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lnshire government type strong mayor council mayor michelle wu d council boston city council council president liz breadon d area 3 state capital 89 61 sq mi 232 10 km 2 land 48 34 sq mi 125 20 km 2 water 41 27 sq mi 106 90 km 2 urban 1 655 9 sq mi 4 288 7 km 2 metro 4 500 sq mi 11 700 km 2 csa 10 700 sq mi 27 600 km 2 elevation 4 46 ft 14 m population 2020 5 state capital 675 647 estimate 2025 5 672 973 rank 71st in north america 25th in the united states 1st in massachusetts density 13 976 9 sq mi 5 396 51 km 2 urban 6 4 382 009 us 10th urban density 2 646 sq mi 1 021 8 km 2 metro 7 4 941 632 us 10th demonym bostonian gdp 8 metro 644 814 billion 2024 time zone utc 5 est summer dst utc 4 edt zip codes 53 zip codes 9 02108 02137 02163 02196 02199 02201 02203 02206 02210 02212 02215 02217 02222 02126 02228 02241 02266 02283 02284 02293 02295 02297 02298 02467 also includes parts of newton and brookline area codes 617 and 857 fips code 25 07000 gnis feature id 617565 website boston gov boston ˈ b ɔː s t ən ⓘ baw stən ˈ b ɒ is the capital and most populous city of the u s state of massachusetts it serves as a cultural and financial center of new england a region of the northeastern united states boston has an area of 48 4 square miles 125 km 2 10 and a population of 675 647 as of the 2020 census making it the third most populous city in the northeastern united states after new york city and philadelphia 5 the larger greater boston metropolitan statistical area had a population of 5 million in 2025 making it the largest metropolis in new england and the eleventh largest in the united states 11 12 13 boston was founded on shawmut peninsula in 1630 by english puritan settlers who named the city after the market town of boston lincolnshire england 14 15 during the american revolution and revolutionary war boston was home to several seminal events including the boston massacre 1770 the boston tea party 1773 the battle of bunker hill 1775 and the siege of boston 1775 1776 following american independence from great britain boston played an important national role as a port manufacturing hub and education and culture center 16 17 and the city expanded significantly beyond the original peninsula by filling in land and annexing neighboring towns boston s many firsts include the nation s first public park boston common 1634 18 the first public school boston latin school 1635 19 and the first subway system tremont street subway 1897 20 by the 21st century boston emerged as a global leader in higher education and research 21 and has become one of the largest biotechnology hubs in the world 22 with an economy led by finance 23 professional and business services information technology and government 24 the city is a national leader in medicine engineering and business etymology edit isaac johnson in one of his last official acts as leader of the charlestown community before his death on september 30 1630 named the new settlement across the river boston after johnson s hometown of boston lincolnshire from where he his wife namesake of the arbella and john cotton grandfather of cotton mather emigrated the name of the english town derives from its patron saint st botolph in whose church cotton served as the rector until he and johnson emigrated to new england in early sources lincolnshire s boston was known as st botolph s town which was later abbreviated as boston before this renaming the settlement on the peninsula was known as shawmut by william blaxton and tremontaine by the puritan settlers he invited 25 26 27 28 history edit main article history of boston for a chronological guide see timeline of boston indigenous era edit before european colonization the region surrounding present day boston was inhabited by the massachusett people who established small seasonal communities in present day boston 29 30 in 1630 settlers led by john winthrop arrived and found shawmut peninsula nearly empty of native people most had died of european diseases borne by earlier settlers and traders 31 32 archaeological excavations have unearthed one of the oldest fishweirs in new england located on boylston street which native people constructed as early as 7 000 years before european arrival in the western hemisphere 29 30 33 european settlement edit the first european to live in what would become boston was a university of cambridge educated anglican cleric named william blaxton he was most directly responsible for the foundation of boston by puritan colonists in 1630 after blaxton invited one of their leaders isaac johnson to cross back bay from the failing colony of charlestown and share the peninsula with him in september 1630 puritans made the crossing to present day boston 34 35 36 puritan influence on boston began even before the settlement was founded with the 1629 cambridge agreement which created the massachusetts bay colony and was signed by the colony s first governor john winthrop puritan ethics and their focus on education also influenced the city s early history in 1635 america s first public school boston latin school was founded in boston 19 37 boston was the largest town in the thirteen colonies until philadelphia outgrew it in the mid 18th century 38 boston s oceanfront location made it a lively port and the town engaged in shipping and fishing during the colonial era boston was a primary stop on the caribbean trade route and imported large amounts of molasses which led to the creation of boston baked beans 39 boston s economy stagnated in the decades prior to the american revolution by the mid 18th century new york city and philadelphia both surpassed boston in wealth during this period boston encountered financial difficulties even as other new england cities were growing rapidly 40 41 american revolution and siege of boston edit main articles boston campaign and siege of boston in 1773 a group of angered bostonian citizens threw a shipment of tea by the east india company into boston harbor in protest of the tea act in the boston tea party a seminal event that escalated the american revolution map showing the british tactical evaluation of boston in 1775 the weather continuing boisterous the next day and night giving the enemy time to improve their works to bring up their cannon and to put themselves in such a state of defence that i could promise myself little success in attacking them under all the disadvantages i had to encounter william howe in a letter to william legge 2nd earl of dartmouth about the british army s decision to leave boston dated march 21 1776 42 boston played a central role in the american revolution many crucial events of the american revolution and subsequent american revolutionary war occurred in or near boston where the city s revolutionary spirit 43 against unpopular policies of the british parliament was widespread and ultimately inspiring to the rest of the thirteen colonies 40 when parliament passed the stamp act 1765 the homes of andrew oliver the official tasked with enforcing the act and thomas hutchinson then lieutenant governor of massachusetts bay colony were raved by boston mobs 40 44 the british government responded by sending 2 000 troops of the 14th foot and 29th foot to boston in 1768 to occupy the city and enforce crown authority which further inflamed tensions in 1770 five soldiers of the 29th foot fired into a boston mob in what became known as