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hokkaido, 北大言語学研究報告, 1975, ist, urmisch, ein, nanaischer, dialekt, ural, altaische, jahrbücher, 1973, das, urmische, und, seine, verwandten, wiesbaden, otto, harrassowitz, 599, 567, zentralasiatische, studien, кур, урмийский, социолингвистическая, ситуация, перспектива, малочисленные, народы, сибири, 1969, производственной, лексике, ученые, записки, лгпи, 1954, морфология, говора, 1961, theoretical, course, просвещение, 005249, теоретический, курс, федеральная, служба, государственной, статистики, microsoft, excel, население, владению, русским, языком, субъектам, информация, населенным, пунктам, районам, проживания, хозяйственной, деятельности, коренных, nikolaeva, irina, maria, walter, gruyter, grammar, красная, книга, энциклопедический, справочник, очерки, диалектов, бикинский, уссурийский, fangchao, textbook, preserves, xuejuan, baozhu, 2004, 2007, 满语研究, 街津口村赫哲语使用情况的调查, investigation, village, jun, publishing, house, 赫哲语简志, outline, institute, 2011, p17, москалев, 017074, наука, 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ial studies of the nanai language the area of settlement of the nanai people was more extensive than at present many dialects which had not yet been classified by researchers later disappeared and remain unnamed the next period of studies did not begin until after a 20 year interruption at the end of the 1940s by then the number of dialects had grown and subsequent classifications distinguished as many as ten also the distribution of the nanai language had sharply narrowed many lower amur and ussuri dialects remained unstudied according to sunik s classification which emphasizes morphological and phonetic features 10 nanaian language forms two groups which are decomposed into a number of dialects 11 upper amur sakachi alyan naykhin bolon dzhuen garin central amur kur urmi bikin right bank amur sungari ussuri avrorin divided the language into three varieties sungari aka upper amur lower amur and kur urmi further subdividing them into a number of dialects the basic difference with sunik s classification concerns the amur and upper amur groups avrovin considered bolon and dzhuen under naykhin while separating kur urmi as its own group while sunik viewed kur urmi as a dialect 12 sem in contrast classified nanai into upper central and lower amur groups each divided into a number of dialects he counted a total of ten dialects 4 upper amur right bank amur sungari bikin ussuri kur urmi central amur sakachi alyan naykhin dzhuen lower amur bolon ekon gorin among the contemporary carriers of nanaian language middle and lower amur dialects dialect levelling and mixing has occurred due to extensive population migrations and the system of teaching of nanai language based on the naykhin dialect therefore it is difficult to differentiate the dialects in contemporary language data pedagogy edit the nanai language is taught in secondary schools in russia mainly in nanai villages in khabarovsk krai citation needed in china the nanai hezhe people use chinese for writing the number of speakers has been in continual decline for decades by the 1980s the use of the language was restricted to special situations and communication with family members 13 in an effort to reverse this decline a text book for hezhe schoolchildren discussing the hezhe language was published in 2005 in pinyin transcription 14 phonology edit vowels and vowel harmony edit the nanai language has seven vowels in the hezhen dialect i u y o œ a ə and six in the bikin dialect i ɪ u o a ə there are sixteen allowed diphthongs in total ai aɪ ao əi əo ɪa ɪo ia iə io iu ua ui uo oi oɪ ya yə there are also two allowed triphthongs iao uai phonemic vowels change as follows based on surrounding consonants 15 i is elided after dz ts s i becomes ɪ after ɖʐ ʈʂ s i becomes i̟ after m n l d a glottal stop ʔ is inserted before i when it begins a syllable and precedes dz s tɕ ɕ l m ŋ ɘ may optionally become ɯ in non initial syllables a vowel in a final syllable is nasalised when