati people s role in the spread of buddhism in the mediterranean when it was recorded that the sramana monk zarmanochegas ζαρμανοχηγὰς of barygaza met nicholas of damascus in antioch while augustus ruled the roman empire and shortly thereafter proceeded to athens where died by setting himself on fire to demonstrate his faith 214 215 a tomb to the sramana was still visible in the time of plutarch 216 which bore the mention ζαρμανοχηγας ινδος απο βαργοσης the sramana master from barygaza in india 217 the progenitor of the sinhala language is believed to have been prince vijaya son of king simhabahu who ruled simhapura modern day sihor near bhavnagar 218 prince vijaya was banished by his father for his lawlessness and set forth with a band of adventurers this tradition was followed by other gujaratis for example in the ajanta frescoes a gujarati prince is shown entering sri lanka 219 many indians migrated to indonesia and the philippines most of them gujaratis king aji saka who is said to have come to java in indonesia in year 1 of the saka calendar is believed by some to have been a king of gujarat 220 the first indian settlements in the philippines and java island of indonesia are believed to have been established with the coming of prince dhruvavijaya of gujarat with 5000 traders 220 some stories propose a brahmin named tritresta was the first to bring gujarati migrants with him to java so some scholars equate him with aji saka 221 a gujarati ship has been depicted in a sculpture at borabudur java 219 tourism main article tourism in gujarat saputara a hill station in gujarat gujarat s natural environment includes the great rann of kutch and the hills of saputara and it is the sole home of pure asiatic lions in the world 222 during the reigns of the sultans hindu craftsmanship blended with islamic architecture giving rise to the indo saracenic style many structures in the state are built in this fashion it is also the birthplace of mahatma gandhi and sardar vallabhbhai patel figures of india s independence movement amitabh bachchan is currently the brand ambassador of gujarat tourism 223 statue of unity facing the sardar sarovar dam on the river narmada in kevadiya colony museums and memorials gujarat has a variety of museums on different genres that are run by the state s department of museums located at the principal state museum baroda museum picture gallery in vadodara 224 which is also the location of the maharaja fateh singh museum the kirti mandir porbandar sabarmati ashram and kaba gandhi no delo are museums related to mahatma gandhi the former being the place of his birth and the latter two where he lived in his lifetime kaba gandhi no delo in rajkot exhibits part of a rare collection of photographs relating to the life of mahatma gandhi sabarmati ashram is the place where gandhi initiated the dandi march on 12 march 1930 he vowed that he would not return to the ashram until india won independence 225 the maharaja fateh singh museum is housed within lakshmi vilas palace the residence of the erstwhile maharajas located in vadodara 226 the calico museum of textiles is managed by the sarabhai foundation and is one of the most popular tourist spots in ahmedabad 227 citation needed the lakhota museum at jamnagar is a palace transformed into museum which was residence of the jadeja rajputs the collection of the museum includes artefacts spanning from 9th to 18th centuries pottery from medieval villages nearby and the skeleton of a whale other well known museums in the state include the kutch museum in bhuj which is the oldest museum in gujarat founded in 1877 the watson museum of human history and culture in rajkot 228 gujarat science city and sardar vallabhbhai patel national memorial in ahmedabad in october 2018 the world s tallest statue commemorating the independence leader sardar patel was unveiled at 182 metres tall the statue of unity is the newest tourist attraction with over 30 000 visitors every day 229 230 religious sites religious sites play a major part in the tourism of gujarat somnath is the first of the twelve jyotirlingas and is mentioned in the rigveda citation needed the dwarkadhish temple radha damodar temple junagadh and dakor are holy pilgrimage sites with temples dedicated to krishna the sun temple modhera is a ticketed monument handled by the archaeological survey of india 231 other religious sites in state include ambaji dakor shamlaji chotila becharaji mahudi shankheshwar etc the shatrunjaya mahatirth of jainism on mount shatrunjaya palitana are considered the holiest of all pilgrimage places by the svetambara and digambara jain community 232 palitana is the world s only mountain with more than 900 temples 233 girnar mahatirth is another major pilgrimage destination for jains 234 235 236 ambaji mata temple ambaji hutheesing temple ahmedabad shatrunjaya mahatirth palitana gurudwara govinddham ahmedabad magen abraham jewish synagogue ahmedabad fairs tarnetar fair tarnetar a man in traditional costumes during tarnetar fair a five day festival is held during maha shivaratri at the fort of girnar junagadh known as the bhavanth mahadev fair gujarati ભવનાથ નો મેળો the kutch festival or rann festival gujarati કચ્છ or રણ ઉત્સવ is a festival celebrated at kutch during mahashivratri the modhra dance festival is a festival for classical dance arranged by the government of gujarat s cultural department to promote tourism in state and to keep traditions and culture alive 237 the ambaji fair is held in the hindu month of bhadrapad around august september at ambaji during a time which is particularly suitable for farmers when the busy monsoon season is about to end the bhadrapad fair is held at ambaji which is in the danta taluka of banaskantha district near the gujarat rajasthan border the walk from the bus station to the temple is less than one kilometre under a roofed walkway direct buses are available from many places including mount abu 45 km away palanpur 65 km away ahmedabad and idar citation needed the bhadrapad fair is held in the centre of the ambaji village just outside the temple premises the village is visited by the largest number of sanghas pilgrim groups during the fair many of them go there on foot which is particularly enriching as it happens immediately after the monsoon when the landscape is rich with greenery streams are full of sparkling water and the air is fresh about 1 5 million devotees are known to attend this fair each year from all over the world not only hindus but some devout jains and parsis also attend the functions while some musl...
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