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george davis 1897 the origin of roman praenomina harvard studies in classical philology 8 103 184 doi 10 2307 310491 issn 0073 0688 choisnel emmanuel 2004 les parthes et la route de la soie in french paris l harmattan isbn 978 2 7475 7037 4 christol michel nony n 2003 rome et son empire in french paris hachette isbn 978 2 01 145542 0 cooley alison e 2012 the cambridge manual of latin epigraphy cambridge university press isbn 978 0 521 84026 2 craven maxwell 2020 the imperial families of ancient rome stroud fonthill isbn 978 1 78155 738 9 dando collins stephen 2012 legions of rome the definitive history of every roman legion london quercus isbn 978 1 84916 230 2 edwell peter 2007 between rome and persia the middle euphrates mesopotamia and palmyra under roman control abingdon routledge isbn 978 0 203 93833 1 finley m i 1999 the ancient economy berkeley university of california press isbn 978 0 520 21946 5 garzetti albino 2014 from tiberius to the antonines a history of the roman empire ad 14 192 abingdon routledge isbn 978 1 138 01920 1 găzdac cristian 2010 monetary circulation in dacia and the provinces from the middle and lower danube from trajan to constantine i ad 106 337 cluj napoca mega isbn 978 606 543 040 2 gering jens 2011 rezension zu karl strobel kaiser traian eine epoche der weltgeschichte karl strobel emperor traian an epoch of world history pdf frankfurter elektronische rundschau zur altertumskunde in german 15 retrieved 15 december 2015 grainger john d 2004 nerva and the roman succession crisis of ad 96 99 abingdon routledge isbn 978 0 415 34958 1 hekster olivier betjes sven heijnen sam iannantuono ketty jussen dennis manders erika syrbe daniel 2022 the fame of trajan a late antique invention klio 104 2 693 749 doi 10 1515 klio 2021 0052 issn 2192 7669 hooper finley 1980 roman realities waynebook 2nd print ed detroit wayne state university press isbn 978 0 8143 1594 1 isaac benjamin h 1990 the limits of empire the roman army in the east oxford clarendon press oxford university press isbn 978 0 19 814891 3 oclc 20091873 jackson nicholas 2022 trajan rome s last conqueror 1st ed uk greenhill books isbn 978 1784387075 jones brian 2002 the emperor domitian london routledge isbn 978 0 203 03625 9 kennedy d the roman army in jordan revised edition council for british research in the levant 2004 isbn 0 9539102 1 0 oclc 59267318 lepper f a 1948 trajan s parthian war london oxford university press oclc 2898605 via internet archive lightfoot c s 1990 trajan s parthian war and the fourth century perspective the journal of roman studies 80 115 126 doi 10 2307 300283 issn 0075 4358 luttwak edward n 1979 the grand strategy of the roman empire from the first century a d to the third baltimore johns hopkins university press isbn 978 0 8018 2158 5 mackay christopher s 2004 ancient rome a military and political history cambridge cambridge university press isbn 978 0 521 80918 4 maricq andré 1965 la province d assyrie créée par trajan a propos de la guerre parthique de trajan the province of assyria created by trajan about the parthian war of trajan classica et oritentalia paris institut français d archéologie de beyrouth mattern susan p 1999 rome and the enemy imperial strategy in the principate berkeley university of california press isbn 978 0 520 21166 7 mommsen theodor 1999 a history of rome under the emperors london routledge isbn 978 0 203 97908 2 noreña carlos f 2007 the social economy of pliny s correspondence with trajan american journal of philology 128 2 239 277 noreña carlos f 2009 the ethics of autocracy in the roman world in balot ryan k ed a companion to greek and roman political thought malden ma blackwell isbn 978 1 4051 5143 6 petit paul 1975 le iie siècle àpres j c état des questions et problemes the 2nd century ad state of the questions and problems in temporini hildegard ed aufstieg und niedergang der römischen welt anrw in french vol ii 2 politische geschichte kaisergeschichte berlin de gruyter isbn 978 3 11 004971 8 full access available to users of the wikipedia library petit paul 1976 pax romana berkeley university of california press isbn 978 0 520 02171 6 petit paul 1978 histoire générale de l empire romain 1 le haut empire 27 avant j c 161 après j c general history of the roman empire 1 the high empire 27 bc 161 ad points série histoire in french paris éd du seuil isbn 978 2 02 004969 6 rees roger 2012 latin panegyric oxford oxford university press isbn 978 0 19 957671 5 le roux patrick 1998 le haut empire romain en occident d auguste aux sévères in french paris seuil isbn 978 2 02 025932 3 de ste croix g e m 1989 the class struggle in the ancient greek world london duckworth isbn 978 0 8014 9597 7 sartre maurice 1994 el oriente romano parte 3 in spanish madrid akal isbn 978 84 460 0412 7 schmitz michael 2005 the dacian threat 101 106 ad armidale australia caeros pty isbn 978 0 9758445 0 2 sherwin white a n 1962 trajan s replies to pliny authorship and