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forms had ended unelected military representation in parliament and removed the military faction from the mpr 239 a 2024 study found that cooperative parliamentary oversight had helped stabilise civil military relations but also slowed further reform and weakened democratic management of defence 240 law enforcement and human rights main articles indonesian national police and human rights in indonesia the may 1998 riots in jakarta involved attacks on people and property that targeted chinese indonesians 241 law enforcement in indonesia is primarily carried out by the indonesian national police polri the chief of the indonesian national police is directly responsible to the president 242 polri s duties include maintaining public order and security protecting and serving the public and enforcing the law 243 human rights concerns include racism against the chinese and papuans 244 245 and communal violence after 1998 including conflicts in kalimantan and maluku religious and gender minorities have faced discriminatory regulations 246 while anti lgbt campaigns since 2016 have involved official statements raids and proposed legal restrictions 247 the national commission on human rights is the main state human rights body 248 its work has faced constraints from politicisation internal divisions and resistance from other state bodies 249 economy main articles economy of indonesia agriculture in indonesia poverty in indonesia and tourism in indonesia jakarta is indonesia s principal financial centre palm oil plantation in kampar regency riau indonesia is the world s largest producer of palm oil 250 borobudur in central java indonesia s most visited tourist attraction 251 indonesia has a mixed economy in which the private sector and the government both have large roles 252 253 it is the only g20 member state in southeast asia 254 in 2025 indonesia s gross domestic product was rp23 821 quadrillion us 1 45 trillion at current prices 255 256 making it southeast asia s largest economy and placing it among the world s top 20 by nominal gdp and top 10 by gdp at purchasing power parity 257 services and industry account for the largest shares of gross domestic product 258 while agriculture remains a major source of employment 259 the economy was once largely agricultural and early post independence policy centred on agricultural self sufficiency shift towards industrial and urban growth gathered pace from the late 1960s and sped up in the 1980s as lower oil prices pushed the economy toward manufactured exports 260 export oriented manufacturing expanded from the mid 1980s to the mid 1990s during a period of strong economic growth and declining poverty 261 262 the asian financial crisis of 1997 98 caused a severe contraction 263 but growth resumed in 1999 and was followed by reforms to banking fiscal policy and the exchange rate regime 264 consumer spending makes up a large share of gdp along with population growth urbanisation and an expanding consuming class 265 domestic demand helped soften the effect of the 2008 financial crisis while exports public consumption and private consumption contributed to recovery after the covid 19 pandemic 266 267 the official poverty rate was about 8 in march 2026 268 informal employment is widespread particularly in agriculture and low skilled services informal firms tend to have lower productivity and pay and workers outside the bigger firms have more limited access to social insurance 269 businesses also have to contend with infrastructure regulatory and governance issues 270 the country s many islands affect where economic activity takes place and how goods move across the country 271 economic activity is concentrated on java 272 with jakarta in particular accounting for a disproportionate share of national output 273 meanwhile much of eastern indonesia has weaker infrastructure and economies more dependent on agriculture 272 high domestic transport costs hinder production and investment outside java and make it harder to connect producers in the outer islands with major markets 271 274 tourism is a major service industry generating about us 14 billion in foreign exchange earnings and recording 11 6 million international visitor arrivals in 2023 275 tourism related jobs and enterprises include accommodation food services passenger transport travel agencies and other activities 276 international tourism is concentrated in bali and other major gateways 277 while domestic travellers account for most tourism spending 276 indonesia spends little on research and development with limited private sector involvement and weak coordination in government 278 the government established the aircraft manufacturer later renamed indonesian aerospace in 1976 as part of an industrial transformation strategy beginning with licensed production before moving into joint aircraft development 279 the palapa domestic satellite system extended communications to remote parts of indonesia through a network of earth stations and was also used to distribute television and radio programmes 280 natural resources are economically important 281 recent policy has encouraged more processing of commodities at home particularly nickel 282 indonesia s exports include coal and petroleum gas as well as palm oil coffee and spices its main trading partners are mostly in asia with the united states also among the largest 283 indonesia takes part in regional economic cooperation through asean and apec and is integrated into the wider global economy 284 infrastructure transport and connectivity main article transport in indonesia whoosh is the first high speed railway in indonesia and southeast asia 285 road transport is the predominant mode in indonesia 286 reliance on cars and motorcycles is high because public transport in many cities has not kept pace with urban growth 287 rail transport is concentrated mainly on java with new lines recently operating in south sulawesi the jakarta bandung high speed railway the first of its kind in the region began commercial operations in 2023 286 maritime and air networks are important for linking population centres across the country 286 connectivity is weaker in eastern indonesia where higher logistics costs contribute to regional price differences 288 in telecommunications sector the palapa ring project uses terrestrial and submarine fibre as a core national internet network but there are service gaps in some remote regions 289 energy main article energy in indonesia sidrap wind farm indonesia s first wind power plant 290 in sidrap regency south sulawesi in 2023 indonesia produced nearly twice as much primary energy as it consumed with coal dominating both primary energy production and electricity generation 291 the country exports large volumes of coal and lng and imports substantial amounts of refined petroleum products 292 the state owned electricity company perusahaan listrik negara pln controls the country s transmission and distribution networks and purchases electricity from independent power producers for supply to the national grids 293 renewables supplied a small amount of indonesia s electricity in 2023 although the country ranked first globally in geothermal generation 294 investment in renewable energy has been hindered by regulatory uncertainty and pln s financial capacity 295 demographics main articles demographics of indonesia and indonesians see also list of indonesian cities by population and list of metropolitan areas in