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7 dunedin otago 104 000 17 hastings hawke s bay 49 800 8 palmerston north manawatū whanganui 81 200 18 upper hutt wellington 44 500 9 hibiscus coast auckland 67 800 19 whanganui manawatū whanganui 42 800 10 napier hawke s bay 66 400 20 gisborne gisborne 38 100 ethnicity and immigration main articles new zealanders and immigration to new zealand pedestrians on queen street in auckland an ethnically diverse city in the 2023 census 62 1 of residents responded as being ethnically new zealand european and 17 8 responded as being ethnically māori other major ethnicities include chinese 5 2 indian 5 1 samoan 4 3 filipino 2 2 tongan 2 0 cook islands maori 1 9 and english 1 4 3 13 2 responded with multiple ethnicities with 8 2 alone responding as both european and māori 322 statistics new zealand allows people to choose multiple ethnicities and reports ethnic data based on total responses therefore ethnicities add up to more than 100 for legacy systems which can only accept one ethnicity people are usually allocated to a single ethnicity based on a pre determined priority order with māori given highest priority and new zealand european given lowest priority 323 the population has become more multicultural and diverse in recent decades in 1961 the census reported that the population of new zealand was 92 european and 7 māori with asian and pacific minorities sharing the remaining 1 324 however new zealand s non european population is disproportionately concentrated in the north island and especially in the auckland region while auckland is home to 33 of new zealand s population it is home to 62 of the country s pasifika population and 60 of its asian population 3 pasifika festival celebrating pasifika new zealanders and their pan cultural identity while the demonym for a new zealand citizen is new zealander the informal kiwi is commonly used both internationally 325 and by locals 326 the māori loanword pākehā has been used to refer to new zealanders of european descent although some reject this name the word today is increasingly used to refer to all non polynesian new zealanders 327 the māori were the first people to reach new zealand followed by the early european settlers following colonisation immigrants were predominantly from britain ireland and australia because of restrictive policies similar to the white australia policy 328 there was also significant dutch dalmatian 329 german and italian immigration together with indirect european immigration through australia north america south america and south africa 330 331 net migration increased after the second world war in the 1970s and 1980s policies on immigration were relaxed and immigration from asia was promoted 331 332 in 2009 10 an annual target of 45 000 50 000 permanent residence approvals was set by the new zealand immigration service more than one new migrant for every 100 new zealand residents 333 in the 2023 census 28 8 of people counted were not born in new zealand up from 27 4 in the 2018 census the most popular countries of origin for overseas born residents were england 14 6 mainland china 10 2 india 10 0 the philippines 7 0 south africa 6 7 australia 6 1 fiji 4 8 and samoa 4 3 334 the number of fee paying international students and international exchange students increased sharply in the late 1990s with more than 20 000 studying in public tertiary institutions in 2002 335 new zealand achieved a record net migration gain of 135 500 people in the year ended october 2023 336 immigrants from india china and the philippines are the largest contributors to new zealand s population growth 337 in 2025 new zealand s net migration fell to its lowest level in more than a decade according to statistics new zealand the country recorded a net migration gain of 14 200 in 2025 down 9 600 from a year earlier that marked the smallest annual increase since 2013 outside 2021 when borders were largely closed during the covid 19 outbreak 338 language main article languages of new zealand speakers of māori according to the 2013 census 339 less than 5 more than 5 more than 10 more than 20 more than 30 more than 40 more than 50 english is the predominant language in new zealand spoken by 95 4 of the population 340 new zealand english has a distinctive accent and lexicon 341 it is similar to australian english and many speakers from the northern hemisphere are unable to tell the accents apart 342 the most prominent differences between new zealand english and other english dialects are the shifts in the short front vowels the short i sound as in kit has centralised towards the schwa sound the a in comma and about the short e sound as in dress has moved towards the short i sound and the short a sound as in trap has moved to the short e sound 343 after world war ii māori were discouraged or prohibited to speak their own language te reo māori in schools and workplaces and it existed as a community language only in a few remote areas 344 the native schools act 1867 