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r subsection 5 1 nouns 5 2 prepositions 6 vocabulary 7 writing system 8 history 9 see also 10 references 11 further reading 12 external links toggle the table of contents tajik language 117 languages аԥсшәа afrikaans አማርኛ अंगिका العربية مصرى asturianu azərbaycanca تۆرکجه беларуская тарашкевіца беларуская български भोजपुरी বাংলা brezhoneg bosanski català нохчийн کوردی qırımtatarca čeština словѣньскъ ⱄⰾⱁⰲⱑⱀⱐⱄⰽⱏ чӑвашла dansk deutsch zazaki ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français nordfriisk gaeilge galego 客家語 hak kâ ngî עברית हिन्दी fiji hindi hrvatski hornjoserbsce magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia ilokano íslenska italiano 日本語 jawa ქართული kumoring қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ 한국어 کٲشُر коми кыргызча latina lingua franca nova lietuvių latviešu malagasy олык марий māori македонски മലയാളം монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ मराठी bahasa melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ مازِرونی plattdüütsch nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ polski piemontèis پنجابی پښتو português runa simi română русский ikinyarwanda саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ scots srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenčina slovenščina српски srpski svenska kiswahili தமிழ் తెలుగు тоҷикӣ ไทย tagalog tolışi türkçe удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە uyghurche українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tiếng việt 吴语 მარგალური 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikibooks wikifunctions wikivoyage wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia variety of persian language tajik tajiki persian тоҷикӣ tojikī تاجيکى or تاجکى форсии тоҷикӣ forsii tojikī فارسى تاجيکى or فارسى تاجکى tojikī written in cyrillic script and perso arabic script nastaʿlīq calligraphy native to tajikistan uzbekistan region central asia ethnicity tajiks native speakers 10 5 million 2022 2023 1 language family indo european indo iranian iranian western iranian southwestern iranian persian eastern persian tajik dialects bukharian writing system cyrillic tajik alphabet historically arabic persian alphabet latin yañalif based hebrew by bukharan jews tajik braille official status official language in tajikistan recognised minority language in uzbekistan russia regulated by rudaki institute of language and literature language codes iso 639 1 tg iso 639 2 tgk iso 639 3 tgk glottolog taji1245 linguasphere 58 aac ci areas where tajik speakers comprise a majority shown in dark purple and areas where tajik speakers comprise a sizeable minority shown in light purple citation needed this article contains ipa phonetic symbols without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of unicode characters for an introductory guide on ipa symbols see help ipa part of a series on tajiks history and culture language culture art sart population afghanistan canada pakistan tajikistan united states uzbekistan v t e a man speaking tajik tajik 2 a tajik persian tajiki persian b also called tajiki is the variety of persian spoken in tajikistan and uzbekistan by ethnic tajiks it is closely related to neighbouring dari in afghanistan with which it forms a continuum of mutually intelligible varieties of the persian language several scholars consider tajik to be a dialectal variety of persian rather than a language in its own right 3 4 5 the question of whether tajik and persian should be considered two dialects of a single language or two discrete languages 6 has political aspects to it 7 through early new persian tajik like iranian persian and dari persian is a continuation of middle persian the official administrative religious and literary language of the sasanian empire 224 651 ce itself a continuation of old persian the language of the achaemenid empire 550 330 bc 8 9 10 11 tajiki is one of the two official languages of tajikistan the other being russian 12 13 which serves as the official interethnic language in afghanistan this language is less influenced by turkic languages and is regarded as a form of dari which has co official status 14 the tajiki persian of tajikistan has diverged from persian as spoken in afghanistan and even more from that of iran owing to political borders geographical isolation standardisation processes and the influence of russian and neighbouring turkic languages the standard language is based on the north western dialects of tajik the region of the old major city of samarqand which have been somewhat influenced by the neighbouring uzbek language as a result of geographical proximity tajik also retains numerous archaic elements in its vocabulary pronunciation and grammar that have been lost elsewhere in the persophone world in part because of its relative isolation in the mountains of central asia name edit up to and including the 19th century speakers in afghanistan and central asia had no