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ion in which those forces diminish by an increase of distance i own i have not discovered it hooke s 1674 gresham lecture an attempt to prove the motion of the earth by observations published 1679 said gravitation applies to all celestial bodies 116 and restated these three propositions 117 hooke s statements up to 1674 make no mention however that an inverse square law applies or might apply to these attractions his model of gravitation was also not yet universal though it approached universality more closely than previous hypotheses 118 hooke did not provide accompanying evidence or mathematical demonstration he stated in 1674 now what these several degrees of gravitational attraction are i have not yet experimentally verified indicating he did not yet know what law the gravitation might follow and about his whole proposal he said this i only hint at present having my self many other things in hand which i would first compleat and therefore cannot so well attend it i e prosecuting this inquiry 117 in november 1679 hooke initiated a notable exchange of letters with newton that was published in 1960 119 hooke s ostensible purpose was to tell newton he hooke had been appointed to manage the royal society s correspondence 120 hooke therefore wanted to hear from members about their research or their views about the research of others hooke asked newton s opinions about various matters among other items hooke mentioned compounding the celestial motions of the planets of a direct motion by the tangent and an attractive motion towards the central body his hypothesis of the lawes or causes of springinesse a new hypothesis from paris about planetary motions which he described at length efforts to carry out or improve national surveys and the difference of latitude between london and cambridge 121 newton s reply offered a fansy of my own about a terrestrial experiment rather than a proposal about celestial motions that might detect the earth s motion the experiment would use a body suspended in air and then dropped hooke wanted to discern how newton thought the falling body could experimentally reveal the earth s motion by its direction of deviation from the vertical but hooke went on hypothetically to consider how its motion could continue if the solid earth had not been in the way on a spiral path to the centre hooke disagreed with newton s idea of the body s continuing motion a further short correspondence developed towards the end of it writing on 6 january 1680 to newton hooke communicated his supposition that the attraction always is in a duplicate proportion to the distance from the center reciprocall and consequently that the velocity will be in a subduplicate proportion to the attraction and consequently as kepler supposes reciprocall to the distance 122 hooke s inference about the velocity is incorrect 123 in 1686 when the first book of newton s principia was presented to the royal society hooke said he had given newton the notion of the rule of the decrease of gravity being reciprocally as the squares of the distances from the center at the same time according to edmond halley s contemporaneous report hooke agreed the demonstration of the curves generated thereby was wholly newton s 124 according to a 2002 assessment of the early history of the inverse square law by the late 1660s the assumption of an inverse proportion between gravity and the square of distance was rather common and had been advanced by a number of different people for different reasons 125 in the 1660s newton had shown for planetary motion under a circular assumption force in the radial direction had an inverse square relation with distance from the centre 126 newton who in may 1686 was presented with hooke s claim to priority on the inverse square law denied he was to be credited as author of the idea giving reasons including the citation of prior work by others 127 newton also said that even if he had first heard of the inverse square proportion from hooke which newton said he had not he would still have some rights to it because of his mathematical developments and demonstrations these he said enabled observations to be relied upon as evidence of its accuracy while according to newton hooke without mathematical demonstrations and evidence in favour of the supposition could only guess it was approximately valid at great distances from the centre 128 newton accepted and acknowledged in all editions of his principia that hooke and others had separately appreciated the inverse square law in the solar system newton acknowledged wren hooke and halley in this connection in his scholium to proposition 4 in book 1 129 in a letter to halley newton also acknowledged his correspondence with hooke in 1679 1680 had reawakened his dormant interest in astronomical matters but that did not mean according to newton hooke had told newton anything new or original newton wrote yet am i not beholden to him for any light into that business but only for the diversion he gave me from my other studies to think on these things for his dogmaticalness in writing as if he had found the motion in the ellipsis which inclined me to try it 130 whilst newton was primarily a pioneer in mathematical analysis and its applications and optical experimentation hooke was a creative experimenter of such great range who left some of his ideas such as those about gravitation undeveloped in 1759 decades after the deaths of both newton and hooke alexis clairaut mathematical astronomer eminent in his own right in the field of gravitational studies reviewed hooke s published work on gravitation according to stephen peter rigaud clairaut wrote the example of hooke and that of kepler serves to show what a distance there is between a truth that is glimpsed and a truth that is demonstrated p 131 i bernard cohen said hooke s claim to the inverse square law has masked newton s far more fundamental debt to him the analysis of curvilinear orbital motion in asking for too much credit hooke effectively denied to himself the credit due him for a seminal idea 132 horology drawing by christiaan huygens of one of his first balance springs which is attached to a balance wheel hooke made important contributions to the science of timekeeping and was intimately involved in the advances of his time these included refinement of the pendulum as a better regulator for clocks increased precision of clock mechanisms and the use of the balance spring to improve the timekeeping of watches galileo had observed the regularity of a pendulum and huygens first incorporated it in a clock 133 in 1668 hooke demonstrated his new device to keep a pendulum swinging regularly in unsteady conditions 134 his invention of a tooth cutting machine enabled a substantial improvement in the accuracy and precision of timepieces 134 waller reported the invention was by hooke s death in constant use among clock makers 89 hooke announced he conceived a way to build a marine chronometer to determine longitude 135 q and with the help of boyle and others he attempted to patent it in the process hooke demonstrated a pocket watch of his own devising that was fitted with a coil spring attached to the arbour of the balance hooke s refusal to accept an escape clause in the proposed exclusive contract for the use of this idea resulted in its abandonment 135 r hooke developed the principle of the balance spring independently of huygens and at least five years beforehand 136 huygens published