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pus gpgpu edit source main articles gpgpu and stream processing it is common to use a general purpose graphics processing unit gpgpu as a modified form of stream processor or a vector processor running compute kernels this turns the massive computational power of a modern graphics accelerator s shader pipeline into general purpose computing power in certain applications requiring massive vector operations this can yield several orders of magnitude higher performance than a conventional cpu the two largest discrete gpu designers amd and nvidia are pursuing this approach with an array of applications as of nvidia and amd collaborated with stanford university to create a gpu based client for the folding home distributed computing project for protein folding calculations in certain circumstances the gpu calculates forty times faster than the cpus traditionally used by such applications 19 20 gpu based high performance computers play a significant role in large scale modelling three of the ten most powerful supercomputers in the world take advantage of gpu acceleration 21 needs update since 2005 there has been interest in using the performance offered by gpus for evolutionary computation in general and for accelerating the fitness evaluation in genetic programming in particular citation needed most approaches compile linear or tree programs on the host pc and transfer the executable to the gpu to be run typically a performance advantage is only obtained by running the single active program simultaneously on many example problems in parallel using the gpu s single instruction multiple data simd architecture 22 needs update substantial acceleration can also be obtained by not compiling the programs and instead transferring them to the gpu to be interpreted there 23 external gpu egpu edit source a gpu can be attached to some external bus of a notebook pci express is the only bus used for this purpose as of the port may be for example an expresscard or mpcie port pcie 1 up to 5 or 2 5 gigabits per second respectively a thunderbolt 1 2 or 3 port pcie 4 up to 10 20 or 40 gigabits per second respectively a usb4 port with thunderbolt compatibility or an oculink port those ports are only available on certain notebook systems 24 egpu enclosures include their own power supply psu because powerful gpus can consume hundreds of watts 25 history edit source see also video display controller list of home computers by video hardware sprite computer graphics and timeline of early 3d computer graphics hardware 1960s edit source adage graphics terminal from 1968 brochure dedicated 3d graphics hardware dates back to graphic terminals such as the adage agt 30 from 1967 with analog matrix processors in 1969 evans sutherland e s introduced the line drawing system 1 lds 1 which was the first all digital system to provide matrix multiplication also in 1969 the low cost graphics terminal imlac pds 1 was introduced it later saw use as an early 3d gaming machine with the likes of maze war 1970s edit source in the 1970s the term gpu originally stood for graphics processor unit and described a programmable processing unit working independently from the cpu that was responsible for graphics manipulation and output 1 2 in professional hardware in 1972 plato iv system becomes operational at the university of illinois urbana champaign between around 1973 and 1978 several networked multiplayer wireframe 3d games are implemented and popularized by users of the system also in 1972 the e s continuous tone 1 ct1 watkins box system consisting of an e s lds 2 and shaded picture system is delivered to case western reserve university it offered the first real time gouraud shading in 1975 a joint effort between evans sutherland computer corporation and the university of utah s computer graphics department results in the first ever mosfet video framebuffer capable of color and smooth shading e s continuous tone 3 ct3 system was delivered in 1977 to lufthansa for pilot training using computer simulation it was the first graphics system capable of real time texture mapping citation needed ikonas made graphics systems with 8 and 24 bit graphics and 3d acceleration in the late 70s 26 arcade system boards have used specialized 2d graphics circuits since the 1970s in early video game hardware ram for frame buffers was expensive so video chips composited data together as the display was being scanned out on the monitor 27 a specialized barrel shifter circuit helped the cpu animate the framebuffer graphics for various 1970s arcade video games from midway and taito such as gun fight 1975 sea wolf 1976 and space invaders 1978 28 the namco galaxian arcade system in 1979 used specialized graphics hardware that supported rgb color multi colored sprites and tilemap backgrounds 29 the galaxian hardware was widely used during the golden age of arcade video games by game companies such as namco centuri gremlin irem konami midway nichibutsu sega