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cy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia 21st century protests in eastern europe for the colorful revolution in the republic of north macedonia see 2016 macedonian protests colour revolutions part of protests against democratic backsliding date 5 october 2000 onwards location post soviet states federal republic of yugoslavia today serbia and montenegro caused by authoritarianism electoral fraud human rights violations kleptocracy political corruption methods civil disobedience civil disorder internet activism nonviolent resistance political demonstration student activism result establishment of new governments in georgia kyrgyzstan yugoslavia and ukraine violent suppression of protests in belarus russia and kazakhstan spread of liberal democracy in the former soviet union failure of post revolution governments to substantially reduce corruption a resurgence in anti americanism and jingoism in post soviet russia part of a series on revolution by characteristic bourgeois colour communist counter revolutionary democratic nonviolent passive permanent proletarian from above wave social methods boycott civil disorder civil war class struggle contentious politics coup d état demonstration human chain direct action guerrilla warfare insurgency mass mobilization mutiny protest rebellion resistance nonviolent civil disobedience riot samizdat strike action tax resistance terror examples english american brabant liège french haitian spanish american serbian greek 1820s 1830 july belgian texas 1848 italian states february german hungarian eureka bulgarian unification philippine iranian first second young turk mexican chinese xinhai communist cultural 1917 1923 russian german siamese spanish august guatemalan indonesian hungarian 1956 cuban rwandan nicaraguan carnation saur people power 1989 yogurt velvet romanian singing bolivarian bulldozer rose orange tulip kyrgyz arab spring tunisian egyptian yemeni euromaidan second arab spring sudanese gen z in asia bangladeshi nepali malagasy politics portal v t e the colour revolutions also spelt color revolutions 1 are a series of often non violent protests and accompanying attempted or successful changes of government and society taking place in post soviet states particularly georgia ukraine and kyrgyzstan and the former yugoslavia during the 21st century 2 the aim of the colour revolutions is to establish western style democracies they were primarily triggered by election results widely viewed as falsified the colour revolutions are marked by the use of the internet as a method of communication 3 as well as a strong role of non governmental organizations in the protests 4 some of these movements have been successful in their goal of removing the government such as federal republic of yugoslavia s bulldozer revolution 2000 georgia s rose revolution 2003 ukraine s orange revolution 2004 kyrgyzstan s tulip revolution 2005 armenia s velvet revolution 2018 they have been described by political scientists valerie jane bunce and seva gunitsky as a wave of democracy between the revolutions of 1989 and the 2010 2012 arab spring 5 russia china and iran have accused the western world of orchestrating colour revolutions to expand its influence 6 7 8 9 background edit a definition of colour revolution suggested by pavel baev is a mass protest or an unarmed uprising aimed at replacing through elections the sitting government that represents a semi quasi democratic regime he noted that this definition was deliberately vague but the revolutions did not target any reorganization of society or redistribution of property had a non violent nature and a close connection with elections 10 student movements edit the first of the student movements was otpor resistance in the federal republic of yugoslavia founded at belgrade university in october 1998 and began protesting against president slobodan miloševic during the kosovo war most of them were already veterans of anti milošević demonstrations such as the 1996 97 protests and the 9 march 1991 protest many of its members were arrested or beaten by the police 11 despite this during the presidential campaign in september 2000 otpor launched its gotov je he s finished campaign that galvanized serbian discontent with milošević and resulted in his defeat 12 13 members of otpor have inspired and trained members of related student movements including kmara in georgia pora in ukraine zubr in belarus and mjaft in albania these groups have been explicit and scrupulous in their non violent resistance as advocated and explained in gene sharp s writings 14 successful protests edit serbia edit main article overthrow of slobodan milošević the house of the national assembly burning during the 2000 bulldozer revolution in the 2000 yugoslavian general election activists that opposed the government of milošević created a unified opposition and engaged in civic mobilization through get out the vote campaigns this approach had been used in other parliamentary elections in bulgaria 1997 slovakia 1998 and croatia 2000 however election results were contested with the federal election commission announcing that opposition candidate vojislav koštunica had not received the absolute majority necessary to avoid a runoff election despite some political sources believing he had earned nearly 55 of the vote 15 discrepancies in vote totals and the incineration of election documents by authorities lead the opposition alliance to accuse the government of electoral fraud 16 protests erupted in belgrade culminating in the overthrow of slobodan milošević the demonstrations were supported by the youth movement otpor some of whose members were later involved in revolutions in other countries these demonstrations are usually considered to be the first example of the peaceful revolutions that followed in former soviet states despite the nationwide protesters not adopting a colour or a specific symbol the slogan gotov je serbian cyrillic готов је lit he is finished become a defining symbol in retrospect celebrating the success of the protests the protests have come to be known as the bulldozer revolution due to the use of a wheel loader that protesters drove into the building used by radio television of serbia which was the main broadcast arm of milošević s government 17 georgia edit this section is an excerpt from rose revolution edit the rose revolution or revolution of roses georgian ვარდების რევოლუცია romanized vardebis revolutsia was a nonviolent change of power that occurred in georgia in november 2003 the event was brought about by widespread protests over the disputed parliamentary elections and culminated in the resignation of president eduard shevardnadze which marked the end of soviet era leadership in the country the revolution derives its name from the climactic moment when demonstrators led by mikheil saakashvili stormed the parliament session with red roses in hand 18 adjara edit this paragraph is an excerpt from 2004 adjara crisis edit the adjara crisis georgian აჭარის კრიზისი romanized ach aris k rizisi also known as the adjarian revolution or the second rose revolution was a political crisis in georgia s adjaran autonomous republic then led by aslan abashidze who refused to obey the central authorities after president eduard shevardnadze s ouster during the rose revolution of november 2003 the crisis threatened to develop into military confrontation