his own work in journal de scavans in february 1675 and built the first functioning watch to use a balance spring 137 microscopy main article micrographia in 1663 and 1664 hooke made his microscopic and some astronomic observations which he collated in micrographia in 1665 his book which describes observations with microscopes and telescopes as well as original work in biology contains the earliest recorded observation of a microorganism the microfungus mucor 13 14 hooke coined the term cell suggesting a resemblance between plant structures and honeycomb cells 138 the hand crafted leather and gold tooled microscope he designed and used to make the observations for micrographia which christopher cock made for him in london is on display at the national museum of health and medicine in maryland 7 hooke s work developed from that of henry power who published his microscopy work in experimental philosophy 1663 6 in turn the dutch scientist antonie van leeuwenhoek went on to develop increased magnification and so reveal protozoa blood cells and spermatozoa 139 140 micrographia also contains hooke s or perhaps boyle s and hooke s ideas on combustion hooke s experiments led him to conclude combustion involves a component of air a statement with which modern scientists would agree but that was not understood widely if at all in the seventeenth century he also concluded respiration and combustion involve a specific and limited component of air 141 according to partington if hooke had continued his experiments on combustion it is probable that he would have discovered oxygen 142 samuel pepys wrote of the book in his diary on 21 january 16 64 65 a before i went to bed i sat up till two o clock in my chamber reading of mr hooke s microscopicall observations the most ingenious book that ever i read in my life 143 hooke s microscopy hooke s microscope from an engraving in micrographia hooke s microscope 7 engraving of a louse from hooke s micrographia hooke s drawing of a flea cell structure of cork by hooke palaeontology and geology one of the observations in micrographia is of fossil wood the microscopic structure of which hooke compared to that of ordinary wood this led him to conclude that fossilised objects like petrified wood and fossil shells such as ammonites were the remains of living things that had been soaked in mineral laden petrifying water 144 he believed that such fossils provided reliable clues about the history of life on earth and despite the objections of contemporary naturalists like john ray who found the concept of extinction theologically unacceptable that in some cases they might represent species that had become extinct through some geological disaster 145 in a series of lectures in 1668 hooke proposed the then heretical idea the earth s surface had been formed by volcanoes and earthquakes and that the latter were responsible for shell fossils being found far above sea level 146 in 1835 charles lyell the scottish geologist and associate of charles darwin wrote of hooke in principles of geology his treatise is the most philosophical production of that age in regard to the causes of former changes in the organic and inorganic kingdoms of nature 147 memory hooke s scientific model of human memory was one of the first of its kind in a 1682 lecture to the royal society hooke proposed a mechanical analogue model of human memory that bore little resemblance to the mainly philosophical models of earlier writers 148 this model addressed the components of encoding memory capacity repetition retrieval and forgetting some with surprisingly modern accuracy 149 according to psychology professor douglas hintzman hooke s model s most interesting points are that it allows for attention and other top down influences on encoding it uses resonance to implement parallel cue dependent retrieval it explains memory for recency it offers a single system account of repetition and priming and the power law of forgetting can be derived from the model s assumption in a straightforward way 149 other on 8 july 1680 hooke observed the nodal patterns associated with the modes of vibration of glass plates he ran a bow along the edge of a flour covered glass plate and saw the nodal patterns emerge 150 151 in acoustics in 1681 hooke showed the royal society that musical tones can be generated using spinning brass cogs cut with teeth in particular proportions 152 architecture church of st mary magdalene at willen milton keynes designed by hooke detail from ogilby and morgan s most accurate survey of the city of london and libertyes therof 153 robert hooke was surveyor to the city of london and chief assistant to christopher wren in which capacities he helped wren rebuild london after the great fire of 1666 154 hooke designed the monument to the great fire of london 1672 155 156 s montagu house in bloomsbury 1674 157 and bethlem royal hospital 1674 which became known as bedlam 158 other buildings hooke designed include the royal college of physicians 1679 159 aske s hospital 1679 160 ragley hall warwickshire 1680 161 the church of st mary magdalene at willen buckinghamshire 1680 162 and ramsbury manor wiltshire 1681 163 he worked on many of the london churches that were rebuilt after the fire hooke was generally subcontracted by wren from 1671 to 1696 wren s office paid hooke 2 820 in fees t more than he ever earned from his royal society and cutler lectureship posts 164 wren and hooke were both keen astronomers the monument to the great fire of london was designed to serve a scientific function as a zenith telescope for astronomical observation though traffic vibration made it unusable for this purpose 165 166 the legacy of this can be observed in the construction of the spiral staircase which has no central column and in the observation chamber which remains in place below ground level he also collaborated with wren on the design of st paul s cathedral hooke determined the ideal shape of an arch is an inverted catenary and thence that a circular series of such arches makes an ideal shape for the cathedral s dome 109 in the reconstruction after the great fire hooke proposed redesigning london s streets on a grid pattern with wide boulevards and arteries 167 for which wren and others also submitted proposals the king decided both the prospective cost of building and compensation and the need to quickly restore trade and population meant the city would be rebuilt on the original property lines 168 hooke was given the task of surveying the ruins to identify foundations street edges and property boundaries he was closely involved with the drafting of an act of common council april 1667 which set out the process by which the original foundations would be formally recognised and certificated 169 according to lisa jardine in the four weeks from the 4th of october hooke helped map the fire damaged area began compiling a land information system for london and drew up building regulations for an act of parliament to govern the rebuilding 170 stephen inwood said the surveyors reports which were generally written by hooke show an admirable ability to get to the nub of intricate neighbourly squabbles and to produce a crisp and judicious recommendation from a tangle of claims and counter claims 171 hooke also had to measure and certify land that would be compulsorily purchased for the planned road widening so compensation could be paid 172 in 1670 he was appointed surveyor of the royal works 173...
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