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or thousands of calculation units this made them useful for non graphic calculations involving embarrassingly parallel problems due to their parallel structure the ability of gpus to rapidly perform vast numbers of calculations has led to their adoption in diverse fields including artificial intelligence ai where they excel at handling data intensive and computationally demanding tasks other non graphical uses include the training of neural networks and cryptocurrency mining gpu companies edit source main article list of graphics chips and card companies many companies have produced gpus under a number of brand names in 2009 needs update intel nvidia and amd ati were the market share leaders with 49 4 27 8 and 20 6 market share respectively in addition matrox 1 while originally producing custom solutions now customizes gpus from intel and amd for workstation usage chinese companies such as jingjia micro have also produced gpus for the domestic market although in terms of worldwide sales they lag behind market leaders 2 computational functions edit source the ati hd5470 gpu above with copper heatpipe attached features uvd 2 1 which enables it to decode avc and vc 1 video formats several factors of gpu construction affect the performance of the card for real time rendering such as the size of the connector pathways in the semiconductor device fabrication the clock signal frequency and the number and size of various on chip memory caches performance is also affected by the number of streaming multiprocessors sm for nvidia gpus or compute units cu for amd gpus or xe cores for intel xe based gpus which describe the number of on silicon processor core units within the gpu chip that perform the core calculations typically working in parallel with other sm cus on the gpu gpu performance is typically measured in floating point operations per second flops modern gpus typically deliver performance measured in teraflops tflops this is an estimated performance measure and should not be treated as fact as other factors can affect actual performance 3 modern gpus also include dedicated hardware blocks for ray tracing video encoding and ai acceleration gpu forms edit source in personal computers there are two main forms of gpus dedicated graphics also called discrete graphics and integrated graphics also called shared graphics solutions integrated graphics processors igp or unified memory architecture uma 4 dedicated graphics processing unit edit source see also video card dedicated graphics processing units use on board ram that is dedicated to the gpu rather than relying on the computer s main system memory this ram is usually specially selected for the expected serial workload of the graphics card such as gddr sdram this has massive performance benefits but the caveat of choking when running out of dedicated memory worsening performance technologies such as scalable link interface sli nvlink and crossfire allow multiple gpus to draw images simultaneously for a single screen increasing the processing power available for graphics these technologies however are increasingly uncommon most games do not fully use multiple gpus as most users cannot afford them 5 6 7 better source needed multiple gpus are still used on supercomputers such as in summit on workstations to accelerate video processing multiple videos at once 8 4 9 and 3d rendering 10 for visual effects vfx 11 general purpose graphics processing unit gpgpu workloads and for simulations 12 and in ai to expedite training as is the case with nvidia s lineup of dgx workstations and servers citation needed integrated graphics processing unit edit source the position of an integrated gpu in a northbridge southbridge system layout an asrock motherboard with integrated graphics which has hdmi vga and dvi out ports integrated graphics processing units igpu also called integrated graphics shared graphics solutions integrated graphics processors igp or unified memory architectures uma use a portion of a computer s system ram rather than dedicated graphics memory igps can be integrated onto a motherboard as part of its northbridge chipset 13 or on the same die integrated circuit with the cpu such as accelerated processing unit amd apu or intel hd graphics igpus and apus are less costly to implement than dedicated graphics processing but tend to be less capable integrated graphics processing was considered unfit for 3d games or graphically intensive programs but could run less intensive programs such as adobe flash examples of such igps would be offerings from sis and via circa 2004 14 however modern integrated graphics processors such as amd accelerated processing units and intel graphics technology can even handle triple a games at lower settings citation needed because gpu computations are memory intensive integrated processing may compete with the cpu for relatively slow system ram as it has minimal or no dedicated video memory igpus use system memory with