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4 laser beam profiling 4 privacy concerns 5 see also 6 references 7 further reading 8 external links toggle the table of contents webcam 71 languages العربية asturianu azərbaycanca беларуская български বাংলা bosanski català کوردی čeština dansk deutsch ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français frysk galego wayuunaiki עברית हिन्दी magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia íslenska italiano 日本語 jawa қазақша 한국어 коми lombard lietuvių latviešu олык марий македонски മലയാളം bahasa melayu nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål ਪੰਜਾਬੀ polski پښتو português română русский srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenčina slovenščina shqip српски srpski svenska kiswahili தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย türkçe українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча vèneto tiếng việt 吴语 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia video camera connected to a computer or network a logitech branded webcam attached to a laptop a webcam is a video camera which is designed to record or stream to a computer or computer network they are primarily used in video telephony live streaming and social media and security webcams can be built in computer hardware like a laptop or peripheral devices and are commonly connected to a device using usb or wireless protocol webcams have been used on the internet as early as 1993 and the first widespread commercial one became available in 1994 early webcam usage on the internet was primarily limited to stationary shots streamed to web sites in the late 1990s and early 2000s instant messaging clients added support for webcams increasing their popularity in video conferencing computer manufacturers later started integrating webcams into laptop hardware in 2020 the covid 19 pandemic caused a shortage of webcams due to the increased number of people working from home and children attending school remotely history edit see also history of videotelephony early development early 1990s edit the trojan room coffee pot as displayed in xcoffee first developed in 1991 a webcam was pointed at the trojan room coffee pot in the cambridge university computer science department initially operating over a local network instead of the web the camera was finally switched off on august 22 2001 the final image captured by the camera can still be viewed at its homepage 1 2 the oldest continuously operating webcam san francisco state university s fogcam has run since 1994 and is still operating as of september 2026 update it updates every 20 seconds 3 sgi indycam the sgi indy released in 1993 is the first commercial computer to have a standard video camera 4 and the first sgi computer to have standard video inputs 5 the maximum supported input resolution is 640 480 for ntsc or 768 576 for pal a fast machine is required to capture at either of these resolutions though an indy with slower r4600 pc cpu for example may require the input resolution to be reduced before storage or processing however the vino hardware is capable of dmaing video fields directly into the frame buffer with minimal cpu overhead the first widespread commercial webcam the black and white quickcam entered the marketplace in 1994 created by the u s computer company connectix quickcam was available in august 1994 for the apple macintosh connecting via a serial port at a cost of 100 jon garber the designer of the device had wanted to call it the mac camera but was overruled by connectix s marketing department a version with a pc compatible parallel port and software for microsoft windows was launched in october 1995 the original quick cam provided 320x240 pixel resolution with a grayscale depth of 16 shades at 60 frames per second or 256 shades at 15 frames per second 6 these cams were tested on several delta ii launch using a variety of communication protocols including cdma tdma gsm and hf videoconferencing via computers already existed and at the time client server based videoconferencing software such as cu seeme had started to become popular the first widely known laptop with integrated webcam option at a price point starting at us 12 000 was an ibm rs 6000 860 laptop 7 8 and its related thinkpad 850 9 released in 1996 entering the mainstream late 1990s edit isight webcam released in 2003 one of the most widely reported on webcam sites was jennicam created in 1996 which allowed internet users to observe the life of its namesake constantly in the same vein as the reality tv series big brother launched four years later 10 other cameras are mounted overlooking bridges public squares and other public places their output made available on a public web page in accordance with the original concept of a webcam aggregator websites have also been created providing thousands of live video streams or up to date still pictures allowing users to find live video streams based on location or other criteria in the late 1990s microsoft netmeeting was the only videoconferencing software on pc in widespread use making use of webcams 11 in the following years instant messaging clients started adding webcam support yahoo messenger introduced this with version 5 5 in 2002 allowing video calling in 20 frames per second using a webcam 12 msn messenger gained this in version 5 0 in 2003 13 2000s 2019 edit around the turn of the 21st century computer hardware manufacturers began building webcams directly into laptop and desktop screens thus eliminating the need to use an external usb or firewire camera gradually webcams came to be used more for telecommunications or videotelephony between two people or among several people than for offering a view on a web page to an unknown public for less than us 100 in 2012 a three dimensional space webcam became available producing videos and photos in 3d anaglyph image with a resolution up to 1280 480 pixels viewers must use 3d glasses to see the effect of three dimensional images 14 2020 edit with remote work entering the mainstream the built in cameras of average laptops were sometimes considered inadequate consequently during the covid 19 pandemic a shortage of external webcams in retail occurred 15 most laptops before and during the pandemic were made with cameras capping out at 720p recording quality at best compared to the industry standard of 1080p or 4k seen in smartphones and televisions from the same period 16 the backlog on new developments for built in webcams is the result of a design flaw with laptops being too thin to support the 7mm camera modules to fit inside instead resorting to 2 5mm 17 18 also the camera components are more expensive and there has not been a high level of demand for this feature 19 20 smartphones started to be used as a backup option or webcam replacement with kits including lighting and tripods or downloadable apps 21 technology edit image sensor edit main article image sensor charge coupled device ccd image sensor of a webcam image sensors can be cmos or ccd the former being dominant for low cost cameras but ccd cameras do not necessarily outperform cmos based cameras in the low price range most consumer webcams are capable of providing vga resolution video at a frame rate of 30 frames per second many newer devices can produce video in multi megapixel resolutions and a few can run at high frame rates such as the