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ol packets routers act as hosts as a consequence routing protocols are included in the application layer 36 some authors such as tanenbaum in computer networks describe routing protocols in the same layer as ip reasoning that routing protocols inform decisions made by the forwarding process of routers ietf protocols can be encapsulated recursively as demonstrated by tunnelling protocols such as generic routing encapsulation gre gre uses the same mechanism that osi uses for tunnelling at the network layer implementations edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed march 2014 learn how and when to remove this message the internet protocol suite is generally independent of a specific hardware or software environment it only requires the hardware and a software layer to exist capable of sending and receiving packets on a computer network as a result the suite has been implemented on essentially every computing platform a minimal implementation of tcp ip includes the following internet protocol ip address resolution protocol arp internet control message protocol icmp transmission control protocol tcp user datagram protocol udp and internet group management protocol igmp 76 in addition to ip icmp tcp udp internet protocol version 6 requires neighbor discovery protocol ndp icmpv6 and multicast listener discovery mld and is often accompanied by an integrated ipsec security layer see also edit bbn report 1822 an early layered network model fast local internet protocol internetwork packet exchange list of automation protocols list of information technology initialisms list of ip protocol numbers list of tcp and udp port numbers lists of network protocols timeline of the history of the internet notes edit the same idea had earlier been independently developed by donald davies who was the first to implement packet switching in the local area npl network 4 for records of discussions leading up to the tcp ip split see the series of internet experiment notes at the internet experiment notes index references edit 1 2 3 4 5 r braden ed october 1989 requirements for internet hosts communication layers network working group doi 10 17487 rfc1122 std 3 rfc 1122 internet standard 3 updated by rfc 1349 4379 5884 6093 6298 6633 6864 8029 and 9293 1 2 3 r braden ed october 1989 requirements for internet hosts application and support network working group doi 10 17487 rfc1123 std 3 rfc 1123 internet standard 3 updated by rfc 1349 2181 5321 5966 and 7766 hafner lyon 1998 p 91 harvnb error no target citerefhafnerlyon1998 help roberts dr lawrence g may 1995 the arpanet computer networks archived from the original on march 24 2016 retrieved april 13 2016 then in june 1966 davies wrote a second internal paper proposal for a digital communication network in which he coined the word packet a small sub part of the message the user wants to send and also introduced the concept of an interface computer to sit between the user equipment and the packet network dave walden looking back at the arpanet effort 34 years later internet history livinginternet com retrieved december 22 2018 hafner lyon 1998 p 103 harvnb error no target citerefhafnerlyon1998 help hafner lyon 1998 pp 103 151 harvnb error no target citerefhafnerlyon1998 help beranek leo 2005 bbn s earliest days founding a culture of engineering creativity ieee annals of the history of computing 27 2 6 14 doi 10 1109 mahc 2005 20 s2cid 12645672 hafner lyon 1998 p 153 harvnb error no target citerefhafnerlyon1998 help j reynolds j postel november 1987 the request for comments reference guide network working group doi 10 17487 rfc1000 rfc 1000 status unknown obsoletes rfc 84 100 160 170 200 598 699 800 899 and 999 hafner katie lyon matthew 1996 where wizards stay up late the origins of the internet internet archive new york simon schuster p 263 isbn 978 0 684 81201 4 russell andrew l 2014 open standards and the digital age history ideology and networks new york cambridge univ press p 196 isbn 978 1107039193 archived from the original on december 28 2022 retrieved december 20 2022 abbate 1999 p 3 the manager of the arpanet project lawrence roberts assembled a large team of computer scientists and he drew on the ideas of network experimenters in the united states and the united kingdom cerf and kahn also enlisted the help of computer scientists from england france and the united states taylor bob october 11 2008 oral history of robert bob w taylor pdf computer history museum archive chm reference number x5059 2009 28 1 2 isaacson walter 2014 the innovators how a group of hackers geniuses and geeks created the digital revolution internet archive new york simon schuster isbn 978 1 4767 0869 0 cerf v kahn r 1974 a protocol for packet network intercommunication pdf ieee transactions on communications 22 5 637 648 bibcode 1974itcom 22 637c doi 10 1109 tcom 1974 1092259 issn 1558 0857 archived pdf from the original on october 10 2022 retrieved october 18 2015 the authors wish to thank a number of colleagues for helpful comments during early discussions of international network protocols especially r metcalfe r scantlebury d walden and h zimmerman d davies and l pouzin who constructively commented on the fragmentation and accounting issues and s crocker who commented on the creation and destruction of associations v cerf y dalal c sunshine december 1974 specification of internet transmission control program network working group doi 10 17487 rfc0675 rfc 675 obsolete obsoleted by rfc 7805 nic 2 inwg 72 by vinton cerf as told to bernard aboba 1993 how the internet came to be archived from the original on september 26 2017 retrieved september 25 2017 we began doing concurrent implementations at stanford bbn and university college london so effort at developing the internet protocols was international from the beginning 1 2 cerf vinton g april 1 1980 final 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