Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
and, bikini, to, atoll, culture, resident, trust, failed, world, site, nuclear, kili, island, diving, program, contents, etymology, environment, non, population, history, funds, claims, heritage, visitor, access, 21st, century, habitable, condition, in, popular, gallery, see, also, notes, references, external, links, clothing, dress, land, based, wealth, language, test, geography, flora, fauna, climate, japanese, occupation, war, ii, residents, relocated, relocation, lagoon, on, shore, facilities, liveaboard, sportfishing, shipwrecks, cinema, television, shows, swimsuit, design, bibliography, testing, strategic, territory, move, resettlement, return,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (936), and (309), #bikini (242), atoll (185), from (169), islands (117), for (99), archived (96), original (92), island (87), marshall (86), retrieved (83), were (80), nuclear (77), was (74), 2013 (70), with (61), that (61), august (60), islanders (60), they (48), edit (44), trust (43), their (39), june (38), united (38), kili (38), july (37), states (36), testing (35), may (32), fund (31), are (30), tests (29), after (29), land (29), about (28), test (28), history (28), pdf (28), this (27), residents (26), world (25), other (25), people (25), had (25), marshallese (24), 1946 (23), site (22), 2023 (22), million (22), lagoon (22), which (22), there (21), pacific (20), not (20), october (20), have (20), september (19), articles (19), 2024 (19), new (19), 2007 (19), one (19), march (18), but (18), when (18), than (18), food (18), atomic (17), operation (17), first (17), population (17), 2021 (16), all (16), radiation (16), 2012 (16), japanese (16), government (15), majuro (14), kwajalein (14), rongerik (14), two (14), who (14), main (14), home (14), moved (14), fallout (13), culture (13), territory (13), 2010 (13), diving (13), living (13), women (13), during (13), january (12), weapons (12), war (12), has (12), november (12), years (12), return (12), would (12), navy (12), also (12), part (12), relocated (12), been (12), used (12), coconut (12), english (11), heritage (11), through (11), bomb (11), doi (11), isbn (11), 2022 (11), divers (11), coral (11), yield (11), article (11), because (11), year (11), some (11), lived (11), its (11), only (11), caesium (11), use (10), long (10), american (10), december (10), com (10), program (10), april (10), resettlement (10), 2001 (10), time (10), 2016 (10), air (10), ships (10), series (10), fishing (10), community (10), total (10), them (10), between (10), 000 (10), levels (10), 137 (10), uss (10), council (10), based (10), more (10), toggle (9), short (9), atolls (9), crossroads (9), public (9), 2017 (9), what (9), health (9), radiological (9), spongebob (9), while (9), around (9), high (9), made (9), his (9), 100 (9), left (9), found (9), could (9), dive (9), family (9), miles (9), radioactive (9), copra (9), statements (8), links (8), language (8), conducted (8), northern (8), compact (8), department (8), energy (8), press (8), february (8), 2009 (8), popular (8), local (8), claims (8), battle (8), again (8), ocean (8), number (8), out (8), square (8), bottom (8), live (8), then (8), soil (8), map (8), visitors (8), much (8), each (8), began (8), families (8), move (8), wikipedia (7), under (7), containing (7), potentially (7), 2008 (7), 2019 (7), many (7), 2020 (7), chain (7), control (7), hardtack (7), castle (7), jaluit (7), enewetak (7), german (7), university (7), relocation (7), bravo (7), 2015 (7), hawaii (7), 2006 (7), over (7), name (7), another (7), men (7), able (7), traditional (7), can (7), few (7), scientists (7), due (7), century (7), aircraft (7), reef (7), fish (7), most (7), including (7), sea (7), failed (7), 1978 (7), 1948 (7), you (6), cs1 (6), references (6), wayback (6), settlement (6), sites (6), national (6), free (6), association (6), colonial (6), how (6), leaders (6), cultural (6), pmid (6), conditions (6), 978 (6), very (6), king (6), master (6), unesco (6), times (6), state (6), became (6), area (6), 167 (6), although (6), like (6), named (6), along (6), term (6), low (6), longer (6), relocate (6), update (6), combined (6), three (6), contamination (6), location (6), paid (6), produce (6), small (6), needed (6), later (6), inhabitants (6), water (6), ship (6), resident (6), until (6), 165 (6), subsection (6), search (5), additional (5), terms (5), using (5), page (5), link (5), dated (5), dead (5), external (5), republic (5), japan (5), international (5), nevada (5), against (5), human (5), related (5), operations (5), school (5), climate (5), naval (5), machine (5), bibcode (5), encyclopedia (5), 2011 (5), swimsuit (5), news (5), squarepants (5), theory (5), research (5), scuba (5), agency (5), york (5), cleanup (5), age (5), official (5), strategic (5), eschscholtz (5), streck (5), stopped (5), data (5), late (5), place (5), less (5), four (5), detonated (5), where (5), clothing (5), well (5), result (5), once (5), starvation (5), since (5), now (5), end (5), given (5), second (5), larger (5), feet (5), income (5), must (5), environment (5), funds (5), further (5), however (5), safe (5), into (5), provide (5), learned (5), plants (5), evacuated (5), 1972 (5), pandanus (5), both (5), 1958 (5), enough (5), megatons (5), called (5), chief (5), languages (4), table (4), contents (4), view (4), contact (4), commons (4), last (4), 2026 (4), wikidata (4), maint (4), reliable (4), 2014 (4), unsourced (4), ralik (4), org (4), grade (4), project (4), sand (4), submarine (4), defense (4), military (4), rights (4), ujae (4), geography (4), seas (4), base (4), gone (4), resources (4), results (4), media (4), simon (4), 1097 (4), physics (4), 1998 (4), review (4), niedenthal (4), jack (4), facts (4), information (4), social (4), introduced (4), bombs (4), magazine (4), actor (4), liveaboards (4), johnson (4), issn (4), despite (4), bikinians (4), 1983 (4), days (4), 1885 (4), weisler (4), journal (4), early (4), maddison (4), 1954 (4), damages (4), variety (4), among (4), officials (4), resettled (4), did (4), work (4), above (4), seen (4), access (4), those (4), facilities (4), within (4), old (4), design (4), taking (4), season (4), off (4), shows (4), level (4), life (4), habitable (4), expected (4), scientific (4), get (4), shipwrecks (4), amount (4), built (4), vessels (4), evidence (4), construction (4), capital (4), approximately (4), payments (4), 800 (4), annually (4), per (4), hawaiian (4), totaling (4), homes (4), eneu (4), returned (4), increased (4), runway (4), trees (4), citation (4), samples (4), crabs (4), chose (4), way (4), took (4), secure (4), saavedra (4), account (4), ejit (4), wide (4), generation (4), dress (4), hide (4), sidebar (4), safety (3), text (3), available (3), non (3), organization (3), wikimedia (3), foundation (3), inc (3), copy (3), title (3), service (3), lacking (3), value (3), pages (3), coordinates (3), dates (3), louis (3), plutonium (3), compensation (3), experience (3), day (3), south (3), grounds (3), little (3), indicates (3), park (3), anthem (3), president (3), political (3), namu (3), wōdejebato (3), ujelang (3), western (3), likiep (3), blew (3), assessment (3), sunken (3), fleet (3), washington (3), everything (3), bibliography (3), pmc (3), deposition (3), iaea (3), bulletin (3), 1994 (3), good (3), mankind (3), ruth (3), created (3), brief (3), etymology (3), talk (3), big (3), giff (3), business (3), difficult (3), paradise (3), cite (3), robison (3), request (3), congress (3), tribunal (3), court (3), empire (3), hezel (3), francis (3), monograph (3), honolulu (3), 9780824816438 (3), taint (3), civilization (3), caroline (3), pre (3), 1521 (3), von (3), past (3), charles (3), micronesia (3), 1987 (3), natural (3), edward (3), divemaster (3), 1985 (3), survey (3), reparations (3), five (3), emergency (3), countries (3), radioactivity (3), permanent (3), administration (3), following (3), announced (3), study (3), natives (3), source (3), here (3), see (3), woman (3), breasts (3), private (3), modesty (3), received (3), réard (3), create (3), reaction (3), similar (3), explosion (3), paris (3), wears (3), mat (3), far (3), beginning (3), voice (3), true (3), lawrence (3), know (3), direct (3), wildlife (3), experiencing (3), removed (3), back (3), allow (3), descendants (3), currently (3), visited (3), caretakers (3), make (3), potassium (3), close (3), standard (3), weapon (3), collected (3), concentrations (3), 21st (3), battleship (3), saratoga (3), include (3), authorities (3), contaminated (3), reefs (3), humans (3), complete (3), largest (3), remained (3), top (3), vessel (3), self (3), liveaboard (3), still (3), included (3), dozen (3), detailed (3), 500 (3), representatives (3), required (3), artifacts (3), visitor (3), power (3), major (3), determined (3), across (3), step (3), helped (3), stated (3), acres (3), 350 (3), 150 (3), members (3), process (3), produced (3), award (3), down (3), entire (3), caused (3), established (3), affected (3), 1975 (3), drained (3), children (3), 600 (3), locally (3), several (3), supply (3), supplies (3), finally (3), specifically (3), better (3), extended (3), dangerous (3), discovered (3), increase (3), body (3), strontium (3), debris (3), ended (3), 1956 (3), inadequate (3), canoes (3), 184 (3), size (3), begin (3), individuals (3), soon (3), iroij (3), these (3), 1947 (3), nations (3), occurred (3), detonations (3), six (3), chosen (3), followed (3), baker (3), personal (3), voluntarily (3), hands (3), heads (3), underwater (3), army (3), effect (3), significant (3), captured (3), species (3), stratigraphic (3), contexts (3), 400 (3), though (3), older (3), primary (3), occupied (3), surrounding (3), northwest (3), led (3), ownership (3), tenure (3), society (3), events (3), clan (3), wealth (3), pikinni (3), tools (3), add (2), privacy (2), policy (2), license (2), categories (2), unfit (2), url (2), deprecated (2), archival (2), permanently (2), too (2), cited (2), description (2), index (2), trinity (2), radio (2), desert (2), proving (2), training (2), range (2), central (2), flat (2), mesa (2), redwing (2), ivy (2), guardian (2), emery (2), arbor (2), house (2), system (2), college (2), education (2), flag (2), ronald (2), reagan (2), ballistic (2), missile (2), law (2), relations (2), sunset (2), eastern (2), change (2), mandate (2), guinea (2), served (2), monitor (2), digital (2), collection (2), want (2), issues (2), chronology (2), beck (2), bouville (2), moroz (2), 142 (2), 20622548 (2), 2904645 (2), 0b013e3181bbbfbd (2), 2010heaph (2), 124b (2), 124 (2), stegnar (2), peter (2), vol (2), assessing (2), prospects (2), weisgall (2), jonathan (2), annapolis (2), 55750 (2), 919 (2), institute (2), judson (2), rosebush (2), science (2), studies (2), tiny (2), bikinis (2), channel (2), bbc (2), david (2), gold (2), 2005 (2), north (2), bombers (2), bradley (2), bill (2), debunks (2), fan (2), qsr (2), los (2), via (2), daily (2), post (2), oliver (2), herbrich (2), mon (2), amour (2), florida (2), list (2), destinations (2), future (2), lost (2), diver (2), 1997 (2), web (2), dose (2), weeks (2), thirty (2), fourth (2), session (2), mckenzie (2), pete (2), 0362 (2), 4331 (2), affairs (2), america (2), force (2), victims (2), hamilton (2), maui (2), share (2), nation (2), kattenburg (2), stranded (2), 1920 (2), 207706 (2), jstor (2), germany (2), 237 (2), johann (2), friedrich (2), present (2), archaeology (2), recent (2), archaeological (2), 256 (2), excavation (2), internationalist (2), ghost (2), outside (2), 1988 (2), 315 (2), vegetation (2), geology (2), reference (2), harold (2), 0017 (2), 9078 (2), 2004 (2), 00004032 (2), 199707000 (2), detonation (2), marine (2), biodiversity (2), decades (2), marianas (2), money (2), 1371 (2), customs (2), dictionary (2), travel (2), model (2), commodore (2), ben (2), wyatt (2), settlers (2), discrepancy (2), lists (2), notes (2), takes (2), bunker (2), located (2), gallery (2), thighs (2), swim (2), fine (2), polyester (2), dries (2), quickly (2), limited (2), hired (2), demonstrate (2), print (2), immediate (2), bernardini (2), revealing (2), style (2), explosive (2), fashion (2), described (2), inches (2), 200 (2), manager (2), mother (2), contrast (2), nieded (2), developing (2), except (2), said (2), don (2), friends (2), asked (2), evolved (2), kenny (2), situated (2), television (2), hiroshima (2), mondo (2), documentary (2), effects (2), cinema (2), thought (2), rest (2), peace (2), stay (2), wrote (2), lack (2), alive (2), ever (2), percent (2), rate (2), increasing (2), 880 (2), inhabited (2), potential (2), substantially (2), livermore (2), laboratory (2), reported (2), changed (2), adding (2), group (2), recommended (2), should (2), environmental (2), tested (2), radionuclide (2), condition (2), cruiser (2), nagato (2), destroyer (2), anderson (2), attack (2), transport (2), apa (2), opened (2), sport (2), recovered (2), sportfishing (2), histories (2), undisturbed (2), contains (2), interest (2), depth (2), regarded (2), truk (2), granted (2), alongside (2), operate (2), aboard (2), lingering (2), imported (2), parts (2), week (2), seat (2), shore (2), fewer (2), experienced (2), cost (2), brought (2), prior (2), pay (2), accompany (2), verify (2), remove (2), wrecks (2), tangible (2), sent (2), crater (2), exposed (2), dawn (2), paradoxical (2), try (2), restore (2), electricity (2), depleted (2), real (2), estate (2), boats (2), limits (2), withdrawals (2), buy (2), plane (2), equipment (2), held (2), paying (2), whether (2), trusts (2), payment (2), grown (2), ruled (2), nct (2), loss (2), actions (2), temporary (2), period (2), provided (2), damage (2), intended (2), effective (2), 1986 (2), added (2), wasn (2), tourism (2), services (2), flooding (2), waves (2), covered (2), wells (2), extremely (2), passed (2), tide (2), attend (2), eighth (2), supported (2), houses (2), rely (2), bags (2), rice (2), items (2), canned (2), provides (2), concrete (2), heavy (2), buildings (2), arrived (2), lawsuit (2), lines (2), building (2), millirems (2), readily (2), same (2), abnormally (2), bodies (2), decided (2), eventually (2), team (2), breadfruit (2), federal (2), costs (2), dangerously (2), patterns (2), fold (2), burdens (2), interior (2), commission (2), crops (2), shortly (2), afterward (2), regular (2), replanted (2), problems (2), shortages (2), without (2), tents (2), uninhabited (2), paramount (2), protected (2), destroyed (2), hopping (2), voyages (2), islets (2), seabees (2), mason (2), immediately (2), medical (2), selected (2), went (2), eat (2), ate (2), got (2), arms (2), fall (2), our (2), dying (2), smaller (2), protect (2), alone (2), starving (2), investigators (2), concluded (2), death (2), headquarters (2), economic (2), lands (2), guam (2), round (2), eleven (2), shot (2), higher (2), spread (2), particularly (2), cloud (2), prepare (2), 1108 (2), sixth (2), proved (2), distant (2), making (2), god (2), otemjej (2), rej (2), ilo (2), bein (2), anij (2), seven (2), wanted (2), devices (2), cold (2), represented (2), line (2), vast (2), relatively (2), soldiers (2), rather (2), eniwetok (2), 1914 (2), outpost (2), occupation (2), coconuts (2), native (2), southern (2), trade (2), captain (2), crew (2), killed (2), wood (2), radiocarbon (2), dating (2), husk (2), grow (2), accepted (2), habitation (2), consequently (2), 1200 (2), bce (2), charcoal (2), shells (2), carbon (2), driftwood (2), derived (2), actual (2), leaving (2), deposits (2), meters (2), 550 (2), methods (2), 850 (2), initially (2), waters (2), adjacent (2), months (2), temperature (2), large (2), explosions (2), distributed (2), skilled (2), taro (2), flora (2), fauna (2), 229 (2), 594 (2), initial (2), technology (2), measure (2), estimated (2), known (2), particles (2), hysplit (2), before (2), 2010s (2), pushed (2), help (2), support (2), become (2), current (2), together (2), relatives (2), chiefs (2), alap (2), dri (2), jerbal (2), umu (2), shorts (2), loose (2), traditionally (2), cover (2), especially (2), wore (2), 19th (2), possible (2), meaning (2), surface (2), pʲiɡinnʲi (2), show (2), megaton (2), band (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), changes (2), read (2), norsk (2), bahasa (2), log (2), donate (2), menu (2), topic, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, conduct, legal, contacts, disclaimers, apply, agree, registered, trademark, profit, creative, attribution, sharealike, rendered, parsoid, edited, utc, hidden, category, volume, webarchive, template, infobox, maps, explicitly, gadget, wikiminiatlas, dmy, different, https, php, bikini_atoll, oldid, 1375134858, yale, lux, nara, czech, worldcat, fast, gnd, viaf, authority, databases, vitale, vela, uniform, beyond, reactor, cafe, exposure, act, plowshare, unethical, experimentation, rock, exercises, corbin, harney, chuck, hansen, reed, hadley, alvin, graves, tragedy, museum, topics, atlantic, rifle, parachute, colorado, amchitka, alaska, salmon, mississippi, springs, yucca, rainier, pahute, frenchman, carson, forest, carlsbad, alamogordo, mexico, areas, wigwam, whetstone, upshot, knothole, tumbler, snapper, touchstone, tinderbox, teapot, sunbeam, storax, sculpin, sandstone, roller, coaster, ranger, quicksilver, 58a, praetorian, hood, plumbbob, phalanx, nougat, niblick, musketeer, mandrel, feller, latchkey, julin, teak, cannikin, grommet, grenadier, greenhouse, fusileer, fulcrum, flintlock, fishbowl, starfish, prime, dominic, crosstie, cresset, cornerstone, charioteer, buster, jangle, bowline, bedrock, argus, aqueduct, anvil, parenthesis, feature, indicate, single, italics, populated, bold, roi, namur, memorial, debrum, nrhp, listings, delap, sda, cooperative, usaf, laura, seal, religion, holidays, music, demographics, exports, transportation, telecommunications, economy, parties, lgbtq, legislature, enforcement, foreign, elections, constitution, politics, ebon, namdrik, ailinglaplap, jabat, lib, lemkein, lae, wotho, ailinginae, ruwitūntūn, rongelap, lomilik, limalok, knox, nadikdik, mili, arno, aur, maloelap, erikub, wotje, jemo, ailuk, mejit, toke, utirik, bikar, bokak, taongi, sunrise, ratak, towns, villages, seamounts, administrative, divisions, governors, john, submerged, lagoons, archeology, codename, lauren, donaldson, entry, oceandots, truth, annotated, alsos, library, 