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island topographic map showing åland s geography and municipalities degersand beach in eckerö 48 åland occupies a strategic position at the entrance to the port of stockholm near the gulf of bothnia and close to the gulf of finland the åland archipelago consists of nearly 300 habitable islands of which about 60 to 80 are inhabited the rest more than 6 000 are small skerries and bare rocks 13 the archipelago continues eastward into the åboland region part of the archipelago sea off finland s southwest coast west of åland lies the sea of åland to the north is the bothnian sea the terrain is mostly rocky with thin soil shaped by glacial activity at the end of the last ice age 13 meadows and pastures host many insects including the glanville fritillary butterfly the total land area of åland is 1 527 km 2 590 sq mi 49 about 90 of the population lives on fasta åland the largest island and location of the capital mariehamn its area is estimated at between 740 km 2 290 sq mi 13 and 879 km 2 339 sq mi 50 depending on definition some sources list over 1 010 km 2 390 sq mi the island contains several harbours during the åland islands dispute swedish and finnish maps portrayed the region differently the swedish maps focused on the main island and downplayed surrounding skerries making åland appear closer to sweden finnish maps emphasized continuity with the finnish archipelago by showing more small islands and inflating their size this influenced the popular figure of over 6 000 skerries widely repeated since the arbitration citation needed some wildlife such as elk and other deer species were introduced in the 20th century and are not native to the islands climate edit åland has a humid continental climate dfb strongly influenced by its maritime setting summers are cooler than on the mainland of sweden and finland while winters are slightly milder than in adjacent parts of finland climate data for mariehamn airport normals 1991 2020 extremes 1914 present month jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec year record high c f 10 9 51 6 10 5 50 9 17 0 62 6 21 1 70 0 27 1 80 8 29 4 84 9 31 3 88 3 30 7 87 3 24 8 76 6 19 0 66 2 16 6 61 9 11 1 52 0 31 3 88 3 mean daily maximum c f 1 0 33 8 0 4 32 7 3 1 37 6 8 0 46 4 13 4 56 1 17 5 63 5 20 8 69 4 20 0 68 0 15 5 59 9 9 6 49 3 5 2 41 4 2 5 36 5 9 8 49 6 daily mean c f 1 3 29 7 2 3 27 9 0 2 31 6 3 8 38 8 8 9 48 0 13 3 55 9 16 8 62 2 16 1 61 0 11 8 53 2 6 8 44 2 3 2 37 8 0 4 32 7 6 4 43 5 mean daily minimum c f 4 3 24 3 5 5 22 1 3 7 25 3 0 1 31 8 4 0 39 2 8 6 47 5 12 2 54 0 11 6 52 9 7 8 46 0 3 5 38 3 0 6 33 1 2 5 27 5 2 7 36 9 record low c f 32 3 26 1 32 9 27 2 25 0 13 0 18 9 2 0 6 5 20 3 3 2 26 2 0 1 32 2 0 5 31 1 6 7 19 9 11 8 10 8 20 0 4 0 28 9 20 0 32 9 27 2 average precipitation mm inches 53 2 1 35 1 4 38 1 5 31 1 2 35 1 4 53 2 1 52 2 0 76 3 0 61 2 4 70 2 8 71 2 8 59 2 3 634 25 average precipitation days 17 13 12 9 10 10 9 13 12 16 17 17 155 mean monthly sunshine hours 39 74 130 207 297 296 312 235 163 91 41 26 1 911 source 1 fmi climatological normals for finland 1991 2020 51 source 2 record highs and lows 1961 present 52 fmi record highs and lows 1914 1961 53 economy edit see also transport on the åland islands mariehamn airport in jomala ferry port in överö sv föglö overview edit åland s economy relies heavily on shipping trade and tourism shipping makes up about 40 of the economy with several international shipping companies based in åland outside of shipping most businesses are small often with fewer than ten employees farming and fishing are also important and support a local food industry a few technology firms contribute to economic growth infrastructure and transport edit the sailing ship linden center in östra hamnen mariehamn s eastern port wind power is a growing sector with plans to reverse the direction of energy transmission to the mainland in the future in 2023 wind energy supplied 52 2 of åland s electricity needs 54 major ports include the western harbour in mariehamn berghamn in the west and långnäs on the eastern shore of the main island åland s road network includes four highways highway 1 to eckerö highway 2 to sund highway 3 to lumparland and highway 4 to geta mariehamn was once a hub for the last large commercial sailing ships these ships owned by åland shipowner gustaf erikson carried wheat from australia to britain until 1947 after each trip they returned to mariehamn to rest and prepare for the next voyage the pommern now a museum ship in mariehamn was one of these vessels fiscal and tax system edit bank of åland headquarters in mariehamn when the eu banned duty free sales on ferries within the union finland secured a special exception for åland åland is outside the eu vat area which allows tax free sales on ferries that stop at mariehamn or långnäs and at the airport as a result åland is treated as a separate tax zone and customs duties apply to goods entering the islands åland receives about two million