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7679, 1047, bill, 16th, 10420, jeremy, butterfield, 966135, henry, ˈakrəˌnim, pattern, homonym, onoma, akron, 614990378, 539288, pearson, thesaurus, ˈækrənɪm, akruhnim, compare, synonym, corps, anzac, ˈakrənɪm, ˈækrəˌnɪm, compounding, lexical, turning, tea, taxed, enough, demonstrators, expected, attend, 750, rallies, protest, spending, 1976, hit, oracle, optional, reception, announcements, coded, iba, techn, rev, hutt, 1961, colidar, coherent, detecting, understand, 1950, 163, telescoped, potter, tomorrow, amer, rada, 104, tss, tout, sauf, 1985, scsd, construction, system, mod, movements, archit, jencks, 1975, puns, cia, spawned, disclosures, jet, ddd, cattle, rotarian, ddt, trips, pleasantly, byword, pearce, xlvii, 518, ger, gaz, tls, etymons, multipart, orth, tlantic, reaty, rganization, strict, distinguishing
Text of the page (random words):
ncluded punctuation after both roman and arabic numerals to indicate their use in place of the full names of each number e g lii or 52 in place of fifty two and 1 4 or 1 4 to indicate one fourth both conventions have fallen out of common use in all dialects of english except in places where an arabic decimal includes a medial decimal point particularly in british and commonwealth english all such punctuation marking acronyms and other capitalized abbreviations is now uncommon and considered either unnecessary or incorrect the presence of all capital letters is now thought sufficient to indicate the nature of the uk the eu and the un forms such as the u s a for the united states of america are now considered to indicate american or north american english even within those dialects such punctuation is becoming increasingly uncommon 51 ellipsis is understood style edit some style guides such as that of the bbc no longer require punctuation to show ellipsis some even proscribe it larry trask american author of the penguin guide to punctuation states categorically that in british english this tiresome and unnecessary practice is now obsolete 52 pronunciation dependent style and periods edit nevertheless some influential style guides many of them american still require periods in certain instances for example the new york times manual of style and usage recommends following each segment with a period when the letters are pronounced individually as in k g b but not when pronounced as a word as in nato 53 the logic of this style is that the pronunciation is reflected graphically by the punctuation scheme other conventions edit when a multiple letter abbreviation is formed from a single word periods are in general not used although they may be common in informal usage tv for example may stand for a single word television for instance and is in general spelled without punctuation except in the plural although ps stands for the single english word postscript or the latin postscriptum it is often spelled with periods p s as if parsed as latin post scriptum instead the slash or solidus is sometimes used to separate the letters in an acronym as in n a not applicable not available and c o care of inconveniently long words used frequently in related contexts can be represented according to their letter count as a numeronym for example i18n abbreviates internationalization a computer science term for adapting software for worldwide use the 18 represents the 18 letters that come between the first and the last in internationalization similarly localization can be abbreviated l10n multilingualization m17n and accessibility a11y in addition to the use of a specific number replacing that many letters the more general x can be used to replace an unspecified number of letters examples include crxn for crystallization and the series familiar to physicians for history diagnosis and treatment hx dx tx terms relating to a command structure may also sometimes use this formatting for example gold silver and bronze levels of command in uk policing being referred to as gx sx and bx representing plurals and possessives edit there is a question about how to pluralize acronyms often a writer will add an s following an apostrophe as in pc s however kate l turabian s a manual for writers of research papers theses and dissertations writing about style in academic writings 54 allows for an apostrophe to form plural acronyms only when an abbreviation contains internal periods or both capital and lowercase letters turabian would therefore prefer dvds and urls but not ph d s the style guides of the modern language association 55 and american psychological association 56 57 prohibit apostrophes from being used to pluralize acronyms regardless of periods so compact discs would be cds or c d s whereas the new york times manual of style and usage requires an apostrophe when pluralizing all abbreviations regardless of periods preferring pc s tv s and vcr s 58 possessive plurals that also include apostrophes for mere pluralization and periods appear especially complex for example the c d s labels the labels of the compact discs in some instances however an apostrophe may increase clarity for example if the final letter of an abbreviation is s as in sos s although abbreviations ending with s can also take es e g soses or when pluralizing an