required instruction in english in all schools and while no official policy banned children from speaking māori many suffered physical abuse if they did 345 346 347 the māori language has recently undergone a process of revitalisation 348 being declared one of new zealand s official languages in 1987 349 and is spoken by 4 0 of the population 340 n 10 māori language immersion schools and two māori language television channels now exist 351 many places have both their māori and english names officially recognised 352 as recorded in the 2018 census 340 samoan is the most widely spoken non official language 2 2 followed by northern chinese including mandarin 2 0 hindi 1 5 and french 1 2 new zealand sign language was reported to be understood by 22 986 people 0 5 it became one of new zealand s official languages in 2006 353 religion main article religion in new zealand the wellington cathedral of st paul in wellington according to the 2023 census 51 6 of the census usually resident population had no religion 354 up from 48 2 in 2018 census 340 christians are the single largest religious group forming 32 3 of the population 354 compared to 36 5 in 2018 340 hindus are the second largest religious minority forming the 2 9 of population followed by muslims on 1 5 354 the auckland region exhibited the greatest religious diversity 355 education main articles education in new zealand and tertiary education in new zealand primary and secondary schooling is compulsory for children aged 6 to 16 with the majority of children attending from the age of 5 356 there are 13 school years and attending state public schools is free to new zealand citizens and permanent residents from a person s 5th birthday to the end of the calendar year following their 19th birthday 357 new zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99 95 and over half of the population aged 15 to 29 hold a tertiary qualification 356 there are five types of government owned tertiary institutions universities colleges of education polytechnics specialist colleges and wānanga 358 in addition to private training establishments 359 in 2021 in the population aged 25 64 13 had no formal qualification 21 had a school qualification 28 had a tertiary certificate or diploma and 35 have a bachelor s degree or higher 360 the oecd s programme for international student assessment ranks new zealand as the 28th best in the oecd for maths 13th best for science and 11th best for reading 361 health main article health in new zealand see also healthcare in new zealand and te whatu ora as of 2023 update new zealand allocated about 9 6 percent of its gdp to healthcare slightly above the oecd average of 8 8 percent the public healthcare system operates under a publicly funded health insurance model that supports inpatient and outpatient services at public hospitals along with preventive and primary care through private providers 362 health new zealand te whatu ora is the primary publicly funded healthcare system of new zealand the new zealand government established it to replace the country s 20 district health boards dhbs on 1 july 2022 health new zealand is charged with working alongside the public health agency to manage the provision of healthcare services in new zealand 363 364 as of 2022 the agency is new zealand s largest employer consolidating the dhbs combined work force of 80 000 with an estimated annual operating budget of nz 20 billion and an asset base of about nz 24 billion 365 ischaemic heart disease is the leading cause of death followed by alzheimer disease and other dementias and stroke the life expectancy has improved from 78 6 years in 2000 to 82 2 years in 2021 366 culture main article culture of new zealand late 20th century house post depicting the navigator kupe fighting two sea creatures statistics have shown around 20 of new zealanders identify with more than one ethnic group around 80 are of european descent 15 maori and others coming from china the pacific islands and elsewhere this means there is little sense in talking of one new zealand culture although according to one writer new zealanders will argue strongly for the existence of a unique identity for the existence of something that sets them apart from others a kiwi culture 367 the british and irish immigrants brought aspects of their own culture to new zealand and also influenced māori culture 368 369 particularly with the introduction of christianity 370 however māori still regard their allegiance to tribal groups as a vital part of their identity and māori kinship roles resemble those of other polynesian peoples 371 more recently american australian asian and other european cultures have exerted influence on new zealand non māori polynesian cultures are also apparent with pasifika the world s largest polynesian festival now an annual event in auckland 372 the largely rural life in early new zealand led to the image of new zealanders as rugged industrious problem solvers 373 modesty was expected and enforced through the tall