visitors each year with most staying a few hours during ferry stopovers or transfers 55 taxes fees and duties are collected in åland by the finnish government in return the national government allocates funds to the åland parliament this amount is set at 0 5 of total state revenue excluding loans if åland contributes more than 0 5 the surplus is returned to åland as diligence money 56 in 2010 åland residents paid 0 7 of all taxes in finland 57 employment and workforce edit as of january 2025 åland s unemployment rate was 5 4 58 the employment rate was 76 2 in 2011 and 77 9 in 2023 59 key industries and enterprises edit torggatan a pedestrian street in mariehamn the euro is the official currency and many businesses also accept the swedish krona 60 in 2006 eurostat ranked åland the 20th wealthiest of the eu s 268 regions and the wealthiest in finland with gdp per person 47 above the eu average 61 62 bank of åland is headquartered in mariehamn the government also owns paf a gambling operator based in the capital economic impact of covid 19 edit the covid 19 pandemic caused a sharper economic decline in åland than in mainland finland or sweden since then åland s economy has gradually recovered 63 demographics edit population edit residents by country of origin 2024 64 country residents finland 24 101 sweden 3 274 romania 450 latvia 405 thailand 185 estonia 169 russia 140 philippines 128 germany 124 former yugoslavia 123 iran 93 ukraine 92 united kingdom 79 united states 66 poland 64 norway 56 morocco 50 syria 45 brazil 39 vietnam 30 lithuania 26 other 915 total 30 654 the population of åland has grown steadily over the years the right of domicile is inherited at birth if one or both parents hold it immigrants who have lived in åland for at least five years hold finnish citizenship and can demonstrate a sufficient knowledge of swedish are eligible to apply for this status 65 right of domicile hembygdsrätt sv is required to vote in elections to the parliament of åland stand as a candidate or own real estate in rural areas 66 in 2024 21 of residents had a foreign background the highest proportion of any region in finland most came from sweden 11 of åland s total population followed by romania and latvia 64 population size 1990 2025 67 year population 1990 24 604 1995 25 202 2000 25 776 2005 26 766 2010 28 007 2015 28 983 2020 30 129 2025 30 836 languages edit see also languages of åland languages in åland 2024 language percent swedish 85 2 finnish 4 5 romanian 1 7 latvian 1 6 others 6 9 swedish is the sole official language of åland and was spoken as a first language by 85 of the population in 2024 68 fewer than 5 spoke finnish in publicly funded schools the language of instruction is swedish in the rest of finland bilingual municipalities provide instruction in both finnish and swedish for details on the local dialect see åland swedish the ethnic classification of ålanders remains a subject of debate they are sometimes described as ethnic swedes or as part of the swedish speaking population of finland linguistically the åland dialect is closer to the uppland dialects of eastern sweden than to mainland finland swedish though this distinction is not universally agreed upon citation needed age structure edit population by sex and age group 31 december 2024 69 age group male female total total 15 039 15 198 30 237 100 0 0 14 2 435 2 417 4 852 15 8 15 64 9 274 9 009 18 283 59 7 65 3 475 4 044 7 519 24 5 education edit main article education in åland ålands lyceum a gymnasium in mariehamn in 2010 åland had 22 primary schools twelve were lower level schools grades 1 6 eight included both lower and upper secondary education and two were upper secondary schools only 70 post primary education is provided by two main institutions ålands lyceum a traditional academic upper secondary school gymnasium 71 and the åland vocational school which offers a dual program combining general and vocational studies according to 2018 statistics from the finnish education authority ålands lyceum had 432 students enrolled 72 other institutions include ålands folkhögskola sv and several additional primary and secondary schools across the islands 73 higher education is offered by the åland university of applied sciences which enrolls around 600 students 74 fields of study include maritime studies mechanical and electrical engineering information technology business hospitality and health care 75 all maritime education is coordinated through the alandica shipping academy 76 the education system in åland follows the finnish and broader nordic model the official language of instruction is swedish finnish has traditionally been compulsory in upper secondary schools and optional at the primary level as of 2006 about 80 of primary students chose to study finnish that year a proposal was made to remove finnish as a compulsory subject in upper secondary schools 77 religion edit st olaf s church in jomala the oldest in åland as of 2020 70 5 of åland s population were members of the