abbreviation that has periods 59 60 a particularly rich source of options arises when the plural of an acronym would normally be indicated in a word other than the final word if spelled out in full a classic example is member of parliament which in plural is members of parliament it is possible then to abbreviate this as m s p which was fairly common in mid twentieth century australian news writing 61 62 or similar 63 and used by former australian prime minister ben chifley 64 65 66 this usage is less common than forms with s at the end such as mps and may appear dated or pedantic in common usage therefore weapons of mass destruction becomes wmds prisoners of war becomes pows and runs batted in becomes rbis 67 abbreviations that come from single rather than multiple words such as tv television are usually pluralized without apostrophes two tvs most writers feel that the apostrophe should be reserved for the possessive the tv s antenna citation needed in some languages the convention of doubling the letters in the acronym is used to indicate plural words for example the spanish ee uu for estados unidos united states this old convention is still sometimes followed for a limited number of english abbreviations such as ss for saints pp for the plural of pages or mss for manuscripts citation needed further information english possessive case edit all caps style edit the most common capitalization scheme seen with acronyms is all uppercase all caps small caps are sometimes used to make the run of capital letters seem less jarring to the reader for example the style of some american publications including the atlantic monthly and usa today is to use small caps for acronyms longer than three letters citation needed thus u s and fdr are set in normal caps but nato is set in small caps the acronyms ad and bc are often smallcapped as well as in from 4004 bc to ad 525 normal case and anacronyms edit where an acronym has linguistically taken on an identity as regular word the acronym may use normal case rules e g it would appear generally in lower case but with an initial capital when starting a sentence or when in a title once knowledge of the words underlying such an acronym has faded from common recall the acronym may be termed an anacronym 68 examples of anacronyms are the words scuba radar and laser the word an acro nym should not be confused with the word an achro nym which is a type of misnomer mixed case variant edit words derived from an acronym by affixing are typically expressed in mixed case so the root acronym is clear for example pre wwii politics post nato world dnase in some cases a derived acronym may also be expressed in mixed case for example messenger rna and transfer rna become mrna and trna pronunciation dependent style and case edit some publications choose to capitalize only the first letter of acronyms reserving all caps styling for initialisms writing the pronounced acronyms nato and aids in mixed case but the initialisms usa and fbi in all caps for example this is the style used in the guardian 69 and bbc news typically edits to this style though its official style guide dating from 2003 still recommends all caps 70 the logic of this style is that the pronunciation is reflected graphically by the capitalization scheme however it conflicts with conventional english usage of first letter upper casing as a marker of proper names in many cases for example aids stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome which is not a proper name while aids is in the style of one some style manuals also base the letters case on their number the new york times for example keeps nato in all capitals while several guides in the british press may render it nato but uses lower case in unicef from united nations international children s emergency fund because it is more than four letters and to style it in caps might look ungainly flirting with the appearance of shouting capitals numerals and constituent words edit while abbreviations typically exclude the initials of short function words such as and or of or to this is not always the case sometimes function words are included to make a pronounceable acronym such as core congress of racial equality sometimes the letters representing these words are written in lower case such as in the cases of tfl transport for london and lotr the lord of the rings this usually occurs when the acronym represents a multi word proper noun numbers both cardinal and ordinal in names are often represented by digits rather than initial letters as in 4gl fourth generation language or g77 group of 77 large numbers may use metric prefixes as with y2k for year 2000 exceptions using initials for numbers include tla three letter acronym abbreviation and gof gang of four abbreviations using numbers for other purposes include repetitions such as a2dp advanced audio distribution profile w3c world wide web consortium and t3 trends tips tools for everyday living pronunciation such as b2b business to business and numeronyms such as i18n internationalization 18 represents the 18 letters between the initial i and the final n casing of expansions edit authors of expository writing will sometimes capitalize or otherwise distinctively format the initials of the expansion for pedagogical