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y scholars presume that the later sects began to form during the maccabean era see jewish sectarianism below 10 it is often speculated that the sadducees grew out of the judean religious élite in the early hasmonean period under rulers such as john hyrcanus hasmonean rule lasted until 63 bce when the roman general pompey conquered jerusalem at which point the roman period of judean history began the province of roman judea was established in 6 ce see also syria palaestina while cooperation between the romans and the jews had been strongest during the reigns of herod the great r 37 4 bce and his grandson agrippa i r 41 44 ce the romans moved power out of the hands of vassal kings and into the hands of roman administrators beginning with the census of quirinius in 6 ce the first jewish roman war broke out in 66 ce after a few years of conflict the romans retook jerusalem and destroyed the temple bringing an end to the second temple period in 70 ce 11 after the temple destruction edit after the destruction of the temple of jerusalem in 70 ce the sadducees appear only in a few references in the talmud and some christian texts 12 in the beginning of karaite judaism the followers of anan ben david were called sadducees and set a claim of the former being a historical continuity from the latter citation needed the sadducee concept of the mortality of the soul is reflected on by uriel da costa who mentions them in his writings role of the sadducees edit religious edit the religious responsibilities of the sadducees included the maintenance of the temple in jerusalem their high social status was reinforced by their priestly responsibilities as mandated in the torah the priests were responsible for performing sacrifices at the temple the primary method of worship in ancient israel this included presiding over sacrifices during the three festivals of pilgrimage to jerusalem their religious beliefs and social status were mutually reinforcing as the priesthood often represented the highest class in judean society however sadducees and the priests were not completely synonymous cohen writes that not all priests high priests and aristocrats were sadducees many were pharisees and many were not members of any group at all 13 political edit the sadducees oversaw many formal affairs of the state 14 members of the sadducees administered the state domestically represented the state internationally participated in the sanhedrin and often encountered the pharisees there collected taxes these also came in the form of international tribute from jews in the diaspora equipped and led the army regulated relations with the roman empire mediated domestic grievances beliefs edit knowledge about the beliefs of the sadducees is limited by the fact that not a single line of their own writings has survived out of antiquity as the destruction of jerusalem and much of the judean elite in 70 ce seems to have broken them extant writings on the sadducees are often from sources hostile to them josephus was a rival pharisee christian records were generally not sympathetic and the rabbinic tradition descended from the pharisees is uniformly hostile 15 general edit the sadducees rejected the oral torah 16 as proposed by the pharisees rather they saw the written torah as the sole source of divine authority 17 later writings of the pharisees criticized this belief as one that strengthened the sadducees own power according to josephus the sadducees beliefs included rejection of the idea of fate or of a pre ordained future god does not commit or even think evil man has free will man has the free choice of good or evil the soul is not immortal and there is no afterlife and no rewards or penalties after death it is a virtue to debate and dispute with philosophy teachers 15 18 the sadducees did not accept the idea of resurrection of the dead but believed contrary to the claim of josephus in the traditional jewish concept of sheol for those who had died 19 josephus also includes a claim that the sadducees are rude compared to loving and compassionate pharisees but this is generally considered more of a sectarian insult rather than an unbiased judgment of the sadducees on their own terms 15 similarly josephus brags that the sadducees were often forced to back down if their judgments clashed with the pharisees as he says that the pharisees were more popular with the multitude 15 the sadducees occasionally show up in the christian gospels but without much detail usually merely as members of a list of opponents of jesus the christian acts of the apostles contains somewhat more information 15 the sadducees were associated with the party of the high priest of the era and seem to have had a majority of the sanhedrin if not all gamaliel is a pharisee member 20 the sadducees did not believe in resurrection whereas the pharisees did in acts paul of tarsus chose this point of division to attempt to gain the protection of the pharisees around 59 ce 