as both sides mobilized their forces at the internal border however georgia s post revolutionary government of president mikheil saakashvili managed to avoid bloodshed and with the help of adjaran opposition reasserted its supremacy abashidze left the region in exile in may 2004 and was succeeded by levan varshalomidze ukraine edit this paragraph is an excerpt from orange revolution edit the orange revolution ukrainian помаранчева революція romanized pomarancheva revoliutsiia was a series of protests that led to political upheaval in ukraine from late november 2004 to january 2005 it gained momentum primarily due to the initiative of the general population 19 sparked by the aftermath of the 2004 ukrainian presidential election runoff which was claimed to be marred by massive corruption voter intimidation and electoral fraud 20 kyiv the ukrainian capital was the focal point of the movement s campaign of civil resistance with thousands of protesters demonstrating daily 21 nationwide 22 this was highlighted by a series of acts of civil disobedience sit ins and general strikes organized by the opposition movement kyrgyzstan 2005 edit this paragraph is an excerpt from tulip revolution edit the tulip revolution also known as the first kyrgyz revolution led to kyrgyzstan s then president askar akayev s fall from power the revolution began after parliamentary elections on 27 february and 13 march 2005 the revolutionaries alleged corruption and authoritarianism by akayev his family and supporters akayev fled to kazakhstan and then to russia on 4 april 2005 at the kyrgyz embassy in moscow akayev signed his resignation statement in the presence of a kyrgyz parliamentary delegation the resignation was ratified by the kyrgyz interim parliament on 11 april 2005 moldova edit main article april 2009 moldovan parliamentary election protests rioters in chișinău during the april 2009 moldovan parliamentary election protests there was civil unrest described by some as a revolution 23 all over moldova following the 2009 parliamentary election owing to the opposition s assertion that the communists had fixed the election in the lead up to the election there had been an overwhelming pro communist bias in the media and the composition of electoral registers was subject to scrutiny 24 european electoral observers had concluded that there was undue administrative influence in the election 25 there had also been anger at president vladimir voronin who had agreed to step down as term limits in the constitution required but who then said he would retain a key role in politics leading to fears that there would be no real change in power 24 the views and actions of the soviet trained and russian speaking political elite contrasted with the majority of the country s population as a whole which favoured a more pro european direction 24 also key to the context was the question of relations with romania which moldova had been separated from after russian occupation under the nazi soviet pact of 1939 24 demands for closer relations with romania had increased due to romania s eu membership contrasting with economic stagnation and failure in moldova 24 under the communists moldova had the status of the poorest country in europe and international agencies had criticised the government for failing to address corruption and for limiting press freedoms 24 26 the government attempted to discredit the protests by claiming foreign involvement of romania but little evidence existed which suggested this was the case 24 between 10 000 and 15 000 people joined protests on 6 and 7 april 2009 in the capital city of chișinău 27 28 some of the chants protesters were heard to say were we want europe we are romanians and down with communism 25 with social media playing a role in the organisation of the protests the internet was cut off in the capital by the government and president voronin declared the protesters to be fascists intoxicated with hatred 24 voronin s reaction to the protests were subject to criticism he utilised the secret police oversaw mass arrests sealed the country s borders and censored media leading to comparisons to stalinist methods of communist repression 23 amnesty international and the bbc reported on numerous cases of torture and ill treatment and brutality towards protesters 29 30 russia backed and supported the ruling moldovan communist government 24 the only foreign leader to congratulate voronin and moldova after the disputed election was russian president dmitry medvedev 31 analysts observed that the protests appeared to be spontaneous and that they partly originated from protesters dislike of the government s increasing compliance with russia 32 one of the key demands of the protests was achieved when a recount of votes in the election was accepted and ordered by president voronin 33 then in july 2009 a new election was held in which opposition parties won a slight majority of the vote which was seen as a decisive success for the four pro western pro european parties 34 one of the factors believed to have led to the opposition victory was the anger at the way the communist government had handled the april protests 34 the deputy leader of the opposition liberal party stated that democracy has won 34 the opposition alliance named the alliance for european integration created a governing coalition that pushed the party of communists into opposition 35 north macedonia edit main article 2016 macedonian protests in 2016 due to perceived authoritarian actions of the government 36 37 mass protests began in the republic of macedonia against the ruling vmro dpmne party the protests referred to as the colorful revolution 38 macedonian шарена револуција were a turning point in macedonian politics with the nationalist conservative policies of the previous establishment being replaced with reconciliatory policies towards bulgaria and greece and the eu and nato path of republic of macedonia armenia edit this paragraph is an excerpt from 2018 armenian revolution edit the 2018 armenian revolution most commonly known in armenia as merzhirserzhin armenian մերժիրսերժին lit rejectserzh was a series of anti government protests in armenia from april to may 2018 staged by various political and civil groups led by a member of the armenian parliament nikol pashinyan head of the civil contract party protests and marches took place initially in response to serzh sargsyan s third consecutive term as the most powerful figure in the government of armenia later broadening against the ruling republican party who were in power since 1999 pashinyan declared it a velvet revolution թավշյա հեղափոխություն t avshya heghap vokhut yun 39 40 unsuccessful protests edit belarus edit jeans revolution edit main article jeans revolution belarusians protesting against the results of the 2006 belarusian presidential election in minsk during the jeans revolution by march 2006 authoritarian and pro russian president alexander lukashenko had ruled belarus for twelve years and was aiming for a third term after term limits were cancelled by a dubious referendum in 2004 that was judged to not be free and fair internationally 41 lukashenko had faced widespread international criticism for crushing dissent neglecting human rights and restricting civil society 41 by this point the belarus parliament did not contain any opposition members and acted as a rubber stamp parliament 41 ...
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