and taito 30 atari antic microprocessor on an atari 130xe motherboard the atari 2600 in 1977 used a video shifter called the television interface adaptor 31 atari 8 bit computers 1979 had antic a video processor which interpreted instructions describing a display list the way the scan lines map to specific bitmapped or character modes and where the memory is stored so there did not need to be a contiguous frame buffer clarification needed 32 6502 machine code subroutines could be triggered on scan lines by setting a bit on a display list instruction clarification needed 33 antic also supported smooth vertical and horizontal scrolling independent of the cpu 34 1980s edit source geometry engine integrated circuit in the 1980s significant advancements were made in professional 3d graphics hardware perhaps most impactful was the 1981 development of the geometry engine a vlsi vector processor asic designed by jim clark and marc hannah at stanford university this processor is the forerunner of modern tensor cores and other similar processors marketed for graphics and ai the geometry engine went on to be used in silicon graphics workstations for many years silicon graphics s first product shipped in november 1983 was the iris 1000 a terminal with hardware accelerated 3d graphics based on the geometry engine 26 the geometry engine was capable of approximately 6 million operations per second 35 nec μpd7220 a the 1981 nec μpd7220 was the first implementation of a personal computer graphics display processor as a single large scale integration lsi integrated circuit chip this enabled the design of low cost high performance video graphics cards such as those from number nine visual technology it became the best known gpu until the mid 1980s 36 it was the first fully integrated vlsi very large scale integration metal oxide semiconductor nmos graphics display processor for pcs supported up to 1024 1024 resolution and laid the foundations for the pc graphics market it was used in a number of graphics cards and was licensed for clones such as the intel 82720 the first of intel s graphics processing units 37 the williams electronics arcade games robotron 2084 joust sinistar and bubbles all released in 1982 contain custom blitter chips for operating on 16 color bitmaps 38 39 in 1984 hitachi released the artc hd63484 the first major cmos graphics processor for personal computers the artc could display up to 4k resolution when in monochrome mode it was used in a number of graphics cards and terminals during the late 1980s 40 mos 8367r0 agnus in 1985 the amiga was released with a custom graphics chip called agnus including a blitter for bitmap manipulation line drawing and area fill it also included a coprocessor with its own simple instruction set that was capable of manipulating graphics hardware registers in sync with the video beam e g for per scanline palette switches sprite multiplexing and hardware windowing or driving the blitter citation needed also in 1985 ibm released the professional graphics controller designed by later to be nvidia co founder curtis priem which was a rudimentary 3d card with 640 480 256 color graphics which used a dedicated cpu to draw graphics independently of the main system it was used as the basis of cards by a number of makers including matrox and its analog rgb signaling led directly to the vga video standard 26 priem later in the 80s worked on the influential sun microsystems gx also known as cgsix accelerated 2d graphics card 41 in 1986 texas instruments released the tms34010 the first fully programmable graphics processor 42 it could run general purpose code but also had a graphics oriented instruction set during 1990 1992 this chip became the basis of the texas instruments graphics architecture tiga windows accelerator cards the ibm 8514 micro channel adapter with memory add on following in 1987 the ibm 8514 graphics system was released it was one of the first video cards for ibm pc compatibles that implemented fixed function 2d primitives in electronic hardware sharp s x68000 released in 1987 used a custom graphics chipset 43 with a 65 536 color palette and hardware support for sprites scrolling and multiple playfields 44 it served as a development machine for capcom s cp system arcade board fujitsu s fm towns computer released in 1989 had support for a 16 777 216 color palette 45 for context ibm also introduced its video graphics array vga display system in 1987 with a maximum resolution of 640 480 pixels unlike 8514 a vga had no hardware acceleration features in november 1988 nec home electronics announced its creation of the video electronics standards association vesa to develop and promote a super vga svga computer display standard as a successor to vga super vga enabled graphics display resolutions up to 800 600 pixels a 56 increase 46 in 1988 sgi sold iris workstation graphics with 10 12 geometry engines and introduced the irisvision add in board for ibm microchannel bus rs 6000 based on the geometry engine