evangelical lutheran church of finland 78 åland has some of the oldest churches in finland st olaf s church in jomala built in the late 13th century is generally considered the oldest surviving church building in the country 79 the largest medieval church in åland is the church of st john the baptist located in sund built shortly after st olaf s it remains one of the most significant historical churches in the region 80 the baptists arrived in åland from sweden as early as the 1850s the first congregation was founded in föglö in 1856 81 82 culture edit literature edit writers from åland include anni blomqvist known for her five volume series stormskärs maja sv 83 and sally salminen whose 1936 novel katrina received international recognition 84 ulla lena lundberg has also written about her native kökar many of these works are set in åland cinema and television edit the 2016 historical drama film devil s bride directed by saara cantell is set in 17th century åland during the witch trials 85 the film received the best foreign language film award at the 2017 female eye film festival in toronto 86 another film set in åland is the 2013 drama disciple directed by ulrika bengts sv the film has been covered in finnish language media including an archived feature from uusi suomi about bengts s career path 87 and a dvd review in elokuvauutiset 88 sport edit see also football in åland wiklöf holding arena home stadium of ifk mariehamn the åland national football team competes in the biennial island games which åland hosted in 1991 and 2009 åland also hosted the 1974 and 1977 editions of the women s nordic football championship the åland football association organizes football activities including the ålandscupen åland cup for local clubs the main football clubs are åland united women s and ifk mariehamn men s the latter of which plays in the veikkausliiga finland s top league both teams play at the wiklöf holding arena in mariehamn other clubs include fc åland if finströms kamraterna if fram lemlands if åland hosted the following editions of the women s curling tournament paf masters in eckerö 2017 paf masters tour 2018 paf masters tour the åland stags is the only rugby union club on the islands disc golf is also widely played heraldry edit the coat of arms of åland shows a golden red deer on a blue field traditionally topped with a comital coronet citation needed the same arms were mistakenly granted to the swedish province of öland in 1560 citation needed notable people edit georg august wallin sally salminen daniel sjölund arts literature and public life edit sara holmsten 1713 1795 writer frans peter von knorring 1792 1875 priest and social reformer georg august wallin 1811 1852 explorer and orientalist karl emanuel jansson 1846 1874 painter robert mattson 1851 1935 shipowner and businessman gustaf erikson 1872 1947 shipowner known for his windjammer fleet nicken rönngren 1880 1956 theatre director joel pettersson 1892 1937 painter and author atos wirtanen 1906 1979 politician and journalist sally salminen 1906 1976 author three time nobel prize in literature nominee ture bengtz 1907 1973 finnish american expressionist artist ville salminen 1908 1992 film actor and director anni blomqvist 1909 1990 novelist jaakko suolahti 1918 1987 classical scholar pehr henrik nordgren 1944 2008 composer ulla lena lundberg born 1947 author peter lindbäck born 1955 governor of åland 1999 present stefan lindfors born 1962 industrial designer and sculptor veronica thörnroos born 1962 politician head of government since 2019 jeremy duns born 1973 british author of spy fiction 89 scientists edit kaj himberg 1844 1927 polymath sport edit kaarlo mäkinen 1892 1980 olympic freestyle wrestler 1924 1928 frej liewendahl 1902 1966 olympic gold medallist in track and field 1924 johan hellström 1907 1989 olympic boxer 1928 daniel sjölund born 1983 footballer 380 club and 37 national appearances annica sjölund born 1985 footballer 67 national appearances robert helenius born 1984 professional heavyweight boxer adelina engman born 1994 footballer 84 national appearances see also edit åland s autonomy day battle of åland islands flag of åland provincial governors of finland bibliography of the åland islands index of åland related articles outline of the åland islands references edit 1 2 hannum hurst 1993 agreement between sweden and finland relating to guarantees in the law of 7 may 1920 on the autonomy of the aaland islands basic documents on autonomy and minority rights martinus nijhoff publishers p 141 isbn 0 7923 1977 x archived from the original on 7 july 2023 retrieved 11 october 2015 1 2 ahvenanmaa pähkinänkuoressa ahvenanmaa ahaa in finnish 2007 p 3 1 2 ahvenanmaan historiaa lyhyesti pohjola norden in finnish archived from the original on 29 january 2016 retrieved 10 december 2020 ennakkoväkiluku sukupuolen mukaan alueittain helmikuu 2016 pxnet2 stat fi archived from the original on 10 april 2016 retrieved 31 march 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