it precedes n the following table summarises the rules of vowel harmony vowel harmony in nanai 16 class group members notes yang vowels group 1 a group 2 o œ do not appear after i u y also o does not appear after œ yin vowels group 3 ə after a o becomes neutral and can harmonise with any vowel neutral vowels group 4 i group 5 u y y will not appear again after y consonants edit as for consonants there are twenty nine labial dental alveolar retroflex alveolo palatal velar uvular stop p b t d k ɡ q ɢ affricate ts dz ʈʂ ɖʐ tɕ dʑ fricative ɸ s z ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ x ɣ χ ʁ nasal m n ɲ ŋ approximant l j w trill r phonemic consonants may optionally change as follows 17 s ɕ χ become z ʑ ʁ respectively between two vowels ɡ to ɣ in syllable final position before d in the following syllable dialects edit phonology of the various dialects of nanai has been influenced by surrounding languages tolskaya specifically noted several phonological peculiarities of bikin dialect which may indicate influence from udege including monophthongisation of diphthongs denasalisation of nasal vowels deletion of reduced final vowels epenthetic vowel preventing consonant final words and the deletion of intervocalic w 18 orthography edit in the history of written nanai there are three stages until the early 1930s early attempts to create cyrillic script writing 1931 1937 latin script since 1937 modern cyrillic script the first books in the nanai language were printed by russian orthodox missionaries in the late 19th century in a cyrillic orthography in the 1920s 30s after several false starts the modern written form of the nanai language was created by a team of russian linguists led by valentin avrorin citation needed the nanai language uses the same alphabet as the russian alphabet nanai latin script 1931 1937 edit in 1930 it was decided to create a unified northern alphabet on the latin basis for the small numbered peoples of the north in january 1932 these alphabets including nanai were officially approved at the i all russian conference on the development of languages and writings of the peoples of the north 19 the approved nanai alphabet was as follows 20 a a b в ꞓ є d d ʒ ʒ e e ə ə f f g g h h i i j j k k l l m m n n ņ ņ ŋ ŋ o o p p r r s s t t u u w w z z in some versions of the alphabet the letter ꞓ ꞓ was replaced with the usual latin c c and meant the same sound 21 nanai cyrillic script 1937 present edit on june 5 1936 the presidium of the council of nationalities of the cec of the ussr decided to translate the written language of the peoples of the north including the nanai into cyrillic 19 at the beginning of 1937 the nanai cyrillic alphabet was officially approved it included all the letters of the russian alphabet except щ щ and ъ ъ 22 the sound ŋ was indicated by a combination of letters нг нг in 1939 the nanai spelling rules in cyrillic were adopted refined in 1958 when the nanai alphabet began to contain all 33 letters of the russian alphabet as well as the letter ӈ ӈ instead of нг нг 23 however in fact in most publications instead of ӈ ӈ the use of нг нг continued the current version of the nanai alphabet was approved in 1993 24 the modern nanai alphabet has the following form 25 а а б б в в г г д д е е ё ё ж ж з з и и й й к к л л м м н н ӈ ӈ о о п п р р с с т т у у ф ф х х ц ц ч ч ш ш щ щ ъ ъ ы ы ь ь э э ю ю я я to indicate long vowels in the educational literature diacritics are used macrons above the letters 25 in china where nanai residents also live in 1987 a reading book for nanai schools was published with parallel text in chinese and nanai languages pinyin was used to write the nanai text 26 alphabet matching table edit cyrillic latin cyrillic latin cyrillic latin cyrillic latin cyrillic latin а а a a ж ж н н n n у у u u ъ ъ б б в в з з z z ӈ ӈ ŋ ŋ ф ф f f ы ы в в w w и и i i о о o o х х h h ь ь г г g g й й j j п п p p ц ц э э ə ə д д d d ʒ ʒ к к k k р р r r ч ч є є ю ю е е л л l l с с s s ш ш я я ё ё м м m m т т t t щ щ lexicon edit tolskaya s survey of the nanai