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tonal in all cases e g hatth àtth the jhangvi and shahpuri dialects of punjabi as they transition into saraiki show comparatively less realisation of tone than other punjabi varieties citation needed and do not induce the devoicing of the main five tonal consonants bh dh ḍh jh gh the gurmukhi script which was developed in the 16th century has separate letters for voiced aspirated sounds so it is thought that the change in pronunciation of the consonants and development of tones may have taken place since that time 57 some other languages in pakistan have also been found to have tonal distinctions including burushaski gujari hindko kalami shina and torwali 66 though these besides hindko seem to be independent of punjabi gemination gemination of a consonant doubling the letter is indicated with adhak in gurmukhi and tashdīd in shahmukhi 67 its inscription with a unique diacritic is a distinct feature of gurmukhi compared to brahmic scripts all consonants except six ṇ ṛ h r v y are regularly geminated the latter four are only geminated in loan words from other languages k there is a tendency to irregularly geminate consonants which follow long vowels except in the final syllable of a word e g menū̃ mennū̃ l it also causes the long vowels to shorten but remain peripheral distinguishing them from the central vowels ə ɪ ʊ this gemination is less prominent than the literarily regular gemination represented by the diacritics mentioned above before a non final prenasalised consonant m long vowels undergo the same change but no gemination occurs the true gemination of a consonant after a long vowel is unheard of but is written in some english loanwords to indicate short ɛ and ɔ e g ਡੈੱਡ ڈَیڈّ ɖɛɖː dead grammar main article punjabi grammar the 35 traditional characters of the gurmukhi script punjabi has a canonical word order of sov subject object verb 68 function words are largely postpositions marking grammatical case on a preceding nominal 69 punjabi distinguishes two genders two numbers and six cases direct oblique vocative ablative locative and instrumental the ablative occurs only in the singular in free variation with oblique case plus ablative postposition and the locative and instrumental are usually confined to set adverbial expressions 70 adjectives when declinable are marked for the gender number and case of the nouns they qualify 71 there is also a t v distinction upon the inflectional case is built a system of particles known as postpositions which parallel english s prepositions it is their use with a noun or verb that is what necessitates the noun or verb taking the oblique case and it is with them that the locus of grammatical function or case marking then lies the punjabi verbal system is largely structured around a combination of aspect and tense mood like the nominal system the punjabi verb takes a single inflectional suffix and is often followed by successive layers of elements like auxiliary verbs and postpositions to the right of the lexical base 72 vocabulary being an indo aryan language the core vocabulary of punjabi consists of tadbhav words inherited from sanskrit 73 74 it contains many loanwords from persian and arabic 73 writing systems shahmukhi alphabet ا ب پ ت ٹ ث ج چ ح خ د ڈ ذ ر ڑ ز ژ س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ک گ ل م ن ݨ ں و ه ھ ء ی ے extended perso arabic script history transliteration diacritics hamza numerals numeration v t e gurmukhi writing system on a sample logo the punjabi language is written in multiple scripts a phenomenon known as synchronic digraphia each of the major scripts currently in use is typically associated with a particular religious group 75 76 although the association is not absolute or exclusive 77 in india punjabi sikhs use gurmukhi a script of the brahmic family which has official status in the state of punjab in pakistan punjabi muslims use shahmukhi a variant of the perso arabic script and closely related to the urdu alphabet sometimes punjabi is recorded in the devanagari script in india albeit rarely 78 the punjabi hindus in india had a preference for devanagari another brahmic script also used for hindi and in the first decades since independence raised objections to the uniform adoption of gurmukhi in the state of punjab 79 but most have now switched to gurmukhi 80 and so the use of devanagari is rare 81 often in literature pakistani punjabi written in shahmukhi is referred as western punjabi or west punjabi and indian punjabi written in gurmukhi is referred as eastern punjabi or east punjabi although the underlying language is the same with a very slight shift in vocabulary towards islamic and sikh words respectively 82 the written standard for shahmukhi also slightly differs from that of gurmukhi as it is used for western dialects whereas gurumukhi is used to write eastern dialects historically various local brahmic scripts including laṇḍā and its descendants were also in use 81 83 the punjabi braille is used by the visually impaired there is an altered version of iast often used for punjabi in which the diphthongs ai and au are written as e and o and the long vowels e and o