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rawing influence from these notably the fn 6 and the qw series through the evolution of sams improvements were also being made to anti aircraft artillery but the missiles pushed them into ever shorter range roles by the 1980s the only remaining widespread use was point defense of airfields and ships especially against cruise missiles by the 1990s even these roles were being encroached on by new manpads and similar short range weapons like the rim 116 rolling airframe missile general information edit surface to air missiles are classified by their guidance mobility altitude and range mobility maneuverability and range edit long range sams like the rim 161 are an important part of modern naval forces fk 3 the export version of the chinese hq 22 system of the serbian air force and air defence missiles able to fly longer distances are generally heavier and therefore less mobile this leads to three natural classes of sam systems heavy long range systems that are fixed or semi mobile medium range vehicle mounted systems that can fire on the move and short range man portable air defense systems manpads the david s sling stunner missile is designed for super maneuverability a three pulse motor activates only during the kill stage providing additional acceleration and maneuverability 35 modern long range weapons include the mim 104 patriot and s 300 systems which have effective ranges on the order of 150 km 93 mi and offer relatively good mobility and short unlimbering times these compare with older systems with similar or less range like the mim 14 nike hercules or s 75 dvina which required fixed sites of considerable size much of this performance increase is due to improved rocket fuels and ever smaller electronics in the guidance systems some very long range systems remain notably the russian s 400 which has a range of 400 km 250 mi 36 medium range designs like the rapier and 2k12 kub are specifically designed to be highly mobile with very fast or zero setup times many of these designs were mounted on armoured vehicles allowing them to keep pace with mobile operations in a conventional war once a major group unto itself medium range designs have seen less development since the 1990s as the focus has changed to unconventional warfare developments have also been made in onboard maneuverability israel s david s sling stunner missile is designed to intercept the newest generation of tactical ballistic missiles at low altitude the multi stage interceptor consists of a solid fuel rocket motor booster followed by an asymmetrical kill vehicle with advanced steering for super maneuverability during the kill stage a three pulse motor provides additional acceleration and maneuverability during the terminal phase 35 manpad systems first developed in the 1960s and proved themselves in battle during the 1970s manpads normally have ranges on the order of 3 km 1 9 mi and are effective against attack helicopters and aircraft making ground attacks against fixed wing aircraft they can be very effective forcing them to fly outside the missile s envelope and thereby greatly reducing their effectiveness in ground attack roles manpad systems are sometimes used with vehicle mounts to improve maneuverability like the avenger system these systems have encroached on the performance niche formerly filled by dedicated mid range systems ship based anti aircraft missiles are also considered to be sams although in practice it is expected that they would be more widely used against sea skimming missiles rather than aircraft citation needed virtually all surface warships can be armed with sams and naval sams are a necessity for all front line surface warships some warship types specialize in anti air warfare e g ticonderoga class cruisers equipped with the aegis combat system or kirov class cruisers with the s 300f fort missile system modern warships may carry all three types from long range to short range of sams as a part of their multi layered air defence guidance systems edit main article missile guidance fire control radar of iranian bavar 373 sam system israel s arrow 3 missiles use a gimbaled seeker for hemispheric coverage by measuring the seeker s line of sight propagation relative to the vehicle s motion they use proportional navigation to divert their course and line up exactly with the target s flight path 37 sam systems generally fall into two broad groups based on their guidance systems those using radar and those using some other means longer range missiles generally use radar for early detection and guidance early sam systems generally used tracking radars and fed guidance information to the missile using radio control concepts referred to in the field as command guidance through the 1960s the semi active radar homing sarh concept became much more common in sarh the reflections of the tracking radar s broadcasts are picked up by a receiver in the missile which homes in on this signal sarh has the advantage of leaving