emphasis for example writing the onset of congestive heart failure chf or the onset of c ongestive h eart f ailure chf capitalization like this however conflicts with the convention of english orthography which generally reserves capitals in the middle of sentences for proper nouns when following the ama manual of style this would instead be rendered as the onset of congestive heart failure chf 71 changes to or wordplay on the expanded meaning edit pseudo acronyms and orphan initialisms edit some apparent acronyms or other abbreviations do not stand for anything and cannot be expanded to some meaning such pseudo acronyms may be pronunciation based such as bbq bee bee cue for barbecue and k9 kay nine for canine pseudo acronyms also frequently develop as orphan initialisms an existing acronym is redefined as a non acronymous name severing its link to its previous meaning 72 73 for example the letters of the sat a us college entrance test originally dubbed scholastic aptitude test no longer officially stand for anything 74 75 the us based abortion rights organization naral was another example of this in that case the organization changed its name several times with the long form of the name always corresponding to the letters naral later opting to simply be known by the short form without being connected to a long form and finally dropping the term to become reproductive freedom for all this is common with companies that want to retain brand recognition while moving away from an outdated image american telephone and telegraph became at t 72 and british petroleum became bp 73 76 russia today has rebranded itself as rt american movie classics has simply rebranded itself as amc genzyme transgenics corporation became gtc biotherapeutics inc the learning channel became tlc mtv dropped the name music television out of its brand and american district telegraph became simply known as adt kentucky fried chicken went partway re branding itself with its initialism kfc to de emphasize the role of frying in the preparation of its signature dishes though they have since returned to using both interchangeably 77 b the east coast hockey league became the echl when it expanded to include cities in the western united states prior to the 2003 2004 season pseudo acronyms may have advantages in international markets for example some national affiliates of international business machines are legally incorporated with ibm in their names for example ibm canada to avoid translating the full name into local languages citation needed likewise ubs is the name of the merged union bank of switzerland and swiss bank corporation 78 and hsbc has replaced the long name hongkong and shanghai banking corporation some companies which have a name giving a clear indication of their place of origin will choose to use acronyms when expanding to foreign markets for example toronto dominion bank sometimes continues to operate under its full name in canada but its u s subsidiary is known only as td bank just as royal bank of canada sometimes still uses its full name in canada a constitutional monarchy while its u s subsidiary is always only called rbc bank the india based jsw group of companies is another example of the original name jindal south west group being re branded into a pseudo acronym while expanding into other geographical areas in and outside of india redundant acronyms and ras syndrome edit main article ras syndrome this section has multiple issues please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page learn how and when to remove these messages this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed october 2017 learn how and when to remove this message this section may contain original research please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations statements consisting only of original research should be removed october 2017 learn how and when to remove this message learn how and when to remove this message rebranding can lead to redundant acronym syndrome as when trustee savings bank became tsb bank or when railway express agency became rea express a few high tech companies have taken the redundant acronym to the extreme for example ism information systems management corp and shl systemhouse ltd examples in entertainment include the television shows csi crime scene investigation and navy ncis navy was dropped in the second season where the redundancy was likely designed to educate new viewers as to what the initials stood for redefined acronyms edit in some cases while the initials in an acronym may stay the same for what those letters stand may change examples include the following ai was originally a wellknown acronym for amnesty international nowadays it refers more commonly to artificial intelligence dvd was originally an acronym for the unofficial term digital video disc but is now stated by the dvd forum as standing for digital versatile disc citation needed gao changed the full form of its name from general accounting office to government accountability office 79 gpo changed the full form of its name from government printing office to government publishing office 80 raid was originally an acronym for redundant array of inexpensive...
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