are written as ē and ō sample text this sample text was adapted from the punjabi wikipedia article on lahore gurmukhi ਲਹੌਰ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨੀ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਦੀ ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀ ਹੈ ਲੋਕ ਗਿਣਤੀ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ਼ ਕਰਾਚੀ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਲਹੌਰ ਦੂਜਾ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਡਾ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਹੈ ਲਹੌਰ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਦਾ ਸਿਆਸੀ ਕਾਰੋਬਾਰੀ ਅਤੇ ਪੜ੍ਹਾਈ ਦਾ ਗੜ੍ਹ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਇਸੇ ਲਈ ਇਹਨੂੰ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਦਾ ਦਿਲ ਵੀ ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ ਲਹੌਰ ਰਾਵੀ ਦਰਿਆ ਦੇ ਕੰਢੇ ਤੇ ਵੱਸਦਾ ਹੈ ਇਸਦੀ ਲੋਕ ਗਿਣਤੀ ਇੱਕ ਕਰੋੜ ਦੇ ਨੇੜੇ ਹੈ shahmukhi لہور پاکستانی پنجاب دی راجدھانی ہے لوک گݨتی دے نالؕ کراچی توں بعد لہور دوجا سبھ توں وڈا شہر ہے لہور پاکستان دا سیاسی رہتلی کاروباری اتے پڑھائی دا گڑھ ہے اتے ایسے لئی ایہنوں پاکستان دا دل وی کہا جاندا ہے لہور راوی دریا دے کنڈھے تے وسدا ہے ایسدی لوک گݨتی اک کروڑ دے نیڑے ہے transliteration lahaur pākistānī panjāb dī rājtā̀ni ài lok giṇtī de nāḷ karācī tõ bāad lahaur dūjā sáb tõ vaḍḍā šáir ài lahaur pākistān dā siāsī kārobāri ate paṛā̀ī dā gáṛ ài te ise laī ínū̃ pākistān dā dil vī kihā jāndā ài lahaur rāvī dariā de káṇḍè te vassdā ài isdī lok giṇtī ikk karoṛ de neṛe ài ipa lɐɔ̂ːɾᵊ paˑkˑɪ̽sᵊˈtaˑnˑi pɐɲˈd͡ʒaːbᵊ di ɾaːd͡ʒᵊ ˈd̥âˑnˑi ɛ̂ loːkᵊ ˈɡɪɳᵊti de naːɭᵊ kɐ̆ɾaˑt͡ʃˑi tõ bǎːdᵊ lɐɔ̂ːɾᵊ duˑd͡ʒˑa sɐ̌bᵊ tõ ʋɐɖːa ʃɛ̌ːɾᵊ ɛ̂ lɐɔ̂ːɾᵊ paˑkˑɪ̽sᵊˈtaːnᵊ da sɐ̆ˈjaˑsˑi kaːɾoˈbaːɾi ˈɐte pɐ̆ˈɽâːi da ɡɐ̌ɽᵊ ɛ̂ ˈɐte ˈɪse lɐi ˈěːnˑũ paˑkˑɪ̽sᵊˈtaːnᵊ da dɪlᵊ ʋi kɛ̌ːja d͡ʒaːnda ɛ̂ lɐɔ̂ːɾᵊ ˈɾaːʋi ˈdɐɾɐ̆ja de kɐ̌ɳɖe te ʋɐsːᵊda ɛ̂ ɪsᵊ di loːkᵊ ˈɡɪɳᵊti ɪkːᵊ kɐ̆ɾoːɽᵊ de neːɽe ɛ̂ translation lahore is the capital city of pakistani punjab after karachi lahore is the second largest city lahore is pakistan s political cultural and educational hub and so it is also said to be the heart of pakistan lahore lies on the bank of the ravi river its population is close to ten million people literature development main article punjabi literature medieval period fariduddin ganjshakar 1179 1266 is generally recognised as the first major poet of the punjabi language 84 roughly from the 12th century to the 19th century many great sufi saints and poets preached in the punjabi language the most prominent being bulleh shah punjabi sufi poetry also developed under shah hussain 1538 1599 sultan bahu 1630 1691 shah sharaf 1640 1724 ali haider 1690 1785 waris shah 1722 1798 saleh muhammad safoori 1747 1826 mian muhammad baksh 1830 1907 and khwaja ghulam farid 1845 1901 the sikh religion originated in the 15th century in the punjab region and punjabi is the predominant language spoken by sikhs 85 most portions of the guru granth sahib use the punjabi language written in gurmukhi though punjabi is not the only language used in sikh scriptures varan gyan ratnavali by 16th century historian bhai gurdas the janamsakhis stories on the life and legend of guru nanak 1469 1539 are early examples of punjabi prose literature the punjabi language is famous for its rich literature of qisse most of which are about love passion betrayal sacrifice social values and a common man s revolt against a larger system the qissa of heer ranjha by waris shah 1706 1798 is among the most popular of punjabi qissas other popular stories include sohni mahiwal by fazal shah mirza sahiban by hafiz barkhudar 1658 1707 sassui punnhun by hashim shah c 1735 c 1843 and qissa puran bhagat by qadaryar 1802 1892 86 heroic ballads known as vaar enjoy a rich oral tradition in punjabi famous vaars are chandi di var 1666 1708 nadir shah di vaar by najabat and the jangnama of shah mohammad 1780 1862 87 modern period ghadar di gunj 1913 newspaper in punjabi of ghadar party us based indian revolutionary party the victorian novel elizabethan drama free verse and modernism entered punjabi literature through the introduction of british education during the raj nanak singh 1897 1971 vir singh ishwar nanda amrita pritam 1919 2005 puran singh 1881 1931 dhani ram chatrik 1876 1957 diwan singh 1897 1944 and ustad daman 1911 1984 mohan singh 1905 78 and shareef kunjahi are some legendary punjabi writers of this period after independence of pakistan and india najm hossein syed fakhar zaman and afzal ahsan randhawa shafqat tanvir mirza ahmad salim and najm hosain syed munir niazi ali arshad mir pir hadi abdul mannan enriched punjabi literature in pakistan whereas jaswant singh kanwal 1919 2020 amrita pritam 1919 2005 jaswant singh rahi 1930 1996 shiv kumar batalvi 1936 1973 surjit patar 1944 and pash 1950 1988 are some of the more prominent poets and writers from india status despite punjabi s rich literary history it was not until 1947 that it would be recognised as an official language previous governments in the area of the punjab had favoured persian hindustani or even earlier standardised versions of local registers as the language of the court or government after the annexation of the sikh empire by the british east india company following the second