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tents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 examples 2 psychological research toggle psychological research subsection 2 1 types of experiments 2 1 1 solidity 2 1 2 occlusion 2 1 3 containment 2 2 baillargeon s research 3 see also 4 references toggle the table of contents naïve physics 4 languages العربية فارسی français 한국어 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia untrained human perception of basic physical phenomena naïve physics or folk physics is the untrained human perception of basic physical phenomena in the field of artificial intelligence the study of naïve physics is a part of the effort to formalize the common knowledge of human beings 1 many ideas of folk physics are simplifications misunderstandings or misperceptions of well understood phenomena incapable of giving useful predictions of detailed experiments or simply are contradicted by more thorough observations they may sometimes be true be true in certain limited cases be true as a good first approximation to a more complex effect or predict the same effect but misunderstand the underlying mechanism naïve physics is characterized by a mostly intuitive understanding humans have about objects in the physical world 2 certain notions of the physical world may be innate 3 examples edit some examples of naïve physics include commonly understood intuitive or everyday observed rules of nature what goes up must come down a dropped object falls straight down a solid object cannot pass through another solid object a vacuum sucks things towards it an object is either at rest or moving in an absolute sense two events are either simultaneous or they are not many of these and similar ideas formed the basis for the first works in formulating and systematizing physics by aristotle and the medieval scholastics in western civilization in the modern science of physics they were gradually contradicted by the work of galileo newton and others the idea of absolute simultaneity survived until 1905 when the special theory of relativity and its supporting experiments discredited it psychological research edit the increasing sophistication of technology makes possible more research on knowledge acquisition 4 5 researchers measure physiological responses such as heart rate and eye movement in order to quantify the reaction to a particular stimulus concrete physiological data is helpful when observing infant behavior because infants cannot use words to explain things such as their reactions the way most adults or older children can research in naïve physics relies on technology to measure eye gaze and reaction time in particular through observation researchers know that infants get bored looking at the same stimulus after a certain amount of time 2 that boredom is called habituation when an infant is sufficiently habituated to a stimulus he or she will typically look away alerting the experimenter to his or her boredom at this point the experimenter will introduce another stimulus the infant will then dishabituate by attending to the new stimulus in each case the experimenter measures the time it takes for the infant to habituate to each stimulus as an example of the use of this method research by susan hespos and colleagues studied five month old infants responses to the physics of liquids and solids infants in this research were shown liquid being poured from one glass to another until they were habituated to the event that is they spent less time looking at this event then the infants were shown an event in which the liquid turned to a solid which tumbled from the glass rather flowed the infants looked longer at the new event that is they dishabituated 6 researchers infer that the longer the infant takes to habituate to a new stimulus the more it violates his or her expectations of physical phenomena 2 when an adult observes an optical illusion that seems physically impossible they will attend to it until it makes sense it is commonly believed that our understanding of physical laws emerges strictly from experience 7 but research shows that infants who do not yet have such expansive knowledge of the world have the same extended reaction to events that appear physically impossible 8 such studies hypothesize that all people are born with an innate ability to understand the physical world smith and casati 1994 have reviewed the early history of naïve physics and especially the role of the italian psychologist paolo bozzi 9 types of experiments edit the basic experimental procedure of a study on naïve physics involves three steps prediction of the infant s expectation violation of that expectation and measurement of the results as mentioned above the physically impossible event holds the infant s attention longer indicating surprise when expectations are violated 2 solidity edit an experiment that tests an infant s knowledge of solidity involves the impossible event of one solid object passing through another first the infant is shown a flat solid square moving from 0 to 180 in an arch formation next a solid block is placed in the path of the screen preventing it from completing its full range of motion the infant habituates to this event as it is what anyone would expect then the experimenter creates the impossible event and the solid screen passes through the solid block the infant is confused by the event and attends longer than in probable event trial 10 occlusion edit an occlusion event tests the knowledge that an object exists even if it is not immediately visible jean piaget originally called this concept object permanence when piaget formed his developmental theory in the 1950s he claimed that object permanence is learned not innate the children s game peek a boo is a classic example of this phenomenon and one which obscures the true grasp infants have on permanence to disprove this notion an experimenter designs an impossible occlusion event the infant is shown a block and a transparent screen the infant habituates then a solid panel is placed in front of the objects to block them from view when the panel is removed the block is gone but the screen remains the infant is confused because the block has disappeared indicating that they understand that objects maintain location in space and do not simply disappear 11 containment edit a containment event tests the infant s recognition that an object that is bigger than a container cannot fit completely into that container elizabeth spelke one of the psychologists who founded the naïve physics movement identified the continuity principle which conveys an understanding that objects exist continuously in time and space 2 both occlusion and containment experiments hinge on the continuity principle in the experiment the infant is shown a tall cylinder and a tall cylindrical container the experimenter demonstrates that the tall cylinder fits into the tall container and the infant is bored by the expected physical outcome the experimenter then places the tall cylinder completely into a much shorter cylindrical container and the impossible event confuses the infant extended attention demonstrates the infant s understanding that containers cannot