language also noted a variety of loanwords from chinese such as ʐili calendar from chinese 日曆 pinyin rìlì a few also came from other languages such as pomidor tomato almost certainly from russian помидор though the exact route of transmission is not attested and it may have been reborrowed from other neighbouring languages rather than directly from russian 27 there is also some vocabulary shared with mongolian and the turkic languages such as sal beard mongolian sahɘl uyghur and kazakh saqal tœqo chicken mongolian tahia uyghur toχo kazakh tawuq χonin sheep mongolian χœŋ uyghur and kazakh qoi these too are likely loanwords though proponents of the altaic hypothesis may take these as evidence of a genetic relationship 28 conversely the nanai language itself has also contributed some loanwords to the udege language supplanting udege vocabulary banixe thank you from nanai banixa instead of udege usasa dœlbo work from nanai dœbo instead of udege etete daŋsa book from nanai daŋsa itself a loanword from chinese 單子 pinyin dānzi which actually means list a large degree of mutual assimilation of the two languages has been observed in the bikin region 18 the udege language itself only has 230 speakers left 29 sample text edit sample text from a bible translation published in 2002 is shown below 30 31 lord s prayer luke 11 2 4 nanai cyrillic with transliteration and english niv 2 нёани дахамдичии уӈкини кэсивэ гэлэйдуэри туй ундусу боаду уйлэ би эндур ама гэбукуди гэрбуси бигини си боа яловани далачайси эрин исигини наду да боаду да си чихалайси бигини nǒani dahamdičii uŋkini kesive geleĭdueri tuĭ undusu boadu uĭle bi endur ama gebukudi gerbusi bigini si boa ǎlovani dalačaĭsi erin isigini nadu da boadu da si čihalaĭsi bigini нёани дахамдичии уӈкини кэсивэ гэлэйдуэри туй ундусу боаду уйлэ би эндур ама гэбукуди гэрбуси бигини си боа яловани далачайси эрин исигини наду да боаду да си чихалайси бигини nǒani dahamdičii uŋkini kesive geleĭdueri tuĭ undusu boadu uĭle bi endur ama gebukudi gerbusi bigini si boa ǎlovani dalačaĭsi erin isigini nadu da boadu da si čihalaĭsi bigini he said to them when you pray say father hallowed be your name your kingdom come your will be done on earth as it is in heaven 3 ини таондоани сиагопова эпэмбэ бунду буру ini taondoani siagopova epembe bundu buru ини таондоани сиагопова эпэмбэ бунду буру ini taondoani siagopova epembe bundu buru give us each day our daily bread 4 буэ оркимпова гудиэсигуру буэ дэ оркиӈку наӈдаку гурумбэ гудиэсиэпу буэ мурумпувэ дэ эди памаванда хай да дялимбани оркимбани эди дял дяпаванда bue orkimpova gudiesiguru bue de orkiŋku naŋdaku gurumbe gudiesiepu bue murumpuve de edi pamavanda haĭ da dǎlimbani orkimbani edi dǎl dǎpavanda буэ оркимпова гудиэсигуру буэ дэ оркиӈку наӈдаку гурумбэ гудиэсиэпу буэ мурумпувэ дэ эди памаванда хай да дялимбани оркимбани эди дял дяпаванда bue orkimpova gudiesiguru bue de orkiŋku naŋdaku gurumbe gudiesiepu bue murumpuve de edi pamavanda haĭ da dǎlimbani orkimbani edi dǎl dǎpavanda forgive us our sins for we also forgive everyone who sins against us and lead us not into temptation notes edit nanai at ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required lewis 2009 nanai an 1986 p1 1 2 sem 1976 p24 1 2 stolyarov 1994 russian census 2002 table 4 3 ministry of trade and economic development 2002 an 1986 pp 1 2 sem 1976 21 initially published in дальневосточной энцинклопедии 1927 sunik 1962 p23 нанайский язык образует два наречия распадающиеся на ряд говоров avrovin 1955 pp 7 8 he and wu 2005 li 2005 an 1986 p8 10 an 1986 p13 15 an 1986 p11 13 1 2 tolskaya 2001 p24 1 2 сем л и 1971 история создания письменностей малых народов советского дальнего востока история социология и филология дальнего востока vol 1000 владивосток ан ссср дальневост науч центр труды сер ист т 8 pp 109 119 awrorin w a et al 1932 sikun pokto leningrad uєpedgiz pp 63 64 petrowa t i 1934 nanaj həsəwəni taceoceori daŋsa pdf leningrad moskwa ucpedgiz p 30 революция и национальности 1937 4 бурыкин а а 2000 изучение фонетики языков малочисленных народов