most of the equipment on the ground while also eliminating the need for the ground station to communicate with the missile after launch smaller missiles especially manpads generally use infrared homing guidance systems these have the advantage of being fire and forget once launched they will home on the target on their own with no external signals needed in comparison sarh systems require the tracking radar to illuminate the target which may require them to be exposed through the attack systems combining an infrared seeker as a terminal guidance system on a missile using sarh are also known like the mim 46 mauler but these are generally rare some newer short range systems use a variation of the sarh technique but based on laser illumination instead of radar these have the advantage of being small and very fast acting as well as highly accurate a few older designs use purely optical tracking and command guidance perhaps the best known example of this is the british rapier system which was initially an all optical system with high accuracy all sam systems from the smallest to the largest generally include identified as friend or foe iff systems to help identify the target before being engaged while iff is not as important with manpads as the target is almost always visually identified prior to launch most modern manpads do include it target acquisition edit a jasdf soldier uses the optical sight on the type 91 kai manpads to acquire a mock airborne target the prominent vertical metal devices on the left are the iff antennas a u s marine antiaircraft gunner aims his stinger at a location indicated by a spotter long range systems generally use radar systems for target detection and depending on the generation of system may hand off to a separate tracking radar for attack short range systems are more likely to be entirely visual for detection hybrid systems are also common the mim 72 chaparral was fired optically but normally operated with a short range early warning radar that displayed targets to the operator this radar the faar was taken into the field with a gama goat and set up behind the lines information was passed to the chaparral via a data link likewise the uk s rapier system included a simple radar that displayed the rough direction of a target on a series of lamps arranged in a circle the missile operator would point his telescope in that rough direction and then hunt for the target visually see also edit list of surface to air missiles anti aircraft warfare man portable air defense systems missile guidance list of anti aircraft weapons list of nato reporting names for surface to air missiles suppression of enemy air defenses sead the mission of finding and destroying sam and aa gun installations the sead mission in the united states air force is designated wild weasel references edit notes this is a quote of a quote and the original source is not available axthelm almost certainly stated these numbers in metric terms the introduction of effective sams led to the cancellation of the b 70 bomber and the prohibition of crewed reconnaissance flights over the soviet union citations wragg david w 1973 a dictionary of aviation first ed osprey p 254 isbn 9780850451634 evolution of the guided missile flight international reed business information 4 may 1951 p 535 archived from the original on 15 may 2013 retrieved 30 october 2025 corporation bonnier 1 july 1931 popular science bonnier corporation archived from the original on 29 june 2016 retrieved 25 november 2015 via google books westerman 2001 p 197 1 2 westerman 2001 p 111 westerman 2001 p 78 westerman 2001 p 112 scheufeln taifun raf museum archived from the original on 10 january 2004 retrieved 2006 07 16 cite web cs1 maint bot original url status unknown link speer albert 1970 inside the third reich macmillan p 492 1 2 3 a brief history of white sands proving ground 1941 1965 pdf new mexico state university archived from the original pdf on 2014 10 28 retrieved 2010 08 19 talos missile history hays philip r archived from the original on 2013 06 22 retrieved 2010 08 19 hays phillip history of the talos missile okieboat com archived from the original on 22 june 2013 retrieved 31 october 2025 1 2 taylor 1975 p 45 flight 1947 p 345 parsch 2003 1 2 nike zeus archived 2013 09 28 at the wayback machine flight international 2 august 1962 the boeing im 99 cim 10 bomarc national air defense radar museum retrieved 30 october 2025 swiss guided missile pdf flight flight international 7 january 1955 p 7 archived from the original pdf on 15 may 2013 retrieved 30 october 2025 guided missiles flight flight international 7 december 1956 p 910 archived from the original on 15 may 2013 retrieved 30 october 2025 bill gunston rockets missiles salamander books 1979 p 156 the illustrated encyclopedia of 20th century weapons and warfare vol 11 pp 1175 1176 general editor bernard fitzsimons purnell sons ltd 1967 68 gruntman mike 2015 intercept 1961 the birth of soviet missile defense 1st ed reston va isbn 9781624103490 cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link gruntman mike april 2016 intercept 1961 from air defense sa 1 to missile defense system a scanning our past proceedings of the ieee 104 4 883 890 doi 10 1109 jproc 2016 2537023 issn 1558 2256 s 75 encyclopedia astronautica archived from the original on 5 october 2012 retrieved 31 october 2025 bloodhound the sagw system of the royal air force flight international flight international 23 october 1959 pp 431 438 archived from the original on 1 november 2013 retrieved 31 october 2025 thunderbird flight international flight international 25 september 1959 pp 295 299 302 303 archived from the original on 3 october 2013 retrieved 31 october 2025 seaslug the most missile in the least space flight international flight international 21 november 1958 pp 790 794 archived from the original on 1 november 2013 retrieved 31 october 2025 michel iii p 1 4 steven zaloga red sam the sa 2 guideline anti aircraft missile osprey publishing 2007 p 22 marshall michel the christmas bombing archived 2013 06 21 at the wayback machine air and space january 2001 zaloga steven j red sam the sa 2 guideline anti aircraft missile osprey publishing 2007 isbn 978 1 84603 062 8 p 22 русская двина сбив сотни фантомов довела американцев до психоза статьи история свободная пресса in russian 14 october 2018 davies p 72 74 seacat the guided missile to defend small ships flight international flight international 5 september 1963 p 438 archived from the original on 1 november 2013 retrieved 31 october 2025 1 2 fulghum david a 23 september 2010 missile killing interceptors eyed by israel us aviation week s dti s 400 triumf missile threat retrieved 2024 10 09 eshel david 2010 02 12 israel upgrades its antimissile plans aviation week space technology archived from the original on 2012 05 09 retrieved 2010 02 13 bibliography davies peter f 105 wild weasel vs sa 2 guideline sam vietnam 1965 73 osprey 2011 isbn 978 1 84908 471 0 hobson chris vietnam air losses united states air force navy and marine corps fixed wing aircraft losses in southeast asia 1961 1973 midland publishing 2001 isbn 1 85780 115 6 michel iii marshal l clashes air combat over north vietnam 1965 1972 1997 naval institute press isbn 978 1 59114 519 6 westerman edward 2001 flak german anti aircraft defenses 1914 1945 university press of kansas isbn 0700614206 artofwar шеломытов геннадий яковлевич все считали что такого не могло быть никогда óêðà íñüêà ñï³ëêà âåòåðàí³â àôãàí³ñòàíó âî í³â ³íòåðíàö³îíàë³ñò³â âüåòíàì êàê ýòî áûëî external links edit wikisource has several original texts related to audio recordings and transcripts of wild weasel missions flown during the vietnam war including attacks on sam sites media related to surface to air missiles at wikimedia commons rest of world missile systems archived 2016 05 28 at the wayback machine from the federation of american scientists website rim 2 terrier sam intercepts a f6f drone v t e types of missile by platform air launched ballistic missile albm air launched cruise missile alcm air to air missile aam air to surface missile asm ballistic missile cruise missile intercontinental ballistic missile icbm intermediate range ballistic missile irbm short range ballistic missile srbm shoulder fired missile standoff weapon submarine launched ballistic missile slbm submarine launched cruise missile slcm surface to air missile sam surface to surface missile ssm tactical ballistic missile tbm ground launched cruise missile glcm theatre ballistic missile tbm medium range ballistic missile mrbm by target type anti ballistic missile abm anti radiation missile arm anti satellite weapon asat anti ship ballistic missile asbm anti ship missile ashm anti submarine missile asum anti tank missile atgm land attack missile lam man portable air defense system manpads by guidance unguided radar guidance radar altimeter active radar homing arh semi active radar homing sarh passive radar passive homing track via missile tvm anti radiation command guidance command to line of sight clos command off line of sight colos manual command to line of sight mclos semi automatic command to line of sight saclos automatic command to line of sight aclos proportional navigation pursuit guidance beam riding losbr infrared guidance laser guidance wire guidance satellite guidance global positioning system gps glonass inertial guidance astro inertial guidance terrestrial guidance tercom dsmac automatic target recognition atr radio guidance tv guidance contrast seeker predicted line of sight plos lists list of military rockets list of missiles list of missiles by country list of anti ship missiles list of anti tank missiles list of icbms list of surface to air missiles see also sounding rocket v t e nato designation for russian and former soviet union missiles air to air full list aa 1 alkali aa 2 atoll aa 3 anab aa 4 awl aa 5 ash aa 6 acrid aa 7 apex aa 8 aphid aa 9 amos aa 10 alamo aa 11 archer aa 12 ...
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