anglo sikh war in 1849 the british policy of establishing a uniform language for administration was expanded into the punjab the british empire employed urdu in its administration of north central and northwestern india while in the north east of india bengali language was used as the language of administration despite its lack of official sanction the punjabi language continued to flourish as an instrument of cultural production with rich literary traditions continuing until modern times the sikh religion with its gurmukhi script played a special role in standardising and providing education in the language via gurdwaras while writers of all religions continued to produce poetry prose and literature in the language in india punjabi is one of the 22 scheduled languages of india it is the first official language of the indian state of punjab punjabi also has second language official status in delhi along with urdu and in haryana in pakistan no regional ethnic language has been granted official status at the national level and as such punjabi is not an official language at the national level even though it is the most spoken language in pakistan it is widely spoken in punjab pakistan 88 the second largest and the most populous province of pakistan as well as in islamabad capital territory the only two official languages in pakistan are urdu and english 89 in pakistan the proportion of people with punjabi as their mother tongue in each pakistani district as of the 2017 pakistan census a demonstration by punjabis at lahore pakistan demanding to make punjabi as official language of instruction in schools in punjab in 1908 mian shafi a muslim elite opposed prof mukherjee s comment that punjabi should become the provincial language of the british province of punjab refuting that the language of muslims was urdu jinnah opposed motilal nehru s 1928 proposal that every province should have its own language alongside the hindustani language as the national language with jinnah stating that urdu was the language of muslims in a communication to jawaharlal nehru liaqat ali khan opposed a 1937 proposal by gandhi to deliver free education to children in their mother tongue 90 when pakistan was created in 1947 despite punjabi being the majority language in west pakistan and bengali the majority in east pakistan and pakistan as whole english and urdu were chosen as the official languages the selection of urdu was due to its association with south asian muslim nationalism and because the leaders of the new nation wanted a unifying national language instead of promoting one ethnic group s language over another due to this the punjabi elites started identifying with urdu more than punjabi because they saw it as a unifying force on an ethnoreligious perspective 91 broadcasting in punjabi language by pakistan broadcasting corporation decreased on tv and radio after 1947 article 251 of the constitution of pakistan declares that these two languages would be the only official languages at the national level while provincial governments would be allowed to make provisions for the use of other languages 92 however in the 1950s the constitution was amended to include the bengali language punjabi is not a language of instruction for primary or secondary school students in punjab province unlike sindhi and pashto in other provinces 93 pupils in secondary schools can choose the language as an elective while punjabi instruction or study remains rare in higher education one notable example is the teaching of punjabi language and literature by the university of the punjab in lahore which began in 1970 with the establishment of its punjabi department 94 95 in the cultural sphere there are many books plays and songs being written or produced in the punjabi language in pakistan until the 1970s there were a large number of punjabi language films being produced by the lollywood film industry however since then urdu has become a much more dominant language in film production additionally television channels in punjab province centred on the lahore area are broadcast in urdu the preeminence of urdu in both broadcasting and the lollywood film industry is seen by critics as being detrimental to the health of the language 96 97 zia ul haq banned three works promoting the punjabi language 98 until the early 1990s members of the punjab assembly were forbidden to address the house in punjabi 99 however this ban was lifted by hanif ramay yet was re instated shortly after 99 the use of urdu and english as the near exclusive languages of broadcasting the public sector and formal education have led some to fear that punjabi in pakistan is being relegated to a low status language and that it is being denied an environment where it can flourish several prominent educational leaders researchers and social commentators have echoed the opinion that the intentional promotion of urdu and the continued denial of any official sanction or recognition of the punjabi language amounts to a process of urdu isation that is detrimental to the health of the punjabi language 100 101 102 in august 2015 the pakistan academy of ...
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