indonesia a map of districts kecamatan coloured by population density measured in people per square kilometre indonesia s 2020 census recorded 270 2 million people 6 making it the world s fourth most populous country after india china and the united states 296 the population is concentrated on java and in urban centres while many provinces outside java and bali are much less densely populated 297 java is home to 56 1 of the population 298 and its population density is far above the national average f reaching 1 171 peopleper square kilometre 3 030 people mi 2 299 indonesia has a median age of 30 7 years as of 2026 300 while about 69 of the population was aged 15 64 in 2025 301 jakarta is the country s largest metropolitan area and under the un s harmonised urban definition is listed as the world s most populous city with nearly 42 million inhabitants as of 2025 g 304 approximately 59 of indonesians lived in urban areas as of 2025 305 urbanisation has come from rural to urban migration natural increase in urban areas and the reclassification of rural settlements 306 it has also expanded metropolitan regions especially on java 307 and increased demand for infrastructure basic services and city management 308 in addition about 8 million indonesians reside overseas with large communities in malaysia the netherlands saudi arabia singapore and taiwan 309 ethnic groups and languages main articles ethnic groups in indonesia native indonesians and languages of indonesia a map of ethnic groups in indonesia the 2010 census listed over 1 300 suku bangsa or ethnic groups 310 a later study in 2015 reclassified them into about 600 groups after noting classification difficulties 311 austronesian speaking populations predominate in much of western and central indonesia 312 melanesian populations live mainly in the eastern islands including parts of nusa tenggara maluku and papua 312 313 the javanese are the largest ethnic group making up about 40 of the population 314 other major groups include the sundanese malay batak madurese betawi minangkabau and bugis 315 h the official language indonesian is a standardized variety of malay based on the riau johor literary tradition 319 malay had long served as a lingua franca in the archipelago before indonesian nationalists adopted it as a language of unity through the 1928 youth pledge 320 it gained official and formal status in 1945 under the name bahasa indonesia 321 written in the latin script 322 indonesian has spread through education government and mass media and serves as a common language across ethnic and regional boundaries 323 more than 700 languages are spoken across the archipelago 324 they are divided into two major language groups austronesian and papuan 325 javanese is the most widely spoken local language and has official regional status in yogyakarta 326 327 several regional languages in indonesia have traditional writing systems of their own some of which survive in only limited use today 328 329 local languages remain part of regional identity and cultural heritage even as indonesian dominates national public life 330 dutch never became widely spoken as malay was already the archipelago s lingua franca 331 however it remains important in some legal contexts 332 religion main article religion in indonesia baiturrahman grand mosque in aceh northern sumatra saw one of the earliest islamic sultanates in southeast asia 333 a hindu prayer ceremony at besakih temple in bali indonesia s only hindu majority province 334 indonesia recognises six religions islam protestantism roman catholicism hinduism buddhism and confucianism 335 while the constitution guarantees freedom of religion 336 the state regulates religious affiliation and public worship recognised religions receive administrative recognition for religious affiliation marriages and houses of worship but followers of indigenous religions often receive weaker recognition or face discrimination 337 pancasila makes belief in one god one of the state ideology s five principles and is used to support national unity and religious harmony 338 religious minorities still face discrimination including through local religious bylaws social pressure and restrictions on worship 339 340 indonesia has more muslims than any other country 341 with 251 million muslims in 2025 or 87 15 of the population 3 i protestants and catholics together made up 10 44 of the population 3 and christians form majorities in several eastern provinces 344 hindus accounted for 1 66 and are concentrated in bali 3 334 while buddhists accounted for 0 69 and are found mainly among chinese indonesians though not exclusively 3 345 many local belief systems predate major world religions and continue alongside them 346 347 they include beliefs in ancestors spirits and powers associated with nature 348 349 traditions such as sunda wiwitan kejawèn and kaharingan continue in different forms within or alongside the recognised religions 350 351 352 in java and bali islam and hinduism also absorbed older customs and ritual practices 353 354 education main article education in indonesia university of indonesia in depok indonesia s education system includes more than 50 million students and over 250 000 schools 355 it is managed across ministries responsible for school education higher education and religious education j and follows a 6 3 3 4 structure six years of elementary school three years each of junior and senior secondary school and four years of tertiary education 356 since independence schools have supported national integration through indonesian language instruction national curricula and civic education 357 access to education and school quality vary particularly between urban and rural areas and among regions with differing levels of development 358 359 teacher quality and distribution are also persistent issues 360 student learning outcomes are also low by oecd benchmarks in pisa 2022 indonesian 15 year olds performed below oecd averages in mathematics reading and science with most not reaching the minimum proficiency level in each subject 361 government spending on education accounted for approximately 1 3 of gdp in 2023 362 in 2022 indonesia had 4 481 higher education institutions including universities islamic institutions service colleges and open universities 363 the university of indonesia gadjah mada university and the bandung institute of technology are among the country s highest ranked public universities in international rankings 364 higher education has expanded since 1990 and contributes to better employment but access participation and institutional quality are uneven 365 366 healthcare main article healthcare in indonesia dr cipto mangunkusumo hospital in jakarta primary care is provided mainly through community health centres puskesmas and primary care hospitals 367 in 2014 indonesia launched jaminan kesehatan nasional jkn one of the world s largest single payer health insurance systems that covered 98 of the population by 2024 despite the near universal coverage where people live still affects the availability of care and healthcare personnel 368 life expectancy increased between 1990 and 2019 from 62 5 to 69 4 years for men and from 65 7 to 73 5 years for women but there are substantial differences between provinces 369 indonesia faces a double burden of disease non communicable conditions have become increasingly prominent in overall health loss and infectious diseases continue to contr...
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