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in dress has moved towards the short i sound and the short a sound as in trap has moved to the short e sound 343 after world war ii māori were discouraged or prohibited to speak their own language te reo māori in schools and workplaces and it existed as a community language only in a few remote areas 344 the native schools act 1867 required instruction in english in all schools and while no official policy banned children from speaking māori many suffered physical abuse if they did 345 346 347 the māori language has recently undergone a process of revitalisation 348 being declared one of new zealand s official languages in 1987 349 and is spoken by 4 0 of the population 340 n 10 māori language immersion schools and two māori language television channels now exist 351 many places have both their māori and english names officially recognised 352 as recorded in the 2018 census 340 samoan is the most widely spoken non official language 2 2 followed by northern chinese including mandarin 2 0 hindi 1 5 and french 1 2 new zealand sign language was reported to be understood by 22 986 people 0 5 it became one of new zealand s official languages in 2006 353 religion main article religion in new zealand the wellington cathedral of st paul in wellington according to the 2023 census 51 6 of the census usually resident population had no religion 354 up from 48 2 in 2018 census 340 christians are the single largest religious group forming 32 3 of the population 354 compared to 36 5 in 2018 340 hindus are the second largest religious minority forming the 2 9 of population followed by muslims on 1 5 354 the auckland region exhibited the greatest religious diversity 355 education main articles education in new zealand and tertiary education in new zealand primary and secondary schooling is compulsory for children aged 6 to 16 with the majority of children attending from the age of 5 356 there are 13 school years and attending state public schools is free to new zealand citizens and permanent residents from a person s 5th birthday to the end of the calendar year following their 19th birthday 357 new zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99 95 and over half of the population aged 15 to 29 hold a tertiary qualification 356 there are five types of government owned tertiary institutions universities colleges of education polytechnics specialist colleges and wānanga 358 in addition to private training establishments 359 in 2021 in the population aged 25 64 13 had no formal qualification 21 had a school qualification 28 had a tertiary certificate or diploma and 35 have a bachelor s degree or higher 360 the oecd s programme for international student assessment ranks new zealand as the 28th best in the oecd for maths 13th best for science and 11th best for reading 361 health main article health in new zealand see also healthcare in new zealand and te whatu ora as of 2023 update new zealand allocated about 9 6 percent of its gdp to healthcare slightly above the oecd average of 8 8 percent the public healthcare system operates under a publicly funded health insurance model that supports inpatient and outpatient services at public hospitals along with preventive and primary care through private providers 362 health new zealand te whatu ora is the primary publicly funded healthcare system of new zealand the new zealand government established it to replace the country s 20 district health boards dhbs on 1 july 2022 health new zealand is charged with working alongside the public health agency to manage the provision of healthcare services in new zealand 363 364 as of 2022 the agency is new zealand s largest employer consolidating the dhbs combined work force of 80 000 with an estimated annual operating budget of nz 20 billion and an asset base of about nz 24 billion 365 ischaemic heart disease is the leading cause of death followed by alzheimer disease and other dementias and stroke the life expectancy has improved from 78 6 years in 2000 to 82 2 years in 2021 366 culture main article culture of new zealand late 20th century house post depicting the navigator kupe fighting two sea creatures statistics have shown around 20 of new zealanders identify with more than one ethnic group around 80 are of european descent 15 maori and others coming from china the pacific islands and elsewhere this means there is little sense in talking of one new zealand culture although according to one writer new zealanders will argue strongly for the existence of a unique identity for the existence of something that sets them apart from others a kiwi culture 367 the british and irish immigrants brought aspects of their own culture to new zealand and also influenced māori culture 368 369 particularly with the introduction of christianity 370 however māori still regard their allegiance to tribal groups as a vital part of their identity and māori kinship roles resemble those of other polynesian peoples 371 more recently american australian asian and other european cultures have exerted influence on new zealand non māori polynesian cultures are also apparent with pasifika the world s largest polynesian festival now an annual event in auckland 372 the largely rural life in early new zealand led to the image of new zealanders as rugged industrious problem solvers 373 modesty was expected and enforced through the tall poppy syndrome where high achievers received harsh criticism 374 at the time new zealand was not known as an intellectual country 375 from the early 20th century until the late 1960s māori culture was suppressed by the attempted assimilation of māori into british new zealanders 344 in the 1960s as tertiary education became more available and cities expanded 376 urban culture began to dominate 377 but rural imagery and themes are common in new zealand s art literature and media 378 new zealand s national symbols are influenced by natural historical and māori sources the silver fern emblem appears on army insignia and sporting team uniforms 379 certain items of popular culture thought to be unique to new zealand are called kiwiana 379 art main article new zealand art portrait of hinepare of ngāti kahungunu by gottfried lindauer showing chin moko pounamu hei tiki and woven cloak as part of the resurgence of māori culture the traditional crafts of carving and weaving are now more widely practised and māori artists are increasing in number and influence 380 most māori carvings feature human figures generally with three fingers and either a natural looking detailed head or a stylised version 381 surface patterns consisting of spirals ridges notches and fish scales decorate most carvings 382 the pre eminent māori architecture consisted of carved meeting houses wharenui decorated with symbolic carvings and illustrations these buildings were originally designed to be constantly rebuilt changing and adapting to different whims or needs 383 māori decorated the white wood of buildings canoes and cenotaphs using red a mixture of red ochre and shark fat and black made from soot paint and painted pictures of birds reptiles and other designs on cave walls 384 māori tattoos moko consisting of coloured soot mixed with gum were cut into the flesh with a bone chisel 385 since european arrival paintings and photographs have been dominated by landscapes originally not as works of art but as factual portrayals of new zealand 386 portraits of māori were also common with early painters often portraying them as an ideal race