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viation of corporation names on ticker tape or newspapers exact pronunciation of word acronyms those pronounced as words rather than sounded out as individual letters often vary by speaker population these may be regional occupational or generational differences or simply personal preference for instance there have been decades of online debate about how to pronounce gif ɡ ɪ f or dʒ ɪ f and bios ˈ b aɪ oʊ s ˈ b aɪ oʊ z or ˈ b aɪ ɒ s similarly some letter by letter initialisms may become word acronyms over time especially in combining forms ip for internet protocol is generally said as two letters but ipsec for internet protocol security is usually pronounced as ˌ aɪ ˈ p iː s ɛ k or ˈ ɪ p s ɛ k along with variant capitalization like ipsec and ipsec pronunciation may even vary within a single speaker s vocabulary depending on narrow contexts as an example the database programming language sql is usually said as three letters but in reference to microsoft s implementation is traditionally pronounced like the word sequel expansion at first use edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed january 2015 learn how and when to remove this message in writing for a broad audience the words of an acronym are typically written out in full at its first occurrence within a given text expansion at first use eafu benefits readers unfamiliar with the acronym 46 another text aid is an abbreviation key which lists and expands all acronyms used a reference for readers who skipped past the first use this is especially important for paper media where no search utility is available to find the first use it also gives students a convenient review list to memorize the important acronyms introduced in a textbook chapter expansion at first use and abbreviation keys originated in the print era but they are equally useful for electronic text jargon edit while acronyms provide convenience and succinctness for specialists they often degenerate into confusing jargon this may be intentional to exclude readers without domain specific knowledge new acronyms may also confuse when they coincide with an already existing acronym having a different meaning medical literature has been struggling to control the proliferation of acronyms including efforts by the american academy of dermatology 47 as mnemonics edit acronyms are often taught as mnemonic devices for example the colors of the rainbow are roy g biv red orange yellow green blue indigo violet they are also used as mental checklists in aviation gumps stands for gas undercarriage mixture propeller seat belts other mnemonic acronyms include homes for the north american great lakes in geography pavpanic in english grammar and pemdas bodmas in mathematics acronyms as legendary etymology edit see also backronym it is not uncommon for acronyms to be cited in a kind of false etymology called a folk etymology for a word such etymologies persist in popular culture but have no factual basis in historical linguistics and are examples of language related urban legends for example cop is commonly cited as being derived it is presumed from constable on patrol 48 and posh from port outward starboard home 49 with some of these specious expansions the belief that the etymology is acronymic has clearly been tongue in cheek among many citers as with gentlemen only ladies forbidden for golf although many other more credulous people have uncritically taken it for fact 49 50 taboo words in particular commonly have such false etymologies shit from ship store high in transit 40 39 or special high intensity training and fuck from for unlawful carnal knowledge or fornication under consent command of the king 39 orthographic styling edit punctuation edit showing the ellipsis of letters edit in english abbreviations have previously been marked by a wide variety of punctuation obsolete forms include using an overbar or colon to show the ellipsis of letters following the initial part the forward slash is still common in many dialects for some fixed expressions such as in w for with or a c for air conditioning while only infrequently being used to abbreviate new terms the apostrophe is common for grammatical contractions e g don t y all and ain t and for contractions marking unusual pronunciations e g a ight cap n and fo c sle for all right captain and forecastle by the early twentieth century it was standard to use a full stop period point especially in the cases of initialisms and acronyms previously especially for latin abbreviations this was done with a full space between every full word e g a d i e and e g for anno domini id est and exempli gratia this even included punctuation after both roman and arabic numerals to indicate their use in place of the full names of each number e g lii or 52 in place of fifty two and 1 4 or 1 4 to indicate one fourth both conventions have fallen out of common use in all dialects of english except in places where an arabic decimal includes a medial decimal point particularly in british and commonwealth english all such punctuation marking acronyms and other capitalized abbreviations is now uncommon and considered either unnecessary or incorrect the presence of all capital letters is now thought sufficient to indicate the nature of the uk the eu and the un forms such as the u s a for the united states of america are now considered to indicate american or north american english even within those dialects such punctuation is becoming increasingly uncommon 51 ellipsis is understood style edit some style guides such as that of the bbc no longer require punctuation to show ellipsis some even proscribe it larry trask american author of the penguin guide to punctuation states categorically that in british english this tiresome and unnecessary practice is now obsolete 52 pronunciation dependent style and periods edit nevertheless some influential style guides many of them american still require periods in certain instances for example the new york times manual of style and usage recommends following each segment with a period when the letters are pronounced individually as in k g b but not when pronounced as a word as in nato 53 the logic of this style is that the pronunciation is reflected graphically by the punctuation scheme other conventions edit when a multiple letter abbreviation is formed from a single word periods are in general not used although they may be common in informal usage tv for example may stand for a single word television for instance and is in general spelled without punctuation except in the plural although ps stands for the single english word postscript or the latin postscriptum it is often spelled with periods p s as if parsed as latin post scriptum instead the slash or solidus is sometimes used to separate the letters in an acronym as in n a not applicable not available and c o care of inconveniently long words used frequently in related contexts can be represented according to their letter count as a numeronym for example i18n abbreviates internationalization a computer science term for adapting software for worldwide use the 18 represents the 18 letters that come between the first and the last in internationalization similarly localization can be abbreviated l10n multilingualization m17n and accessibility a11y in addition to the use of a specific number replacing that many letters the more general x can be used to replace an unspecified number