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the south idaho is to the west and southwest and the canadian provinces of british columbia alberta and saskatchewan are to the north making it the only state to border three canadian provinces with an area of 147 040 square miles 380 800 km 2 82 montana is slightly larger than japan or germany it is the fourth largest state in the united states after alaska texas and california 83 and is the largest landlocked state 84 topography relief map of montana the state s topography is roughly defined by the continental divide which splits much of the state into distinct eastern and western regions 85 most of montana s hundred or more named mountain ranges are in the state s western half most of which is geologically and geographically part of the northern rocky mountains 85 86 the absaroka and beartooth ranges in the state s south central part are technically part of the central rocky mountains 87 the rocky mountain front is a significant feature in the state s north central portion 88 and isolated island ranges that interrupt the prairie landscape common in the central and eastern parts of the state 89 about 60 percent of the state is prairie part of the northern great plains 90 the bitterroot mountains one of the longest continuous ranges in the rocky mountain chain from alaska to mexico 91 along with smaller ranges including the coeur d alene mountains and the cabinet mountains divide the state from idaho the southern third of the bitterroot range blends into the continental divide 92 other major mountain ranges west of the divide include the cabinet mountains the anaconda range the missions the garnet range the sapphire mountains and the flint creek range 93 the divide s northern section where the mountains rapidly give way to prairie is part of the rocky mountain front 94 the front is most pronounced in the lewis range located primarily in glacier national park 95 due to the configuration of mountain ranges in glacier national park the northern divide which begins in alaska s seward peninsula 96 crosses this region and turns east in montana at triple divide peak 97 it causes the waterton river belly and saint mary rivers to flow north into alberta canada 98 there they join the saskatchewan river which ultimately empties into hudson bay 99 east of the divide several roughly parallel ranges cover the state s southern part including the gravelly range madison range gallatin range absaroka range and the beartooth mountains which contain the state s highest point granite peak 12 799 feet 3 901 m high 100 101 north of these ranges are the big belt mountains bridger mountains tobacco roots and several island ranges including the crazy mountains and little belt mountains 102 saint mary lake in glacier national park belly river in waterton lakes national park between many mountain ranges are several rich river valleys the big hole 103 bitterroot 104 gallatin 105 flathead 106 107 and paradise valleys 108 have extensive agricultural resources and multiple opportunities for tourism and recreation east and north of this transition zone are the expansive and sparsely populated northern plains with tableland prairies smaller island mountain ranges and badlands 109 the isolated island ranges east of the divide include the bear paw mountains 110 bull mountains 111 castle mountains 112 crazy mountains 113 highwood mountains 114 judith mountains 114 little belt mountains 112 little rocky mountains 114 the pryor mountains 113 little snowy mountains big snowy mountains 111 sweet grass hills 111 and in the state s southeastern corner near ekalaka the long pines 86 many of these isolated eastern ranges were created about 120 to 66 million years ago when magma welling up from the interior cracked and bowed the earth s surface here 115 the area east of the divide in the state s north central portion is known for the missouri breaks and other significant rock formations 116 three buttes south of great falls are major landmarks cascade crown square shaw and buttes 117 known as laccoliths they formed when igneous rock protruded through cracks in the sedimentary rock 117 the underlying surface consists of sandstone and shale 118 surface soils in the area are highly diverse and greatly affected by the local geology whether glaciated plain intermountain basin mountain foothills or tableland 119 foothill regions are often covered in weathered stone or broken slate or consist of uncovered bare rock usually igneous quartzite sandstone or shale 120 the soil of intermountain basins usually consists of clay gravel sand silt and volcanic ash much of it laid down by lakes which covered the region during the oligocene 33 to 23 million years ago 121 tablelands are often topped with argillite gravel and weathered quartzite occasionally underlain by shale 122 the glaciated plains are generally covered in clay gravel sand and silt left by the proglacial lake great falls or by moraines or gravel covered former lake basins left by the