separate name for the language and simply regarded themselves as speaking farsi which is the endonym for the persian language the term tajik derives from persian although it has been adopted by the speakers themselves 15 for most of the 20th century its name was rendered in the russian spelling of tadzhik 16 in 1989 with the growth of tajik nationalism a law was enacted declaring tajik the state national language with russian as the official language as throughout the union 17 in addition the law officially equated tajik with persian placing the word farsi the endonym for the persian language after tajik the law also called for a gradual reintroduction of the perso arabic alphabet 18 19 20 in 1999 the word farsi was removed from the state language law 21 geographical distribution edit two major cities of central asia samarkand and bukhara are in present day uzbekistan but are defined by a prominent native usage of the tajik language 22 better source needed 23 today virtually all tajik speakers in bukhara are bilingual in tajik and uzbek citation needed this tajik uzbek bilingualism has had a strong influence on the phonology morphology and syntax of bukharan tajik 24 tajiks are also found in large numbers in the surxondaryo region in the south and along uzbekistan s eastern border with tajikistan tajiki is still spoken by the majority of the population in samarkand and bukhara today although as richard foltz has noted their spoken dialects diverge considerably from the standard literary language and most cannot read it 25 official statistics in uzbekistan state that the tajik community comprises 5 of the nation s total population 26 however these numbers do not include ethnic tajiks who for a variety of reasons choose to identify themselves as uzbeks in population census forms 27 during the soviet uzbekisation supervised by sharof rashidov the head of the uzbek communist party tajiks had to choose either to stay in uzbekistan and be registered as uzbek in their passports or to leave the republic for the less developed agricultural and mountainous tajikistan 28 the uzbekisation movement ended in 1924 29 in tajikistan tajiks constitute 80 of the population and the language dominates in most parts of the country some tajiks in gorno badakhshan in south eastern tajikistan where the pamir languages are the native languages of most residents are bilingual tajiks are the dominant ethnic group in northern afghanistan as well and are also the majority group in scattered pockets elsewhere in the country particularly in urban areas such as kabul mazar i sharif kunduz ghazni and herat tajiks constitute between 25 and 35 of the total population of the country in afghanistan the dialects spoken by ethnic tajiks are written using the persian alphabet and referred to as dari along with the dialects of other groups in afghanistan such as the hazaragi and aimaq dialects approximately 48 58 of afghan citizens are native speakers of dari 30 a large tajik speaking diaspora exists owing to the instability that has plagued central asia in recent years with significant numbers of tajiks found in russia kazakhstan and beyond this tajik diaspora is also the result of the poor state of the economy of tajikistan each year approximately one million men leave tajikistan to find employment in russia 31 dialects edit tajik dialects can be roughly divided into the following groups northern dialects northern tajikistan bukhara samarkand kyrgyzstan and the varzob valley region of dushanbe 32 central dialects dialects of the upper zarafshan valley 32 southern dialects south and east of dushanbe kulob and the rasht region of tajikistan 32 southeastern dialects dialects of the darvoz region and the amu darya near rushon 32 the dialect used by the bukharan jews of central asia is known as the bukhori dialect and belongs to the northern dialect grouping it is chiefly distinguished by the inclusion of hebrew terms principally religious vocabulary and the historical use of the hebrew alphabet despite these differences bukhori is readily intelligible to other tajik speakers particularly speakers of northern dialects a very important moment in the development of contemporary tajik especially of the spoken language is the tendency towards a change in its dialectal orientation the dialects of northern tajikistan were the foundation of the prevalent standard tajik while the southern dialects did not enjoy either popularity or prestige now all politicians and public officials make their speeches in the kulob dialect which is also used in broadcasting 33 phonology edit vowels edit the table below lists the six vowel phonemes in standard literary tajik letters from the tajik cyrillic alphabet are given first followed by ipa transcription local dialects frequently have more than the six seen below tajik vowels 34 front central back close и ӣ i у u mid е e̞ ӯ ɵ̞ o̞ open а a æ о ɔ in northern and uzbek dialects classical o̞ has shifted forward in the mouth