2nd, publishers, 982, 9050, pictures, safaritheglobe, 1945, 1950, foster, teacher, 130, 4206, 8030, nonfiction, reading, comprehension, brij, lal, kate, fortune, 2000, 259, 8248, 2265, randomhistory, rocked, hoover, elizabeth, michele, bernadini, westcott, kathryn, affair, universidad, alicante, 7908, 517, etiology, emphasis, germanic, jewish, romance, slavic, campbell, richard, jefferson, carolina, mcfarland, company, 189, 58554961, oclc, 7864, 2139, 186, silverplate, registry, enola, gay, 29s, configured, carry, 2025, youtube, cast, reunites, krabby, patties, esquire, huffpost, staff, burger, angeles, highbeam, hype, soaking, loves, attention, huffington, answers, questions, archiv, filmarchive, diveadventures, stuff, insureandgo, explore, tips, oriskany, shipwreck, pensacola, adds, faces, 2002, advanced, estimates, indies, trader, committee, office, electronic, bureau, gov, report, evaluating, presented, denial, bombing, endures, rnzi, exiled, rising, flee, cruising, phil, rutherford, consulting, standards, nuclearweaponarchive, ratical, chris, survivors, nuke, seek, justice, rally, story, green, planet, maryland, website, newsweek, embassy, partnership, annex, wise, pictorial, record, 2307, 1920georv, 84c, geographical, churchill, william, 199, conchology, gustav, shellers, kirch, appraisal, 292, 144401071, s2cid, 41053094, 1007, bf02231482, 1990, suppl, micronesica, prehistoric, taggart, stewart, associated, man, 333, scubaboard, dave, pena, tony, borrett, lloyd, gwynne, asterisk, gorvett, zaria, www, happen, fosberg, raymond, 5479, 00775630, kenneth, tracey, ladd, geological, 3133, pp260a, nearby, centre, threat, reduction, andré, brian, steven, 9199235, 00022, 1997heaph, 258s, 258, compilation, zoe, richards, maria, beger, silvia, pinca, carden, wallace, 515, 18187160, 1016, marpolbul, 018, 2008marpb, 503r, 503, pollution, resilience, rnz, mismanagement, views, cultures, guyer, levy, issue, 1376, 11527760, 1446783, 2105, ajph, ann, michigan, grams, fiu, trussel2, bliss, edwin, munsell, 1891, funk, wagnalls, missions, briand, greta, peters, 32398, cjhp, v8isi, 2045, californian, promotion, perspectives, considerations, breast, cervical, cancer, orange, county, california, mcmahon, thomas, 1919, husband, introduction, 9199216, 00003, wendorf, marcia, interestingengineering, kiste, robert, 1974, menlo, calif, cummings, pub, 0846537524, forced, migration, americanhistory, edu, addressing, ambiguity, sources, put, 161, consensus, seems, scaevola, quince, zero, sometimes, doesn, count, widely, summary, attached, cartoon, coast, entrance, sign, rear, exposes, violates, modern, whereas, taboos, regarding, strict, wearing, mainly, restricted, beaches, pools, resorts, 106, 105, muumuus, featured, cloth, newspaper, type, sensation, letters, hoped, commercial, intensity, writer, atom, 104, diana, vreeland, 103, 102, 101, string, briefs, casino, nude, dancer, micheline, device, nicknamed, french, mechanical, engineer, lingerie, shop, garment, pool, piscine, molitor, socially, comfortable, exhibiting, bare, covering, nipples, key, fun, concept, mean, right, sort, gonna, play, apocalyptic, thing, whole, upstairs, believed, false, absolutely, plankton, squidward, rodger, bumpass, kind, ago, nah, think, mutations, interview, intellectualness, replied, tom, animated, primarily, supposedly, underneath, nickelodeon, inspired, movie, godzilla, nagasaki, bombings, 1962, italian, film, cane, rendering, helpless, great, despair, overwhelming, knew, sleeping, pillow, harmony, lore, kessibuki, topsoil, necessary, funding, opportunity, creates, dilemma, near, virtually, none, unemployment, growing, growth, numbers, advantage, immigrated, improved, dropping, considerably, faster, terry, director, radioecology, really, improving, accelerated, option, removing, millirem, roughly, desired, cesium, advisory, formed, response, independent, considering, subjected, validate, previous, surveys, absorption, rates, light, sakawa, 386, pilotfish, 308, apogon, 411, 367, lamson, carlisle, gilliam, arkansas, carrier, bow, flight, deck, blasts, obliterated, largely, attract, predators, absence, offers, sportsmen, pristine, environments, pounds, giant, trevally, barracuda, dogtooth, tuna, receive, lesson, movies, briefings, respective, tour, visit, carriers, accessible, closed, circuit, rebreather, usual, increases, visibility, immensely, locations, sharks, technical, trips, commencing, 2018, having, ongoing, evaluation, pent, demand, onwards, covid