21 the sadducees may have rejected the notion of spirits or angels whereas the pharisees acknowledged them this is based on acts 23 8 which can be translated as either for the sadducees say that there is no resurrection neither angel nor spirit but the pharisees confess both 21 or as for the sadducees say there is no resurrection neither as an angel nor as a spirit while the pharisees profess both the latter approach to the text has been advanced by theologian and scholar of religion david bentley hart 22 disputes with the pharisees edit according to the sadducees spilt water becomes ritually impure through its pouring the pharisees denied that this was sufficient grounds for impurity in mishnah yadaim 4 7 many pharisee sadducee disputes revolved around issues of ritual purity according to the jewish laws of inheritance the property of a deceased man is inherited by his sons if the man had only daughters his property would be inherited by his daughters upon his death according to numbers 27 8 when the deceased left no issue offspring the sadducees in dividing the inheritance among the relatives of the deceased could hypothetically include his paternal aunt the sadducees would justify their practice a fortiori an inference from minor to major premise saying if the daughter of his son s son can inherit him i e such as when her father left no male issue is it not then fitting that his own daughter inherit him i e who is more closely related to him than his great granddaughter according to the jerusalem talmud baba bathra 21b the early jewish sage yohanan ben zakkai argued against the sadducees that the only reason the daughter was empowered to inherit her father was because her father left no male issue however a man s daughter where there are sons has no power to inherit her father s estate moreover a deceased man who leaves no issue always has a distant male relative to whom his estate can be given the sadducees eventually agreed with the pharisaic teaching the vindication of yohanan ben zakkai and the pharisees over the sadducees gave rise to this date being held in honor in the megillat taanit according to the rashbam in the babylonian talmud baba bathra 115b 116a jerusalem talmud baba bathra 8 1 21b 22a the sadducees demanded that a master pay for damages caused by his slave the pharisees imposed no such obligation viewing that a slave could intentionally cause damage to see the liability for it brought on his master in mishnah yadaim 4 7 the pharisees posited that false witnesses should be executed if the verdict was pronounced based on their testimony even if not yet carried out the sadducees argued that false witnesses should be executed only if the death penalty had already been carried out on the falsely accused in mishnah makot 1 6 later rabbinic literature took a dim view of both the sadducees and boethusians not only due to their perceived carefree approach to keeping to the torah and the oral torah but also due to their attempts to persuade the common folk to join their ranks according to sifri to deuteronomy p 233 torah ve hamitzvah edition verification needed maimonides viewed the sadducees as rejecting the oral torah as an excuse to interpret the written torah in a lenient personally convenient manner in his commentary to pirkei avot 1 3 1 1 3 he described the sadducees as harming israel and causing the nation to stray from following god in the mishneh torah hilchoth avodah zarah 10 2 jewish sectarianism edit the pharisees and the sadducees come to tempt jesus by james tissot brooklyn museum the jewish community of the second temple period is often defined by its sectarian and fragmented attributes josephus in antiquities contextualizes the sadducees as opposed to the pharisees and the essenes the sadducees are also notably distinguishable from the growing jesus movement which later evolved into christianity these groups differed in their beliefs social statuses and sacred texts though the sadducees produced no primary works themselves their attributes can be derived from other contemporaneous texts including the new testament the dead sea scrolls and later the mishnah and talmud overall the sadducees represented an aristocratic wealthy and traditional elite within the hierarchy opposition to the essenes edit the dead sea scrolls which are often attributed to the essenes suggest clashing ideologies and social positions between the essenes and the sadducees in fact some scholars suggest that the essenes originated as a sect of zadokites which would indicate that the group itself had priestly and thus sadducaic origins within the dead sea scrolls the sadducees are often referred to as manasseh the scrolls suggest that the sadducees manasseh and the pharisees ephraim became religious communities that were distinct from the essenes the true judah clashes between the essenes and the sadducees are depicted in the pesher on nahum which states they manasseh are the wicked ones whose reign over israel will be brought down his wives