the boston massacre which led to the withdrawal of the occupational troops and helped fuel revolutionary sentiment in the colonies 41 in may 1773 parliament passed the tea act which many colonists saw as an attempt by parliament to compel them to accept taxes established by the townshend acts this led to the boston tea party a defining event of the american revolution in which angered bostonians threw an entire shipment of tea sent from the east india company into boston harbor escalating the american revolution parliament responded by implementing the intolerable acts and demanding compensation for the destroyed tea 40 this response in turn angered the colonists further leading to the battles of lexington and concord on april 19 1775 the first battles of the american revolutionary war which were fought around boston in massachusetts bay colony 40 45 during the siege of boston from april 19 1775 to march 17 1776 new england based patriot militia impeded movement by the british army sir william howe then commander in chief of british forces in north america led the british army in the siege on june 17 the british captured charlestown in present day boston during the battle of bunker hill in what proved to be a pyrrhic victory bunker hill also demonstrated the skill and training of the patriot militia and led the british to avoid further large scale engagements for the rest of the boston campaign 46 47 on june 14 1775 in an effort to unify the revolutionary war effort the second continental congress convening in the colonial era capital of philadelphia founded the continental army and unanimously appointed george washington as its commander in chief washington then immediately departed philadelphia for boston where he arrived on july 2 and led the continental army in the siege fighting was limited to small scale raids and skirmishes and american troops faced challenges with a deficiency of munitions and supplies boston neck then narrow and only approximately 100 feet wide impeded washington s ability to launch a frontal assault on boston which led to a prolonged stalemate between the american besiegers and the besieged british garrison a young american officer rufus putnam came up with a plan to make portable fortifications out of wood which were erected on the frozen ground under cover of darkness putnam supervised the effort which successfully installed the fortifications and dozens of cannons on dorchester heights that henry knox brought through the snow from fort ticonderoga when the british discovered the newly emplaced artillery they responded by launching a cannon barrage for two hours which proved unable to reach the american cannons perceiving that his position was untenable howe ordered his troops to evacuate boston which was carried out on march 17 the date is celebrated annually in boston as evacuation day 45 46 48 post revolution and the war of 1812 edit state street in 1801 after the revolution boston s long seafaring tradition helped make it one of the nation s busiest ports for both domestic and international trade boston s harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the embargo act of 1807 which was adopted during the napoleonic wars and the war of 1812 foreign trade returned after these hostilities but boston s merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the meantime manufacturing became an important component of the city s economy and the city s industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid 19th century the small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories later a dense network of railroads furthered the region s industry and commerce 49 during this period boston also flourished culturally it was admired for its rarefied literary life and generous artistic patronage 50 51 members of old boston families later dubbed boston brahmins came to be regarded as the nation s social and cultural elites 52 they are often associated with the american upper class harvard university 53 and the episcopal church 54 55 boston was a prominent port of the atlantic slave trade in the new england colonies but was soon overtaken by salem massachusetts and newport rhode island 56 boston eventually became a center of the american abolitionist movement 57 the city reacted largely negatively to the fugitive slave act of 1850 58 contributing to president franklin pierce s attempt to make an example of boston after anthony burns s attempt to escape to freedom 59 60 in 1822 16 the citizens of boston voted to change the official name from the town of boston to the city of boston and on march 19 1822 the people of boston accepted the charter incorporating the city 61 at the time boston was chartered as a city the population was about 46 226 while the area of the city was only 4 8 sq mi 12 km 2 61 19th century edit boston as the eagle and the wild goose see it an 1860 photograph by james wallace black the first recorded aerial photograph in the 1820s boston s population grew rapidly and the city s ethnic composition changed dramatically with the first wave of european immigrants irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period especially following the great famine by 1850 about 35 000 irish lived in boston 62 in the latter half of the 19th century the city saw increasing numbers of irish germans lebanese syrians 63 french canadians and russian and polish jews settling there by 19th century s end boston s core neighborhoods had become enclaves of ethnically distinct immigrants with their residence yielding lasting cultural change italians became the largest inhabitants of the north end 64 irish dominated south boston and charlestown and russian jews lived in the west end irish and italian immigrants brought with them roman catholicism currently catholics make up boston s largest religious community 65 and the irish have played a major role in boston politics since the early 20th century prominent figures include the kennedys tip o neill and john f fitzgerald 66 between 1631 and 1890 the city tripled its area through land reclamation by filling in marshes mud flats and gaps between wharves along the waterfront reclamation projects in the middle of the 19th century created significant parts of the south end the west end the financial district and chinatown 67 after the great boston fire of 1872 workers used building rubble as landfill along the downtown waterfront during the mid to late 19th century workers filled almost 600 acres 240 ha of brackish charles river marshlands west of boston common with gravel brought by rail from the hills of needham heights the city annexed the adjacent towns of south boston 1804 east boston 1836 roxbury 1868 dorchester including present day mattapan and a portion of south boston 1870 brighton including present day allston 1874 west roxbury including present day jamaica plain and roslindale 1874 charlestown 1874 and hyde park 1912 68 69 other proposals were unsuccessful for the annexation of brookline cambridge 70 and chelsea 71 72 20th century edit haymarket square in 1909 many architecturally significant buildings were built during the early years of the 20th century horticultural hall 73 the tennis and racquet club 74 isabella stewart gardner museum 75 76 fenway studios 77 jordan hall 78 and the boston opera house the longfellow bridge 79 built in 1906 was mentioned by robert mccloskey in 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