hold objects that exceed them in height 12 baillargeon s research edit the published findings of renee baillargeon brought innate knowledge to the forefront in psychological research her research method centered on the visual preference technique baillargeon and her followers studied how infants show preference to one stimulus over another experimenters judge preference by the length of time an infant will stare at a stimulus before habituating researchers believe that preference indicates the infant s ability to discriminate between the two events 2 see also edit science portal cartoon physics common sense elizabeth spelke folk psychology renee baillargeon weak ontology references edit hayes pat 1979 michie donald ed the naive physics manifesto expert systems in the micro electronic age edinburgh edinburgh university press isbn 0 85224 381 2 cite journal cs1 maint periodical has isbn link 1 2 3 4 5 6 goswami u 2008 cognitive development the learning brain new york ny psychology press they can neither talk nor walk but babies already have a grasp of the physics of liquids https www sciencedaily com releases 2016 02 160210110806 htm a alzahrani and a whitehead preprocessing realistic video for contactless heart rate monitoring using video magnification 2015 12th conference on computer and robot vision 2015 pp 261 268 doi 10 1109 crv 2015 41 pratesi a cecchi f beani e et al a new system for quantitative evaluation of infant gaze capabilities in a wide visual field biomed eng online 14 83 2015 https doi org 10 1186 s12938 015 0076 7 hespos susan ferry alissa rips lance 2009 five month old infants have different expectations for solids and liquids psychological science 20 5 603 611 doi 10 1111 j 1467 9280 2009 02331 x pmid 19368696 humans can t accept that we have innate knowledge because we re biased against the idea news northeastern edu 17 october 2019 hespos susan 2012 physics for infants characterizing the origins of knowledge about objects substances and number wiley interdisciplinary reviews cognitive science 3 1 19 27 doi 10 1002 wcs 157 pmid 26302470 retrieved june 26 2021 smith b casati r 1994 naive physics an essay in ontology philosophical psychology 7 2 225 244 doi 10 1080 09515089408573121 baillargeon r 1994 how do infants learn about the physical world current directions in psychological science 3 5 133 140 doi 10 1111 1467 8721 ep10770614 s2cid 144988926 baillargeon r 2004 infants physical world current directions in psychological science 13 3 89 94 doi 10 1111 j 0963 7214 2004 00281 x s2cid 5634093 baillargeon r hespos s j 2001 infant s knowledge about occlusion and containment events a surprising discrepancy psychological science 12 2 141 147 doi 10 1111 1467 9280 00324 pmid 11340923 s2cid 1766183 v t e evolutionary psychology history evolutionary thought theoretical foundations adaptationism cognitive revolution cognitivism gene selection theory modern synthesis criticism evolutionary processes acquired characteristics adaptations altruism cheating hamiltonian spite reciprocal baldwin effect by products evolutionarily stable strategy exaptation fitness inclusive kin selection inbreeding avoidance kin recognition parental investment parent offspring conflict mismatch natural selection sexual selection costly signaling male female intrasexual competition mate choice sexual dimorphism social selection species typical behavior areas cognition emotion affect display display rules facial expression behavioral modernity cognitive module modularity of mind adaptive unconscious unconscious cognition automatic and controlled processes cognitive specialization computational theory of mind domain generality domain specificity learning dual process theory cognitive tradeoff hypothesis evolution of the brain evolution of nervous systems fight or flight response arachnophobia basophobia ophidiophobia folk biology taxonomy folk psychology theory of mind intelligence flynn effect wason selection task motor control skill multitasking numerical cognition number sense approximate number system parallel individuation system sleep visual perception color vision eye naïve physics culture aesthetics literary criticism musicology anthropology biological crime language origin psychology speech morality moral foundations religion origin social contagion behavioral contagion emotional contagion epidemiology of representations universals development attachment bonding biology affectional maternal paternal bond caregiver deprivation childhood attachment cinderella effect cognitive development education neuronal recycling hypothesis science of reading language acquisition personality development socialization human factors mental health cognitive ergonomics computer mediated communication engineering psychology human computer interaction media naturalness theory neuroergonomics depression digital media use and mental health hypophobia imprinted brain hypothesis mind blindness psychological effects of internet use rank theory of depression schizophrenia screen time smartphones and pedestrian safety social aspects of television societal effects of cars distracted driving lead crime hypothesis mobile phones and driving safety texting while driving sex activity adult attachment age disparity arousal concealed ovulation coolidge effect desire fantasy hormonal motivation incest taboo westermarck effect jealousy mate guarding mating preferences mating strategies orientation ovulatory shift hypothesis pair bond romantic love physical sexual attraction sexuality male female sexy son hypothesis sex differences aggression autism cognition crime division of labour emotional intelligence empathising systemising theory gender role intelligence memory mental health narcissism neuroscience schizophrenia substance abuse suicide variability hypothesis related subjects academic disciplines behavioral evolutionary economics behavioral epigenetics genetics affective behavioral cognitive evolutionary neuroscience biocultural anthropology biolinguistics biological psychiatry cognitive ethology cognitive psychology cognitive science comparative psychology cross cultural psychology ethology evolutionary biology evolutionary medicine functional psychology neuropsychology philosophy of mind population genetics primatology sociobiology research topics animal comparative cognition animal communication animal consciousness animal culture animal language animal navigation animal training animal made art cognitive bias emotion g factor in non humans great ape language human animal communication number sense primate cognition theory of mind tool use cultural evolution evolutionary epistemology missing heritability problem unit of selection coevolution cultural group selection dual inheritance theory fisher s principle group selection hologenome theory lamarckism population punctuated equilibrium recent human evolution species species complex transgenerational epigenetic inheritance trivers willard hypothesis theoretical positions cultural selection theory determinism indeterminism biological determinism connectionism cultural determinism environmental determinism nature versus nurture psychological nativism 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