of letters examples include crxn for crystallization and the series familiar to physicians for history diagnosis and treatment hx dx tx terms relating to a command structure may also sometimes use this formatting for example gold silver and bronze levels of command in uk policing being referred to as gx sx and bx representing plurals and possessives edit there is a question about how to pluralize acronyms often a writer will add an s following an apostrophe as in pc s however kate l turabian s a manual for writers of research papers theses and dissertations writing about style in academic writings 54 allows for an apostrophe to form plural acronyms only when an abbreviation contains internal periods or both capital and lowercase letters turabian would therefore prefer dvds and urls but not ph d s the style guides of the modern language association 55 and american psychological association 56 57 prohibit apostrophes from being used to pluralize acronyms regardless of periods so compact discs would be cds or c d s whereas the new york times manual of style and usage requires an apostrophe when pluralizing all abbreviations regardless of periods preferring pc s tv s and vcr s 58 possessive plurals that also include apostrophes for mere pluralization and periods appear especially complex for example the c d s labels the labels of the compact discs in some instances however an apostrophe may increase clarity for example if the final letter of an abbreviation is s as in sos s although abbreviations ending with s can also take es e g soses or when pluralizing an abbreviation that has periods 59 60 a particularly rich source of options arises when the plural of an acronym would normally be indicated in a word other than the final word if spelled out in full a classic example is member of parliament which in plural is members of parliament it is possible then to abbreviate this as m s p which was fairly common in mid twentieth century australian news writing 61 62 or similar 63 and used by former australian prime minister ben chifley 64 65 66 this usage is less common than forms with s at the end such as mps and may appear dated or pedantic in common usage therefore weapons of mass destruction becomes wmds prisoners of war becomes pows and runs batted in becomes rbis 67 abbreviations that come from single rather than multiple words such as tv television are usually pluralized without apostrophes two tvs most writers feel that the apostrophe should be reserved for the possessive the tv s antenna citation needed in some languages the convention of doubling the letters in the acronym is used to indicate plural words for example the spanish ee uu for estados unidos united states this old convention is still sometimes followed for a limited number of english abbreviations such as ss for saints pp for the plural of pages or mss for manuscripts citation needed further information english possessive case edit all caps style edit the most common capitalization scheme seen with acronyms is all uppercase all caps small caps are sometimes used to make the run of capital letters seem less jarring to the reader for example the style of some american publications including the atlantic monthly and usa today is to use small caps for acronyms longer than three letters citation needed thus u s and fdr are set in normal caps but nato is set in small caps the acronyms ad and bc are often smallcapped as well as in from 4004 bc to ad 525 normal case and anacronyms edit where an acronym has linguistically taken on an identity as regular word the acronym may use normal case rules e g it would appear generally in lower case but with an initial capital when starting a sentence or when in a title once knowledge of the words underlying such an acronym has faded from common recall the acronym may be termed an anacronym 68 examples of anacronyms are the words scuba radar and laser the word an acro nym should not be confused with the word an achro nym which is a type of misnomer mixed case variant edit words derived from an acronym by affixing are typically expressed in mixed case so the root acronym is clear for example pre wwii politics post nato world dnase in some cases a derived acronym may also be expressed in mixed case for example messenger rna and transfer rna become mrna and trna pronunciation dependent style and case edit some publications choose to capitalize only the first letter of acronyms reserving all caps styling for initialisms writing the pronounced acronyms nato and aids in mixed case but the initialisms usa and fbi in all caps for example this is the style used in the guardian 69 and bbc news typically edits to this style though its official style guide dating from 2003 still recommends all caps 70 the logic of this style is that the pronunciation is reflected graphically by the capitalization scheme however it conflicts with conventional english usage of first letter upper casing as a marker of proper names in many cases for example aids stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome which is not a proper name while aids is in the style of one some style manuals also base the letters case on their number the new york times for example keeps nato in all capitals while several guides in the british press may render it nato but uses lower case in unicef from united nations international children s emergency fund because it is more than four letters and to style it in caps might look ungainly flirting with the appearance of shouting capitals numerals and constituent words edit while abbreviations typically exclude the initials of short function words such as and or of or to this is not always the case sometimes function words are included to make a pronounceable acronym such as core congress of racial equality sometimes the letters representing these words are written in lower case such as in the cases of tfl transport for london and lotr the lord of the rings this usually occurs when the acronym represents a multi word proper noun numbers both cardinal and ordinal in names are often represented by digits rather than initial letters as in 4gl fourth generation language or g77 group of 77 large numbers may use metric prefixes as with y2k for year 2000 exceptions using initials for numbers include tla three letter acronym abbreviation and gof gang of four abbreviations using numbers for other purposes include repetitions such as a2dp advanced audio distribution profile w3c world wide web consortium and t3 trends tips tools for everyday living pronunciation such as b2b business to business and numeronyms such as i18n internationalization 18 represents the 18 letters between the initial i and the final n casing of expansions edit authors of expository writing will sometimes capitalize or otherwise distinctively format the initials of the expansion for pedagogical emphasis for example writing the onset of congestive heart failure chf or the onset of c ongestive h eart f ailure chf capitalization like this however conflicts with the convention of english orthography which generally reserves capitals in the middle of sentences for proper nouns when following the ama manual of style this would instead be rendered as the onset of congestive heart failure chf 71 changes to or wordplay on the expanded meaning edit pseudo acronyms and orphan initialisms edit some apparent acronyms or other abbreviations do not stand for 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