his children and his infant will go into captivity his warriors and his honored ones will perish by the sword 23 the reference to the sadducees as those who reign over israel corroborates their aristocratic status as opposed to the more fringe group of essenes furthermore it suggests that the essenes challenged the authenticity of the rule of the sadducees blaming the downfall of ancient israel and the siege of jerusalem on their impiety the dead sea scrolls specify the sadducaic elite as those who broke the covenant with god in their rule of the judean state and thus became targets of divine vengeance opposition to the early christian church edit see also early christianity the new testament in the books of mark matthew and luke describe anecdotes which hint at hostility between jesus and the sadducaic establishment a pericope in mark 12 luke 20 and matthew 22 recounts a dispute between jesus and a group of sadducees who challenged the resurrection of the dead by asking who the husband of a resurrected woman would be who had been married one after the other to each of seven brothers jesus responds by charging the sadducees with ignorance of the power of god saying that the resurrected neither marry nor are given in marriage but are like angels in heaven he also rebukes them for not knowing the scriptures citing a torahic episode as his proof text this was significant given that the sadducees regarded the torah alone as scripture and would therefore have regarded themselves as experts in its interpretation 24 25 matthew records john the baptist calling the sadducees and the pharisees a brood of vipers 26 opposition to the pharisees edit josephus the author of the most extensive historical account of the second temple period gives a lengthy account of jewish sectarianism in both the jewish war and jewish antiquities in antiquities he describes the pharisees have delivered to the people a great many observances by succession from their fathers which are not written in the law of moses and for that reason it is that the sadducees reject them and say that we are to esteem those observance to be obligatory which are in the written word but are not to observe what are derived from the tradition of our forefathers 17 the sadducees rejected the pharisaic use of the oral torah to enforce their claims to power citing the written torah as the sole manifestation of divinity the rabbis who are traditionally seen as the descendants of the pharisees describe the similarities and differences between the two sects in mishnah yadaim the mishnah records a debate between the pharisees and the sadducees regarding the status of holy scriptures the sadducees questioned the pharisaic doctrine that sacred scrolls defile the hands arguing that if holiness were an intrinsic property it should apply to all books they famously contrasted the scriptures with the books of homer which do not defile the hands the pharisaic response as recorded in the mishnah justifies this distinction not through physical attributes but through the covenantal relationship they argued that the defilement of the scriptures is a byproduct of the community s love for them meaning their status as a binding covenantal object a status that the secular books of homer lack 27 a passage from the book of acts suggests that both pharisees and sadducees collaborated in the sanhedrin the high jewish court 21 references edit the antiquities of the jews 13 298 lexundria while the sadducees are able to persuade none but the rich and have not the populace obsequious to them but the pharisees have the multitude on their side צָדוֹק newman p 76 abraham geiger urschrift pp 20 pirkei avot 1 3 avot of rabbi natan 5 2 this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain singer isidore et al eds 1901 1906 sadducees the jewish encyclopedia new york funk wagnalls josephus aj translated by whiston william 18 1 1 josephus flavius 1999 the new complete works of josephus kregel academic p 587 isbn 978 0 82542924 8 cohen 153 154 cohen 1 5 15 16 see philippe bobichon autorités religieuses juives et sectes juives dans l œuvre de justin martyr revue des études augustiniennes 48 1 2002 pp 3 22 online cohen p 155 wellhausen p 45 1 2 3 4 5 grabbe lester l 2020 a history of the jews and judaism in the second temple period the maccabean revolt hasmonaean rule and herod the great 174 4 bce library of second temple studies vol 95 t t clark pp 137 143 isbn 978 0 5676 9294 8 sandmel samuel 1963 the hebrew scriptures an introduction to their literature and religious ideas borzoi books new york knopf p 531 retrieved 17 march 2026 to the sadducees the oral torah was an illegitimate addition to a scripture which they regarded as sufficient 1 2 josephus antiquities of the jews 13 10 6 josephus 1966 the jewish war translated by thackeray henry st john cambridge harvard university press 2 162 josephus titus flavius antiquities of the jews 18 1 2 manson t w sadducee and phari...
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