bandwidth up to a current maximum of 128 gigabytes per second whereas a discrete graphics card may have a bandwidth 15 of more than 1000 gigabytes per second between its video random access memory vram and gpu core this memory bus bandwidth can limit the performance of the igpu though multi channel memory can mitigate this deficiency 16 on systems with unified memory architecture uma including modern amd processors with integrated graphics 17 modern intel processors with integrated graphics 18 apple processors and modern consoles the cpu cores and the gpu block share the same pool of ram and memory address space citation needed stream processing and general purpose gpus gpgpu edit source main articles gpgpu and stream processing it is common to use a general purpose graphics processing unit gpgpu as a modified form of stream processor or a vector processor running compute kernels this turns the massive computational power of a modern graphics accelerator s shader pipeline into general purpose computing power in certain applications requiring massive vector operations this can yield several orders of magnitude higher performance than a conventional cpu the two largest discrete gpu designers amd and nvidia are pursuing this approach with an array of applications as of nvidia and amd collaborated with stanford university to create a gpu based client for the folding home distributed computing project for protein folding calculations in certain circumstances the gpu calculates forty times faster than the cpus traditionally used by such applications 19 20 gpu based high performance computers play a significant role in large scale modelling three of the ten most powerful supercomputers in the world take advantage of gpu acceleration 21 needs update since 2005 there has been interest in using the performance offered by gpus for evolutionary computation in general and for accelerating the fitness evaluation in genetic programming in particular citation needed most approaches compile linear or tree programs on the host pc and transfer the executable to the gpu to be run typically a performance advantage is only obtained by running the single active program simultaneously on many example problems in parallel using the gpu s single instruction multiple data simd architecture 22 needs update substantial acceleration can also be obtained by not compiling the programs and instead transferring them to the gpu to be interpreted there 23 external gpu egpu edit source a gpu can be attached to some external bus of a notebook pci express is the only bus used for this purpose as of the port may be for example an expresscard or mpcie port pcie 1 up to 5 or 2 5 gigabits per second respectively a thunderbolt 1 2 or 3 port pcie 4 up to 10 20 or 40 gigabits per second respectively a usb4 port with thunderbolt compatibility or an oculink port those ports are only available on certain notebook systems 24 egpu enclosures include their own power supply psu because powerful gpus can consume hundreds of watts 25 history edit source see also video display controller list of home computers by video hardware sprite computer graphics and timeline of early 3d computer graphics hardware 1960s edit source adage graphics terminal from 1968 brochure dedicated 3d graphics hardware dates back to graphic terminals such as the adage agt 30 from 1967 with analog matrix processors in 1969 evans sutherland e s introduced the line drawing system 1 lds 1 which was the first all digital system to provide matrix multiplication also in 1969 the low cost graphics terminal imlac pds 1 was introduced it later saw use as an early 3d gaming machine with the likes of maze war 1970s edit source in the 1970s the term gpu originally stood for graphics processor unit and described a programmable processing unit working independently from the cpu that was responsible for graphics manipulation and output 1 2 in professional hardware in 1972 plato iv system becomes operational at the university of illinois urbana champaign between around 1973 and 1978 several networked multiplayer wireframe 3d games are implemented and popularized by users of the system also in 1972 the e s continuous tone 1 ct1 watkins box system consisting of an e s lds 2 and shaded picture system is delivered to case western reserve university it offered the first real time gouraud shading in 1975 a joint effort between evans sutherland computer corporation and the university of utah s computer graphics department results in the first ever mosfet video framebuffer capable of color and smooth shading e s continuous tone 3 ct3 system was delivered in 1977 to lufthansa for pilot training using computer simulation it was the first graphics system capable of real time texture mapping citation needed ikonas made graphics systems with 8 and 24 bit graphics and 3d acceleration in the late 70s 26 arcade system boards have used specialized 2d graphics circuits since the 1970s in early video game hardware ram for frame buffers was expensive so video