untainted by civilisation 386 the country s isolation delayed the influence of european artistic trends allowing local artists to develop their own distinctive style of regionalism 387 during the 1960s and 1970s many artists combined traditional māori and western techniques creating unique art forms 388 new zealand art and craft has gradually achieved an international audience with exhibitions in the venice biennale in 2001 and the paradise now exhibition in new york in 2004 380 389 māori cloaks are made of fine flax fibre and patterned with black red and white triangles diamonds and other geometric shapes 390 greenstone was fashioned into earrings and necklaces with the most well known design being the hei tiki a distorted human figure sitting cross legged with its head tilted to the side 391 europeans brought english fashion etiquette to new zealand and until the 1950s most people dressed up for social occasions 392 standards have since relaxed and new zealand fashion has received a reputation for being casual practical and lacklustre 393 394 however the local fashion industry has grown significantly since 2000 doubling exports and increasing from a handful to about 50 established labels with some labels gaining international recognition 394 literature main article new zealand literature māori quickly adopted writing as a means of sharing ideas and many of their oral stories and poems were converted to the written form 395 most early english literature was obtained from britain and it was not until the 1950s when local publishing outlets increased that new zealand literature started to become widely known 396 although still largely influenced by global trends modernism and events the great depression writers in the 1930s began to develop stories increasingly focused on their experiences in new zealand during this period literature changed from a journalistic activity to a more academic pursuit 397 participation in the world wars gave some new zealand writers a new perspective on new zealand culture and with the postwar expansion of universities local literature flourished 398 dunedin is a unesco city of literature 399 media and entertainment main articles music of new zealand cinema of new zealand and media of new zealand lorde is one of the most internationally successful new zealand artists new zealand music has been influenced by blues jazz country rock and roll and hip hop with many of these genres given a unique new zealand interpretation 400 māori developed a varied musical tradition around songs and chants including ceremonial performances laments and love songs 401 instruments taonga pūoro such as flutes and percussion began being used as spiritual tools entertainment and signalling devices 402 403 early settlers brought over their ethnic music with brass bands and choral music being popular and musicians began touring new zealand in the 1860s 404 405 pipe bands became widespread during the early 20th century 406 the new zealand recording industry began to develop from 1940 onwards and many new zealand musicians have obtained success in britain and the united states 400 some artists release māori language songs and the māori tradition based art of kapa haka song and dance has made a resurgence 407 the new zealand music awards are held annually by recorded music nz the awards were first held in 1965 by reckitt colman as the loxene golden disc awards 408 recorded music nz also publishes the country s official weekly record charts 409 the hobbiton movie set located near matamata was used for the lord of the rings film trilogy 410 public radio was introduced in new zealand in 1922 411 a state owned television service began in 1960 412 deregulation in the 1980s saw a sudden increase in the numbers of radio and television stations 413 new zealand television primarily broadcasts american and british programming along with many australian and local shows 414 the number of new zealand films significantly increased during the 1970s in 1978 the new zealand film commission started assisting local film makers and many films attained a world audience some receiving international acknowledgement 413 the highest grossing new zealand films are hunt for the wilderpeople boy the world s fastest indian whale rider once were warriors tinā heavenly creatures what we do in the shadows and the piano 415 416 417 the country s diverse scenery and compact size plus government incentives 418 have encouraged some producers to shoot very big budget and well known productions in new zealand including the lord of the rings and the hobbit film trilogies avatar the chronicles of narnia king kong wolverine the last samurai the power of the dog alien covenant mulan and a minecraft movie 419 420 421 the new zealand media industry is dominated by a small number of companies most of which are foreign owned although the state retains ownership of some television and radio stations 422 since 1994 freedom house has consistently ranked new zealand s press freedom in the top twenty with the 19th freest media as of 2015 update 423 cuisine main article new zealand cuisine ingredients to be prepared for a hāngī the national cuisine has been described as pacific rim with food drawing inspiration from europe asia and polynesia there is a wide choice offered in restaurants throughout the country 424 a distinctive feature of new zealand cuisine is the casual way it is eaten reflecting the country s laid back lifestyle summertime is popular for eating out in cafes or at a barbeque where a range of meat and seafood is readily available a tradition maori hangi where food is cooked underground beside heated rocks is popular usually prepared for special occasions 424 fish and chips is a national favorite takeaway 424 new zealand yields produce from land and sea most crops and livestock such as maize potatoes and pigs were gradually introduced by the early european settlers 425 distinctive ingredients or dishes include lamb salmon kōura crayfish 426 bluff oysters whitebait pāua abalone mussels scallops pipi and tuatua types of new zealand shellfish 427 kūmara sweet potato kiwifruit tamarillo and pavlova considered a national dessert 428 424 a hāngī is a traditional māori method of cooking food using heated rocks buried in a pit oven that is still used for large groups on special occasions 429 such as tangihanga 430 sport main article sport in new zealand a haka performed by the new zealand national rugby union team all blacks before a game the haka is a challenge with vigorous movements and stamping of the feet most of the major sporting codes played in new zealand have british origins 431 rugby union is considered the national sport 432 and attracts the most spectators 433 golf netball tennis and cricket have the highest rates of adult participation while netball rugby union and football soccer are particularly popular among young people 433 434 horse racing is one of the most popular spectator sports in new zealand and was part of the rugby racing and beer subculture during the 1960s 435 around 54 of new zealand adolescents participate in sports for their school 434 victorious rugby tours to australia and the united kingdom in the late 1880s and the early 1900s played an early role in instilling a national identity 436 māori participation in european sports was particularly evident in rugby and the country s team performs a haka a traditional māori challenge before international matches 437 new zealand is k...
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