Text of the page (random words):
ongerik immediately along with a medical officer the navy then selected ujelang atoll for their temporary home and some young men from the bikini atoll population went ahead to begin constructing living accommodations but u s trust authorities changed their mind they decided to use enewetak atoll as a second nuclear weapons test site and relocated the residents to ujelang atoll instead and to the homes built for the bikini islanders 50 in march 1948 184 malnourished bikini islanders were relocated again to kwajalein atoll they were given tents on a strip of grass alongside the airport runway to live in 58 in june 1948 the bikini residents chose kili island as a long term home 50 the extremely small 200 acres 81 ha 36 square miles 0 93 km 2 island was uninhabited and wasn t ruled by a paramount iroij or king due to its size it also lacks a coral reef in june the bikini community chose two dozen men to accompany eight seabees to kili to begin construction of a village in november 1948 the residents now totaling 184 individuals moved to kili island 50 at 0 36 square miles 0 93 km 2 one of the smallest islands in the marshall island chain they soon learned they could no longer fish the way they had on bikini atoll kili lacked the calm protected lagoon 58 living on kili island effectively destroyed their culture that had been based on fishing and island hopping canoe voyages to various islets around bikini atoll kili did not provide enough food for the transplanted residents 16 failed resettlement edit after their relocation to kili the bikini residents continued to suffer from inadequate food supplies kili is a small island without a lagoon and most of the year it is exposed to 10 to 20 ft 3 0 to 6 1 m waves that make fishing and putting canoes out difficult starvation ensued in 1949 the trust territory administration donated a 40 foot 12 m ship for transporting copra between kili and jaluit atoll but the ship was wrecked in heavy surf while delivering copra and other fruit 50 the u s trust authorities airdropped food onto kili the residents had to rely on imported usda rice and canned goods and had to buy food with their supplemental income 50 during 1955 and 1956 ships dispatched by the u s trust territory continually experienced problems unloading food because of the rough seas around the island leading to additional food shortages the people once again suffered from starvation and the shortages increased in 1956 the u s suggested that some of the bikini islanders move to jaluit where food was more readily available a few people moved 58 the united states opened a satellite community for the families on public land on jaluit atoll 30 miles 48 km north three families moved there to produce copra for sale and other families rotated living there later on 50 their homes on both kili and jaluit were struck by typhoons during 1957 and 1958 sinking their supply ship and damaging crops return to bikini atoll edit houses built for the first return to bikini in the 1960s in june 1968 based on scientific advice that the radiation levels were sufficiently reduced president lyndon b johnson promised the 540 bikini atoll family members living on kili and other islands that they would be able to return to their home the atomic energy commission cleared radioactive debris from the island and the u s trust territory was in charge of rebuilding structures and replanting crops on the atoll but shortly afterward the trust territory ended regular air flights between kwajalein atoll and bikini atoll which seriously impeded progress coconut trees were finally replanted in 1972 but the aec learned that the coconut crabs retained high levels of radioactivity and could not be eaten the bikini council voted to delay a return to the island as a result 50 three extended families eventually totaling about 100 people moved back to their home island in 1972 despite the risk but 3 years later a team of scientists performed additional tests on the island and its inhabitants they found some wells were too radioactive for use and determined that the pandanus and breadfruit were also dangerous for human consumption urine samples from the islanders on bikini atoll showed low levels of plutonium 239 and plutonium 240 as a result the bikini community filed a federal lawsuit seeking a complete scientific survey of bikini and the northern marshall islands inter departmental squabbling over responsibility for the costs