poppy syndrome where high achievers received harsh criticism 374 at the time new zealand was not known as an intellectual country 375 from the early 20th century until the late 1960s māori culture was suppressed by the attempted assimilation of māori into british new zealanders 344 in the 1960s as tertiary education became more available and cities expanded 376 urban culture began to dominate 377 but rural imagery and themes are common in new zealand s art literature and media 378 new zealand s national symbols are influenced by natural historical and māori sources the silver fern emblem appears on army insignia and sporting team uniforms 379 certain items of popular culture thought to be unique to new zealand are called kiwiana 379 art main article new zealand art portrait of hinepare of ngāti kahungunu by gottfried lindauer showing chin moko pounamu hei tiki and woven cloak as part of the resurgence of māori culture the traditional crafts of carving and weaving are now more widely practised and māori artists are increasing in number and influence 380 most māori carvings feature human figures generally with three fingers and either a natural looking detailed head or a stylised version 381 surface patterns consisting of spirals ridges notches and fish scales decorate most carvings 382 the pre eminent māori architecture consisted of carved meeting houses wharenui decorated with symbolic carvings and illustrations these buildings were originally designed to be constantly rebuilt changing and adapting to different whims or needs 383 māori decorated the white wood of buildings canoes and cenotaphs using red a mixture of red ochre and shark fat and black made from soot paint and painted pictures of birds reptiles and other designs on cave walls 384 māori tattoos moko consisting of coloured soot mixed with gum were cut into the flesh with a bone chisel 385 since european arrival paintings and photographs have been dominated by landscapes originally not as works of art but as factual portrayals of new zealand 386 portraits of māori were also common with early painters often portraying them as an ideal race untainted by civilisation 386 the country s isolation delayed the influence of european artistic trends allowing local artists to develop their own distinctive style of regionalism 387 during the 1960s and 1970s many artists combined traditional māori and western techniques creating unique art forms 388 new zealand art and craft has gradually achieved an international audience with exhibitions in the venice biennale in 2001 and the paradise now exhibition in new york in 2004 380 389 māori cloaks are made of fine flax fibre and patterned with black red and white triangles diamonds and other geometric shapes 390 greenstone was fashioned into earrings and necklaces with the most well known design being the hei tiki a distorted human figure sitting cross legged with its head tilted to the side 391 europeans brought english fashion etiquette to new zealand and until the 1950s most people dressed up for social occasions 392 standards have since relaxed and new zealand fashion has received a reputation for being casual practical and lacklustre 393 394 however the local fashion industry has grown significantly since 2000 doubling exports and increasing from a handful to about 50 established labels with some labels gaining international recognition 394 literature main article new zealand literature māori quickly adopted writing as a means of sharing ideas and many of their oral stories and poems were converted to the written form 395 most early english literature was obtained from britain and it was not until the 1950s when local publishing outlets increased that new zealand literature started to become widely known 396 although still largely influenced by global trends modernism and events the great depression writers in the 1930s began to develop stories increasingly focused on their experiences in new zealand during this period literature changed from a journalistic activity to a more academic pursuit 397 participation in the world wars gave some new zealand writers a new perspective on new zealand culture and with the postwar expansion of universities local literature flourished 398 dunedin is a unesco city of literature 399 media and entertainment main articles music of new zealand cinema of new zealand and media of new zealand lorde is one of the most internationally successful new zealand artists new zealand music has been influenced by blues jazz country rock and roll and hip hop with many of these genres given a unique new zealand interpretation 400 māori developed a varied musical tradition around songs and chants including ceremonial performances laments and love songs 401 instruments taonga pūoro such as flutes and percussion began being used as spiritual tools entertainment and signalling devices 402 403 early settlers brought over their ethnic music with brass bands and choral music being popul...
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