севера россии и проблемы развития их письменности обзор pdf язык и речевая деятельность ed pp 150 180 письменные языки мира языки российской федерации vol 2 moscow academia 2003 p 312 isbn 5 87444 191 3 1 2 zaksor 2002 p 121 москалев а а 1992 национально языковое строительство в кнр 80 е гг moscow наука p 121 isbn 5 02 017074 7 an p7 11 an p17 lewis 2009 udihe gospel of luke in nanai language 2002 archived from the original on 2011 07 21 retrieved 2006 12 20 bible translation institute gospel of luke translation into nanai language different versions sources edit an jun 1986 赫哲语简志 an outline of the hezhe language in chinese nationalities publishing house he xuejuan wu baozhu january 2004 街津口村赫哲语使用情况的调查 investigation on hezhen language use in jiejinkou village 满语研究 in chinese archived from the original on 2007 09 27 retrieved 2006 12 19 li fangchao 2005 06 06 textbook preserves hezhe language china daily retrieved 2006 12 19 sem l i 1976 очерки диалектов нанайского языка бикинский уссурийский диалект in russian stolyarov a v 1994 нанайский язык красная книга языков народов россии энциклопедический словарь справочник in russian nikolaeva irina maria tolskaya 2001 a grammar of udihe walter de gruyter информация по населенным пунктам районам проживания и хозяйственной деятельности коренных малочисленных народов севера и дальнего востока рф in russian russia ministry of economic development and trade 2002 01 01 население по национальности и владению русским языком по субъектам российской федерации microsoft excel in russian федеральная служба государственной статистики retrieved 2006 12 01 zaksor l zh 2002 теоретический курс theoretical course нанайский язык nanai language in russian st petersburg просвещение isbn 5 09 005249 2 further reading edit general works edit avrorin valentin aleksandrovich 1959 грамматика нанайского языка т 1 м in russian soviet academy of sciences avrorin valentin aleksandrovich 1961 грамматика нанайского языка т 2 м in russian soviet academy of sciences putintseva a p 1954 морфология говора горинских нанай in russian putintseva a p 1969 о производственной лексике горинских нанай ученые записки лгпи in russian stolyarov a v 1997 нанайский язык социолингвистическая ситуация и перспектива сохранения малочисленные народы севера сибири и дальнего востока проблемы сохранения и развития in russian st petersburg cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link sunik o p 1958 кур урмийский диалект in russian doerfer gerhard 1973 das kur urmische und seine verwandten zentralasiatische studien in german 7 wiesbaden otto harrassowitz 567 599 doerfer gerhard 1975 ist kur urmisch ein nanaischer dialekt ural altaische jahrbücher in german 47 51 63 kazama shinjiro march 1994 ナーナイ語の 一致 について on agreement in nanay 北大言語学研究報告 in japanese 5 sapporo faculty of letters hokkaido university zhang yang chang bing li xi zhang 1989 赫哲语 the hezhen language in chinese changchun jilin university press oskolskaya sofia 2020 nanai and the southern tungusic languages in martine robbeets alexander savelyev eds the oxford guide to the transeurasian languages oxford oxford university press pp 305 320 doi 10 1093 oso 9780198804628 003 0018 accessed 7 may 2024 jīn lìnà chéng yàhéng 金莉娜 程亚恒 2019 hēilóngjiāng tóngjiāng hèzhéyǔ 黑龙江同江赫哲语 beijing commercial press 商务印书馆 nanai alphabet on omniglot texts in nanai edit avrorin valentin aleksandrovich 1986 материалы по нанайскому языку и фольклору in russian нанайский фольклор нингман сиохор тэлунгу in russian новосибирск 1996 cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link samar e 1992 манга покто трудные тропы in russian khabarovsk cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link samar e 2000 кондонкан даламдини кондонский староста in russian khabarovsk cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link passar a 2002 ми урэхэмби нингмансал сказки моего детства fairy tales of my childhood in russian khabarovsk cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link ...
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