wisconsin glaciation 85 000 to 11 000 years ago 123 farther east areas such as makoshika state park near glendive and medicine rocks state park near ekalaka contain some of the most scenic badlands regions in the state 124 the hell creek formation in northeast montana is a major source of dinosaur fossils 125 paleontologist jack horner of the museum of the rockies in bozeman brought this formation to the world s attention with several major finds 126 rivers lakes and reservoirs see also list of rivers of montana and list of lakes in montana east face of mount gould above grinnell lake montana has thousands of named rivers and creeks 127 450 miles 720 km of which are known for blue ribbon trout fishing 128 129 montana s water resources provide for recreation hydropower crop and forage irrigation mining and water for human consumption montana is one of few geographic areas in the world whose rivers form parts of three major watersheds i e where two continental divides intersect its rivers feed the pacific ocean the gulf of mexico and hudson bay the watersheds divide at triple divide peak in glacier national park 130 if hudson bay is considered part of the arctic ocean triple divide peak is the only place on earth with drainage to three different oceans pacific ocean drainage basin missouri breaks region in central montana all waters in montana west of the divide flow into the columbia river the clark fork of the columbia not to be confused with the clarks fork of the yellowstone river rises near butte 131 and flows northwest to missoula where it is joined by the blackfoot river and bitterroot river 132 farther downstream it is joined by the flathead river before entering idaho near lake pend oreille 98 133 the pend oreille river forms the outflow of lake pend oreille the pend oreille river joined the columbia river which flows to the pacific ocean making the 579 mile 932 km long clark fork pend oreille considered a single river system the longest river in the rocky mountains 134 the clark fork discharges the greatest volume of water of any river exiting the state 135 the kootenai river in northwest montana is another major tributary of the columbia 136 gulf of mexico drainage basin east of the divide the missouri river which is formed by the confluence of the jefferson madison and gallatin rivers near three forks 137 flows due north through the west central part of the state to great falls 138 from this point it then flows generally east through fairly flat agricultural land and the missouri breaks to fort peck reservoir 139 the stretch of river between fort benton and the fred robinson bridge at the western boundary of fort peck reservoir was designated a national wild and scenic river in 1976 139 the missouri enters north dakota near fort union 140 having drained more than half the land area of montana 82 000 square miles 210 000 km 2 138 nearly one third of the missouri river in montana lies behind 10 dams toston canyon ferry hauser holter black eagle rainbow cochrane ryan morony and fort peck 141 other major montana tributaries of the missouri include the smith 142 milk 143 marias 144 judith 145 and musselshell rivers 146 montana also claims the disputed title of possessing the world s shortest river the roe river just outside great falls 147 through the missouri these rivers ultimately join the mississippi river and flow into the gulf of mexico 148 hell roaring creek begins in southern montana and when combined with the red rock beaverhead jefferson missouri and mississippi river is the longest river in north america and the fourth longest river in the world the yellowstone river rises on the continental divide near younts peak in wyoming s teton wilderness 149 it flows north through yellowstone national park enters montana near gardiner and passes through the paradise valley to livingston 150 it then flows northeasterly 150 across the state through billings miles city glendive and sidney 151 the yellowstone joins the missouri in north dakota just east of fort union 152 it is the longest undammed free flowing river in the contiguous united states 153 154 and drains about a quarter of montana 36 000 square miles 93 000 km 2 138 major tributaries of the yellowstone include the boulder 155 stillwater 156 clarks fork 157 bighorn 158 tongue 159 and powder rivers 160 hudson bay drainage basin the northern divide turns east in montana at triple divide peak causing the waterton belly and saint mary rivers to flow north into alberta there they join the saskatchewan river which ultimately empties into hudson bay 99 lakes and reservoirs whitefish lake in montana montana has some 3 000 named lakes and reservoirs including flathead lake the largest natural freshwater lake in the western united states other major lakes include whitefish lake in the flathead valley and lake mcdonald and st mary lake in glacier national park the largest reservoir in the state is fort peck reservoir on the missouri river which is contained by the second largest earthen dam