chips composited data together as the display was being scanned out on the monitor 27 a specialized barrel shifter circuit helped the cpu animate the framebuffer graphics for various 1970s arcade video games from midway and taito such as gun fight 1975 sea wolf 1976 and space invaders 1978 28 the namco galaxian arcade system in 1979 used specialized graphics hardware that supported rgb color multi colored sprites and tilemap backgrounds 29 the galaxian hardware was widely used during the golden age of arcade video games by game companies such as namco centuri gremlin irem konami midway nichibutsu sega and taito 30 atari antic microprocessor on an atari 130xe motherboard the atari 2600 in 1977 used a video shifter called the television interface adaptor 31 atari 8 bit computers 1979 had antic a video processor which interpreted instructions describing a display list the way the scan lines map to specific bitmapped or character modes and where the memory is stored so there did not need to be a contiguous frame buffer clarification needed 32 6502 machine code subroutines could be triggered on scan lines by setting a bit on a display list instruction clarification needed 33 antic also supported smooth vertical and horizontal scrolling independent of the cpu 34 1980s edit source geometry engine integrated circuit in the 1980s significant advancements were made in professional 3d graphics hardware perhaps most impactful was the 1981 development of the geometry engine a vlsi vector processor asic designed by jim clark and marc hannah at stanford university this processor is the forerunner of modern tensor cores and other similar processors marketed for graphics and ai the geometry engine went on to be used in silicon graphics workstations for many years silicon graphics s first product shipped in november 1983 was the iris 1000 a terminal with hardware accelerated 3d graphics based on the geometry engine 26 the geometry engine was capable of approximately 6 million operations per second 35 nec μpd7220 a the 1981 nec μpd7220 was the first implementation of a personal computer graphics display processor as a single large scale integration lsi integrated circuit chip this enabled the design of low cost high performance video graphics cards such as those from number nine visual technology it became the best known gpu until the mid 1980s 36 it was the first fully integrated vlsi very large scale integration metal oxide semiconductor nmos graphics display processor for pcs supported up to 1024 1024 resolution and laid the foundations for the pc graphics market it was used in a number of graphics cards and was licensed for clones such as the intel 82720 the first of intel s graphics processing units 37 the williams electronics arcade games robotron 2084 joust sinistar and bubbles all released in 1982 contain custom blitter chips for operating on 16 color bitmaps 38 39 in 1984 hitachi released the artc hd63484 the first major cmos graphics processor for personal computers the artc could display up to 4k resolution when in monochrome mode it was used in a number of graphics cards and terminals during the late 1980s 40 mos 8367r0 agnus in 1985 the amiga was released with a custom graphics chip called agnus including a blitter for bitmap manipulation line drawing and area fill it also included a coprocessor with its own simple instruction set that was capable of manipulating graphics hardware registers in sync with the video beam e g for per scanline palette switches sprite multiplexing and hardware windowing or driving the blitter citation needed also in 1985 ibm released the professional graphics controller designed by later to be nvidia co founder curtis priem which was a rudimentary 3d card with 640 480 256 color graphics which used a dedicated cpu to draw graphics independently of the main system it was used as the basis of cards by a number of makers including matrox and its analog rgb signaling led directly to the vga video standard 26 priem later in the 80s worked on the influential sun microsystems gx also known as cgsix accelerated 2d graphics card 41 in 1986 texas instruments released the tms34010 the first fully programmable graphics processor 42 it could run general purpose code but also had a graphics oriented instruction set during 1990 1992 this chip became the basis of the texas instruments graphics architecture tiga windows accelerator cards the ibm 8514 micro channel adapter with memory add on following in 1987 the ibm 8514 graphics system was released it was one of the first video cards for ibm pc compatibles that implemented fixed function 2d primitives in electronic hardware sharp s x68000 released in 1987 used a custom graphics chipset 43 with a 65 536 color palette and hardware support for sprites scrolling and multiple playfields 44 it served as a development machine for capcom s cp system arcade board fujitsu s fm towns computer released in 1989 had support for a 16 777 216 color...
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