delayed the work for three years 50 then in may 1977 scientists found dangerously high levels of strontium 90 in the well water exceeding the u s maximum allowed limits 60 in june the department of energy stated that all living patterns involving bikini island exceed federal radiation guidelines for thirty year population doses later that year scientists discovered an 11 fold increase in the caesium 137 body burdens in all of the people living on the atoll 50 in may 1978 officials from the u s department of the interior described the 75 increase in radioactive caesium 137 found as incredible 15 women were experiencing miscarriages stillbirths and genetic abnormalities in their children 61 62 better source needed researchers learned that the coral soil behaved differently from mainland soil because it contains very little potassium plants and trees readily absorb potassium as part of the normal biological process but since caesium is part of the same group on the periodic table it is absorbed by plants in a very similar chemical process the islanders who unknowingly consumed contaminated coconut milk were found to have abnormally high concentrations of caesium in their bodies the trust territory decided that the islanders had to be evacuated from the atoll a second time 63 citation needed the islanders received us 75 million in damages in 1986 as part of a new compact of free association with the u s and in 1988 another 90 million to be used specifically for radiological cleanup in 1987 a few bikini elders traveled to eneu island to reestablish old property lines construction crews began building a hotel docks and roads on bikini and installed generators desalinators and power lines a packed coral and sand runway still exists on eneu island the bikini atoll divers was established to provide income but in 1995 the council learned that the us environmental protection agency standard required reducing radiation levels to 15 millirems per year substantially less than the us department of energy standard of 100 millirems this discovery significantly increased the potential cost of cleanup and stalled the effort 34 64 relocation to kili island edit a sh 3g sea king overflies the bikini atoll in 1979 to check radiation levels as a result of the military use of the island and the failed resettlement the islands are littered with abandoned concrete bunkers and tons of heavy equipment vehicles supplies machines and buildings 65 in september 1978 trust territory officials finally arrived to relocate the residents the radiological survey of the northern marshalls compelled by the 1975 lawsuit began only after the residents were removed 50 and returned to kili island 50 as of 2013 update the tiny 0 36 square miles 0 93 km 2 kili island supported about 600 residents who live in cinderblock houses they must rely on contributions from a settlement trust fund to supplement what they produce locally each family receives one to two boxes of frozen chicken two to four 51 lb 23 kilogram bags of flour and two to four bags of rice 2 to 3 times per year the islanders operate several small stores out of their homes to supply nonperishable food items like salt tabasco candy and canned items a generator provides electricity children attend elementary school on kili through eighth grade toward the end of the eighth grade students must pass a standardized test to gain admission to attend public high school in jaluit or majuro beginning in 2011 the resettled residents of kili island began to experience periods of ocean flooding during king tide the highest point of kili island is only 9 8 feet 3 0 m above sea level ocean waves have covered portions of the island at least five times from 2011 to 2015 contaminating the wells on the island the runway servicing the island is unusable during and after rains and ocean flooding because it becomes extremely muddy in august 2015 the bikini council passed a resolution requesting assistance from us government to modify terms of the resettlement trust fund for the people of bikini to be used to relocate the population once again this time outside of the marshall islands 34 66 the trust fund had been fairly stable but after 2017 increased withdrawals drained it down and in the 2020s a crisis erupted to provide services on kili 20 trust funds and failed claims edit bikini atoll in 2005 although safe for some modest tourism ventures serious concerns remain about living there full time and living off the land in 1975 when the islanders who had returned to bikini atoll learned that it wasn t