and largest hydraulically filled dam in the world 161 other major reservoirs include hungry horse on the flathead river lake koocanusa on the kootenai river lake elwell on the marias river clark canyon on the beaverhead river yellowtail on the bighorn river canyon ferry hauser holter rainbow and black eagle on the missouri river flora and fauna see also list of monocotyledons of montana list of coniferous plants of montana list of lichens of montana list of amphibians and reptiles of montana list of birds of montana fish of montana and mammals of montana 100 pound native montana wolf taken in 1928 vegetation of the state includes lodgepole pine ponderosa pine douglas fir larch spruce aspen birch red cedar hemlock ash alder rocky mountain maple and cottonwood trees forests cover about 25 of the state flowers native to montana include asters bitterroots daisies lupins poppies primroses columbine lilies orchids and dryads several species of sagebrush and cactus and many species of grasses are common many species of mushrooms and lichens 162 are also found in the state montana is home to diverse fauna including 14 amphibian 163 90 fish 164 117 mammal 165 20 reptile 166 and 427 bird 167 species additionally more than 10 000 invertebrate species are present including 180 mollusks and 30 crustaceans montana has the largest grizzly bear population in the lower 48 states 168 montana hosts five federally endangered species black footed ferret whooping crane least tern pallid sturgeon and white sturgeon and seven threatened species including the grizzly bear canadian lynx and bull trout 169 a since re introduction the gray wolf population has stabilized at about 900 animals and they have been delisted as endangered 170 the montana department of fish wildlife and parks manages fishing and hunting seasons for at least 17 species of game fish including seven species of trout walleye and smallmouth bass 171 and at least 29 species of game birds and animals including ring neck pheasant grey partridge elk pronghorn antelope mule deer whitetail deer gray wolf american bison and bighorn sheep 172 protected lands see also list of montana state parks pompeys pillar national monument montana contains glacier national park the crown of the continent and parts of yellowstone national park including three of the park s five entrances other federally recognized sites include the little bighorn national monument bighorn canyon national recreation area and big hole national battlefield the cskt bison range is managed by the confederated salish and kootenai tribes and the american prairie is owned and operated by a nonprofit organization federal and state agencies administer approximately 31 300 000 acres 127 000 km 2 or 35 percent of montana s land the u s department of agriculture forest service administers 16 800 000 acres 68 000 km 2 of forest land in ten national forests there are approximately 3 300 000 acres 13 000 km 2 of wilderness in 12 separate wilderness areas that are part of the national wilderness preservation system established by the wilderness act of 1964 the u s department of the interior bureau of land management controls 8 100 000 acres 33 000 km 2 of federal land the u s department of the interior fish and wildlife service administers 110 000 acres 450 km 2 of 1 1 million acres of national wildlife refuges and waterfowl production areas in montana the u s department of the interior bureau of reclamation administers approximately 300 000 acres 1 200 km 2 of land and water surface in the state the montana department of fish wildlife and parks operate approximately 275 265 acres 1 113 96 km 2 of state parks and access points on the state s rivers and lakes the montana department of natural resources and conservation manages 5 200 000 acres 21 000 km 2 of school trust land ceded by the federal government under the land ordinance of 1785 to the state in 1889 when montana was granted statehood these lands are managed by the state for the benefit of public schools and institutions in the state 173 quake lake was created by a landslide during the 1959 hebgen lake earthquake areas managed by the national park service include 174 big hole national battlefield near wisdom bighorn canyon national recreation area near fort smith glacier national park grant kohrs ranch national historic site at deer lodge lewis and clark national historic trail little bighorn battlefield national monument near crow agency nez perce national historical park yellowstone national park climate temperature and precipitation for montana s capital city helena köppen climate types of montana using 1991 2020 climate normals montana is a large state with considerable variation in geography topography and elevation and the climate is equally varied the state spans from below the 45th parallel the line equidistant between the equator and north pole to the 49th parallel and elevations range from under 2 000 feet 610 m to nearly 13 000 fee...
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