playstation eye which can produce 320 240 video at 120 frames per second 22 most image sensors are sourced from omnivision or sony as webcams evolved simultaneously with display technologies usb interface speeds and broadband internet speeds the resolution went up gradually from 320 240 to 640 480 and some now even offer 1280 720 aka 720p or 1920 1080 aka 1080p resolution 23 24 25 despite the low cost the resolution offered as of 2019 is impressive with now the low end webcams offering resolutions of 720p mid range webcams offering 1080p resolution and high end webcams offering 4k resolution at 60 fps optics edit s mount lens designed to attach to the webcam s pcb various lenses are available the most common in consumer grade webcams being a plastic lens that can be manually moved in and out to focus the camera fixed focus lenses which have no provision for adjustment are also available as a camera system s depth of field is greater for small image formats and is greater for lenses with a large f number small aperture the systems used in webcams have a sufficiently large depth of field that the use of a fixed focus lens does not impact image sharpness to a great extent most models use simple focal free optics fixed focus factory set for the usual distance from the monitor to which it is fastened to the user or manual focus webcams can come with different presets and fields of view individual users can make use of less than 90 horizontal fov for home offices and live streaming webcams with as much as 360 horizontal fov can be used for small to medium sized rooms sometimes even large rooms depending on the users purposes webcams in the market can display the whole room or just the general vicinity internal software edit as the bayer filter is proprietary any webcam contains some built in image processing separate from compression digital video streams are represented by huge amounts of data burdening its transmission from the image sensor where the data is continuously created and storage alike most if not all cheap webcams come with built in asic to do video compression in real time support electronics read the image from the sensor and transmit it to the host computer most webcams come with a controller that translates video over usb from sonix suyin ricoh realtek or others typically each frame is transmitted uncompressed in rgb or yuv or compressed as jpeg some cameras such as mobile phone cameras use a cmos sensor with supporting electronics on die i e the sensor and the support electronics are built on a single silicon chip to save space and manufacturing costs most webcams feature built in microphones to make video calling and videoconferencing more convenient interface and external software edit a picture taken by a webcam in 2010 showing a large amount of noise typical interfaces used by articles marketed as a webcam are usb ethernet and ieee 802 11 denominated as ip camera further interfaces such as e g composite video s video or firewire were also available the usb video device class uvc specification allows inter connectivity of webcams to computers without the need for proprietary device drivers various proprietary as well as free and open source software is available to handle the uvc stream one could use guvcview or gstreamer and gstreamer based software to handle the uvc stream another could use multiple usb cameras attached to the host computer the software resides on and broadcast multiple streams at once over wireless ethernet such as motioneye motioneye can either be installed onto a raspberry pi as motioneyeos or afterwards on raspbian as well motioneye can also be set up on debian raspbian is a variant of debian motioneye v4 1 1 aug 21 can only run on debian 10 buster oldstable and python 2 7 newer versions such as 3 x are not supported at this point of time according to ccrisan founder and author of motioneye various software tools in wide use can be employed to take video and pictures such as picmaster and microsoft s camera app for use with windows operating systems photo booth mac or cheese with unix systems for a more complete list see comparison of webcam software view of a bald eagle nest through a webcam uses edit the most popular use of webcams is the establishment of video links permitting computers to act as videophones or videoconference stations for example apple s isight camera which is built into apple laptops imacs and a majority of iphones can be used for video chat sessions using the messages instant messaging program other popular uses include security surveillance computer vision video broadcasting recording social videos and increasingly virtual tourism 26 and wildlife observation 27 28 29 videotelephony edit further information videotelephony webcams can be added to instant messaging text chat services such as aol instant messenger and voip services such as the now retired skype one to one live video communication over the internet has now reached millions of mainstream pc users worldwide improved video quality has helped webcams encroach on traditional video conferencing systems new features such as automatic lighting controls real time enhancements retouching wrinkle smoothing and vertical stretch automatic face tracking and autofocus assist users by providing substantial ease of use further increasing the popularity of webcams a video call session with use of webcams webcams can also encourage remote work enabling people to work remotely via the internet this usage was crucial to the survival of many businesses during the covid 19 pandemic when in person office work was discouraged businesses schools and individuals have relied on video conferencing instead of spending on business travel for meetings moreover the number of video conferencing cameras and software have multiplied since then due to their popularity webcam features and performance can vary by program computer operating system and also by the computer s processor capabilities video calling support has also been added to several popular instant messaging programs webcams allow for inexpensive real time video chat and webcasting in both amateur and professional pursuits they are frequently used in online dating and for online personal services offered mainly by women when camgirling however the ease of webcam use through the internet for video chat has also caused issues for example moderation system of various video chat websites such as omegle has been criticized as being ineffective with sexual content still rampant 30 in a 2013 case the transmission of nude photos and videos via omegle from a teenage girl to a schoolteacher resulted in a child pornography charge 31 the popularity of webcams among teenagers with internet access has raised concern about the use of webcams for cyber bullying 32 webcam recordings of teenagers including underage teenagers are frequently posted on popular web forums and imageboards such as 4chan 33 34 monitoring edit webcam mounted on a building used as a cctv webcams can be used as security cameras software is available to allow pc connected cameras to watch for movement and sound recording both when they are detected these recordings can then be saved to the computer e mailed or uploaded to the internet in one well publicised case 35 a computer e mailed images of the burglar during the theft of...
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