necessity the journal of roman studies 52 1 2 114 125 issn 1753 528x sidebotham steven e 1986 roman economic policy in the erythra thalassa 30 b c a d 217 leiden brill isbn 978 90 04 07644 0 strobel karl 1984 untersuchungen zu den dakerkriegen trajans studien zur geschichte des mittleren und unteren donauraumes in der hohen kaiserzeit studies on the daker wars of trajan studies on the history of the middle and lower danube region in the high imperial period antiquitas 1 abhandlungen zur alten geschichte in german bonn via internet archive cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link strobel karl 1993 das imperium romanum im 3 jahrhundert modell einer historischen krise the roman empire in 3 century model of a historical crisis historia einzelschriften in german stuttgart steiner isbn 978 3 515 05662 5 strobel karl 2010 kaiser traian eine epoche der weltgeschichte emperor trajan an epoch of world history in german regensburg f pustet isbn 978 3 7917 2172 9 syme ronald 1980 1st pub 1958 trajan oxford oxford university press isbn 978 0198143277 syme ronald 1964 hadrian and italica the journal of roman studies 54 142 149 doi 10 2307 298660 jstor 298660 s2cid 162241585 syme ronald 1970 1958 colonial elites rome spain and the americas oxford oxford university press isbn 9780198214892 via internet archive syme ronald 1971 danubian papers bucharest via internet archive cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link veyne paul 1976 le pain et le cirque in french paris seuil isbn 978 2 02 004507 0 veyne paul 2001 la société romaine in french paris seuil isbn 978 2 02 052360 8 veyne paul 2005 l empire gréco romain in french paris seuil isbn 978 2 02 057798 4 young gary k 2001 rome s eastern trade international commerce and imperial policy 31 bc ad 305 abingdon routledge isbn 978 0 203 47093 0 further reading edit ancel r manning soldiers military heritage december 2001 volume 3 no 3 12 14 16 20 trajan emperor of rome benario herbert w 2000 trajan a d 98 117 de imperatoribus romanis retrieved 24 september 2007 bowersock g w roman arabia harvard university press 1983 cizek eugen 1983 l époque de trajan circonstances politiques et problèmes idéologiques collection d études anciennes in french paris belles lettres isbn 978 2 251 32852 2 fuller j f c a military history of the western world three volumes new york da capo press inc 1987 and 1988 v 1 from the late times to the battle of lepanto isbn 0 306 80304 6 255 266 269 270 273 trajan roman emperor kettenhofen erich 2004 trajan encyclopaedia iranica in french minaud gérard les vies de 12 femmes d empereur romain devoirs intrigues voluptés paris l harmattan 2012 ch 6 la vie de plotine femme de trajan p 147 168 isbn 978 2 336 00291 0 schallmayer egon ed 1999 traian in germanien traian im reich saalburg schriften vol 5 bad homburg saalburgmuseum isbn 3 931267 04 0 wildfeuer c r h trajan lion of rome the untold story of rome s greatest emperor aquifer publishing 2009 isbn 0 9818460 6 8 oclc 496004778 historical fiction external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to marcus ulpius nerva traianus trajan nerva antonine dynasty born 18 september 53 died august 117 regnal titles preceded by nerva roman emperor 98 117 succeeded by hadrian political offices preceded by marcus tullius cerialis la pt cn pompeius catullinus as suffect consul roman consul 91 with mn acilius glabrio succeeded by gnaeus minicius faustinus es de ru p valerius marinus as suffect consul preceded by p cornelius tacitus m ostorius scapula as suffect consul roman consul 98 with nerva iv succeeded by l maecius postumus as suffect consul preceded by a cornelius palma frontonianus q sosius senecio roman consul 100 with sex julius frontinus succeeded by lucius julius ursus as suffect consul preceded by l roscius aelianus maecius celer ti claudius sacerdos julianus as suffect consul roman consul 101 with q articuleius paetus succeeded by sex attius suburanus aemilianus as suffect consul preceded by l antonius albus m junius homullus as suffect consul roman consul 103 with manius laberius maximus succeeded by q glitius atilius agricola ii as suffect consul preceded by l octavius crassus p coelius apollinaris as suffect consul roman consul 112 with t sextius cornelius africanus succeeded by m licinius ruso as suffect consul v t e roman and byzantine emperors and empresses regnant principate 27 bc ad 235 augustus tiberius caligula claudius nero galba otho vitellius vespasian titus domitian nerva trajan hadrian antoninus pius marcus aurelius lucius verus commodus pertinax didius julianus septimius severus caracalla geta macrinus w diadumenian elagabalus severus alexander crisis 235 284 maximinus i gordian i gordian ii pupienus balbinus gordian iii philip i w philip ii decius w herennius etruscus licinian trebonianus gallus w hostilian volusianus aemilianus silbannacus valerian gallienus w saloninus claudius ii quintillus aurelian tacitus florianus probus carus carinus numerian later roman empire 