as well 26 in 1988 as well the first dedicated polygonal 3d graphics boards in arcade machines were introduced with the namco system 21 47 and taito air system 48 1990s edit source s3 graphics virge voodoo3 2000 agp card the 1990s again saw considerable advancements in professional workstation 3d graphics hardware from sun microsystems sgi and others the introduction of opengl by sgi in 1992 paved the way for standard hardware independent 3d programming interfaces 49 50 however by the mid and late 90s professional hardware was being slowly eclipsed by consumer products which offered similar or even better performance especially in regards to texture mapping at a lower cost and on platforms familiar to end users 50 51 in 1991 s3 graphics introduced the s3 86c911 which its designers named after the porsche 911 as an indication of the performance increase it promised 52 the 86c911 spawned a variety of imitators by 1995 all major pc graphics chip makers had added 2d acceleration support to their chips 53 fixed function windows accelerators surpassed expensive general purpose graphics coprocessors in windows performance and such coprocessors faded from the pc market in the early and mid 1990s real time 3d graphics became increasingly common in arcade computer and console games which led to increasing public demand for hardware accelerated 3d graphics early examples of mass market 3d graphics hardware can be found in arcade system boards such as the sega model 1 namco system 22 and sega model 2 and the fifth generation video game consoles such as the saturn playstation and nintendo 64 arcade systems such as the sega model 2 and sgi onyx based namco magic edge hornet simulator in 1993 were capable of hardware t l transform clipping and lighting years before appearing in consumer graphics cards 54 55 in 1994 sony used the term gpu with the meaning graphics processing unit in reference to the playstation console s toshiba designed sony gpu 3 another early example is the super fx chip a risc based on cartridge graphics chip used in some snes games notably doom and star fox some systems used dsps to accelerate transformations fujitsu which worked on the sega model 2 arcade system 56 began working on integrating t l into a single lsi solution for use in home computers in 1995 57 the fujitsu pinolite the first 3d geometry processor for personal computers announced in 1997 58 the first hardware t l gpu on home video game consoles was the nintendo 64 s reality coprocessor released in 1996 59 in 1997 mitsubishi released the 3dpro 2mp a gpu capable of transformation and lighting for workstations and windows nt desktops 60 ati used it for its firegl 4000 graphics card released in 1997 61 the term gpu was coined by sony in reference to the 32 bit sony gpu designed by toshiba in the playstation video game console released in 1994 62 2000s edit source in october 2002 with the introduction of the ati radeon 9700 also known as r300 the world s first direct3d 9 0 accelerator pixel and vertex shaders could implement looping and lengthy floating point math and were quickly becoming as flexible as cpus yet orders of magnitude faster for image array operations pixel shading is often used for bump mapping which adds texture to make an object look shiny dull rough or even round or extruded 63 with the introduction of the nvidia geforce 8 series and new generic stream processing units gpus became more generalized computing devices parallel gpus are making computational inroads against the cpu and a subfield of research dubbed gpu computing or gpgpu for general purpose computing on gpu has found applications in fields as diverse as machine learning 64 oil exploration scientific image processing linear algebra 65 statistics 66 3d reconstruction and stock options pricing gpgpus were the precursors to what is now called a compute shader e g cuda opencl directcompute and actually abused the hardware to a degree by treating the data passed to algorithms as texture maps and executing algorithms by drawing a triangle or quad with an appropriate pixel shader clarification needed this entails some overheads since units like the scan converter are involved where they are not needed nor are triangle manipulations even a concern except to invoke the pixel shader clarification needed nvidia s cuda platform first introduced in 2007 67 was the earliest widely adopted programming model for gpu computing opencl is an open standard defined by the khronos group that allows for the development of code for both gpus and cpus with an emphasis on portability 68 opencl solutions are supported by intel amd nvidia and arm and according to a report in 2011 by evans data opencl had become the second most popular hpc tool 69 2010s edit source in 2010 nvidia partnered with audi to power their cars dashboards using the tegra gpu to provide increased functionality to cars navigation and entertainment systems 70 advances in gpu technology in 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