to ɵ̞ in central and southern dialects classical o̞ has shifted upward and merged into u 35 in the zarafshon dialect earlier u has shifted to y or ʊ however u from earlier ɵ remained possibly due to influence from yaghnobi 36 the open back vowel has varyingly been described as mid back o̞ 37 38 ɒ 39 ɔ 7 and ɔː 40 it is analogous to early new classical and dari afghan persian ā and iranian persian â i e long a however it is standardly not a back vowel 41 the vowel ӣ ӣ usually represents a stressed i at the end of a word however not all instances of ӣ ӣ are stressed as can be seen with the second person singular suffix ӣ remaining unstressed the vowels i u and a may be reduced to ə in unstressed syllables consonants edit the tajik language contains 24 consonants 16 of which form contrastive pairs by voicing б п в ф д т з с ж ш ҷ ч г к ғ х 34 the table below lists the consonant phonemes in standard literary tajik letters from the tajik cyrillic alphabet are given first followed by ipa transcription labial dental alveolar post alv palatal velar uvular glottal nasal м m н n stop affricate voiceless п p т t ч tʃ к k қ q ъ ʔ voiced б b д d ҷ dʒ г ɡ fricative voiceless ф f с s ш ʃ х χ ҳ h voiced в v з z ж ʒ ғ ʁ approximant л l й j trill р r at least in the dialect of bukhara ч ч and ҷ ҷ are pronounced tɕ and dʑ respectively with ш ш and ж ж also being ɕ and ʑ 42 word stress edit word stress generally falls on the first syllable in finite verb forms and on the last syllable in nouns and noun like words 34 examples of where stress does not fall on the last syllable are adverbs like бале bale meaning yes and зеро zero meaning because stress also does not fall on enclitics nor on the marker of the direct object grammar edit main article tajik grammar the word order of tajiki persian is subject object verb tajik persian grammar is similar to the classical persian grammar and the grammar of modern varieties such as iranian persian 43 the most notable difference between classical persian grammar and tajik persian grammar is the construction of the present progressive tense in each language in tajik the present progressive form consists of a present progressive participle from the verb истодан istodan to stand and a cliticised form of the verb acт ast to be 7 ман man i мактуб maktub letter навишта navišta write истода ам istoda am be ман мактуб навишта истода ам man maktub navišta istoda am i letter write be i am writing a letter in iranian persian the present progressive form consists of the verb دار dār to have followed by a conjugated verb in either the simple present tense the habitual past tense or the habitual past perfect tense 44 من man i دارم dār am have کار kār work می کنم mē kun am do من دارم کار می کنم man dār am kār mē kun am i have work do i am working nouns edit nouns are not marked for grammatical gender although they are marked for number two forms of grammatical number exist in tajik singular and plural the plural is marked by either the suffix ҳо ho or он on with contextual variants ён yon and гон gon although arabic loan words do use arabic forms thus forming irregular plurals there is no definite article but the indefinite article exists in the form of the number one як yak and е e the first positioned before the noun and the second joining the noun as a suffix when a noun is used as a direct object it is marked by the suffix ро ro e g рустамро задам rustam ro zadam i hit rustam this direct object suffix is added to the word after any plural suffixes the form ро can be literary or formal in older forms of the persian language ро could indicate both direct and indirect objects and some phrases used in modern persian and tajik have maintained this suffix on indirect objects as seen in the following example худоро шукр خدا را شکر xudoro šukr thank god modern persian does not use the direct object marker as a suffix on the noun but rather as a stand alone morpheme 34 prepositions edit simple prepositions tajik english аз az from through across ба ba to бар bar on upon onto бе be without бо bo with дар dar at in то to up to as far as until чун čun like as vocabulary edit tajik is conservative in its vocabulary retaining numerous terms that have long since fallen into disuse in iran and afghanistan such as арзиз ارزیز arziz tin and фарбеҳ فربه farbeh fat most modern loan words in tajik come from russian as a result of tajikistan s position within the soviet union the vast majority of these russian loanwords have entered the tajik language through the fields of socioeconomics technology and government where most of the concepts and vocabulary have been borrowed from russian the introduction of russian loanwords into tajik was largely justified under soviet policy of modernisation and the necessary subordination of all languages to russian for the achievement of a communist state 45 vocabulary also comes from the geographically close uzbek language and as...
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