284 641 diocletian maximian galerius constantius i severus ii constantine i maxentius domitius alexander licinius maximinus ii valerius valens martinian constantine ii constantius ii constans i magnentius nepotianus vetranio julian jovian valentinian i valens procopius gratian theodosius i valentinian ii magnus maximus w victor eugenius western empire 395 476 honorius constantine iii w constans ii priscus attalus constantius iii joannes valentinian iii petronius maximus avitus majorian severus iii anthemius olybrius glycerius julius nepos romulus augustulus eastern empire 395 641 arcadius theodosius ii marcian leo i leo ii zeno basiliscus w marcus anastasius i justin i justinian i justin ii tiberius ii constantine maurice w theodosius phocas heraclius eastern byzantine empire 641 1453 constantine iii heraclonas w tiberius constans ii constantine iv w heraclius tiberius justinian ii leontius tiberius iii justinian ii w tiberius iv philippicus anastasius ii theodosius iii leo iii constantine v artabasdos w nikephoros leo iv constantine vi irene nikephoros i staurakios michael i rangabe w theophylact staurakios leo v w constantine michael ii theophilos w constantine michael iii w thekla basil i w constantine leo vi alexander constantine vii romanos i lekapenos w christopher romanos stephen constantine lekapenos romanos ii nikephoros ii phokas john i tzimiskes basil ii constantine viii zoe romanos iii argyros michael iv michael v constantine ix monomachos theodora michael vi bringas isaac i komnenos constantine x doukas eudokia makrembolitissa romanos iv diogenes w leo nikephoros michael vii doukas w andronikos konstantios constantine doukas nikephoros iii botaneiates alexios i komnenos john ii komnenos w alexios manuel i komnenos alexios ii komnenos andronikos i komnenos w john isaac ii angelos alexios iii angelos john komnenos alexios iv angelos alexios v doukas theodore i laskaris w nicholas john iii vatatzes theodore ii laskaris john iv doukas laskaris michael viii palaiologos andronikos ii palaiologos w irene michael ix palaiologos andronikos iii palaiologos john v palaiologos w anna john vi kantakouzenos w matthew andronikos iv palaiologos john vii palaiologos w andronikos v manuel ii palaiologos john viii palaiologos constantine xi palaiologos related gallic emperors 260 274 palmyrene emperors 271 273 britannic emperors 286 296 trapezuntine emperors 1204 1461 thessalonian emperors 1224 1242 empresses augustae usurpers classical eastern italics indicates a junior co emperor underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper v t e pharaohs protodynastic to first intermediate period 3150 2040 bc period dynasty pharaohs male female uncertain protodynastic pre 3150 bc lower hedju hor ny hor ni neith hat hor pu hsekiu khayu tiu thesh neheb wazner mekh a double falcon wash upper a finger snail fish elephant stork taurus scorpion i crocodile iry hor ka scorpion ii narmer menes early dynastic 3150 2686 bc i narmer menes hor aha djer djet den anedjib semerkhet qa a sneferka horus bird ii hotepsekhemwy nebra nynetjer ba nubnefer horus sa weneg wadjenes senedj seth peribsen sekhemib perenmaat neferkare i neferkasokar hudjefa i khasekhemwy old kingdom 2686 2181 bc iii djoser sekhemkhet sanakht nebka khaba sedjes qahedjet huni iv sneferu khufu djedefre khafre bikheris menkaure shepseskaf thamphthis v userkaf sahure neferirkare kakai neferefre shepseskare nyuserre ini menkauhor kaiu djedkare isesi unas vi teti userkare pepi i meryre merenre nemtyemsaf i pepi ii neferkare merenre nemtyemsaf ii netjerkare siptah neferka 1 st intermediate 2181 2040 bc vii viii menkare neferkare ii neferkare neby djedkare shemai neferkare khendu merenhor neferkamin nikare neferkare tereru neferkahor neferkare pepiseneb neferkamin anu qakare ibi neferkaure neferkauhor neferirkare wadjkare khuiqer khui iytjenu ix meryibre khety neferkare vii nebkaure khety setut imhotep x meryhathor neferkare viii wahkare khety merikare middle kingdom and second intermediate period 2040 1550 bc period dynasty pharaohs male female uncertain middle kingdom 2040 1802 bc xi mentuhotep i intef i intef ii intef iii mentuhotep ii mentuhotep iii mentuhotep iv nubia segerseni qakare ini iyibkhentre xii amenemhat i senusret i amenemhat ii senusret ii senusret iii amenemhat iii amenemhat iv sobekneferu seankhibtawy seankhibra 2 nd intermediate 1802 1550 bc xiii sekhemre khutawy sobekhotep sekhemkare amenemhat senebef nerikare sekhemkare ameny qemau hotepibre iufni amenemhat vi semenkare nebnuni sehetepibre sewadjkare nedjemibre khaankhre sobekhotep renseneb hor awibre sekhemrekhutawy khabaw djedkheperew sebkay sedjefakare kay amenemhat vii wegaf khendjer imyremeshaw sehetepkare intef seth meribre sobekhotep iii neferhotep i sihathor sobekhotep iv merhotepre sobekhotep khahotepre sobekhotep vi wahibre ibiau merneferre ay merhotepre ini sankhenre sewadjtu mersekhemre ined sewadjkare hori merkawre sobekhotep mershepsesre ini ii 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