safe they sued the united states for 900 billion in usd demanding a radiological study of the northern islands 67 in 1975 the united states set up the hawaiian trust fund for the people of bikini totaling 3 million when the islanders were removed from the island in 1978 the u s added 3 million to the fund the u s created a second trust fund the resettlement trust fund for the people of bikini containing 20 million in 1982 the u s added another 90 million to that fund to pay to clean up reconstruct homes and facilities and resettle the islanders on bikini and eneu islands 26 in 1983 the u s and the marshall islanders signed the compact of free association which gave the marshall islands independence the compact became effective in 1986 and was subsequently modified by the amended compact that became effective in 2004 68 it also established the nuclear claims tribunal which was given the task of adjudicating compensation for victims and families affected by the nuclear testing program section 177 of the compact provided for reparations to the bikini islanders and other northern atolls for damages it included 75 million to be paid over 15 years 26 the payments began in 1987 with 2 4 million paid annually to the entire bikini population while the remaining 2 6 million is paid into the bikini claims trust fund this trust is intended to exist in perpetuity and to provide the islanders a 5 payment from the trust annually 26 the united states provided 150 million in compensation for damage caused by the nuclear testing program and their displacement from their home island 69 on 5 march 2001 after years of deliberations the nuclear claims tribunal ruled against the united states for damages done to the islands and its people the nct awarded bikini 278 million for loss of land use finding the actions of the u s amounted to a temporary taking and made its award based on fair rental value for the period of denied use the nct made a further award of 251 500 000 for atoll rehabilitation to restore bikini to a safe and productive state 70 however the u s congress has failed to fund the settlement the only recourse is for the bikini people to petition the u s congress to fund the payment and fulfill this award the united states supreme court turned down the islanders appeal of the united states court of appeals decision that refused to compel the government to fund their claim by 2001 of the original 167 residents who were relocated 70 were still alive and the entire population has grown to 2 800 16 most of the islanders and their descendants lived on kili in majuro and in the united states the hawaiian trust fund for the people of bikini was liquidated as required by law in december 2006 the value of the resettlement trust fund for the people of bikini as of 31 march 2013 was approximately 82 million and the bikini claims trust fund was worth approximately 60 million in 2006 each member of the trust received about 500 a year 26 in 2012 the trusts produced about us 6 to 8 million annually in investment income and the trusts paid out less than us 15 000 per family each year in benefits with little money left available for cleanup 34 representatives for the bikini people expect this process to take many years and do not know whether the united states will honor the terms of the compact of free association 26 in 2017 after lobbying by the leaders of bikini the trump administration stated that there would be no limits on withdrawals from the main fund and no further audits of the main fund the mayor of the council that is responsible for the bikini people anderson jibas used the fund s assets to buy a plane construction equipment and two cargo ships in addition an apartment complex in majuro the capital of the marshall islands and 283 acres of land in hawaii were purchased by march 2023 only 100 041 was left in the fund that held 59 million in 2017 the council stopped paying its approximately 350 employees and stopped paying 150 monthly subsistence payments to the 6 800 members of the bikini community 71 by 2023 a state of emergency on kili was declared and the marshallese government had to step in try to remedy the situation 20 aid helped restore electricity to the island which had been shut off after the funds were depleted 20 many of the purchases that were made including real estate aircraft and boats have not yielded a return for the bikini 19 the depletion of the bikini islanders trust fund made news across the pacific region including new zealand and in major us newspapers such as the new york times and the wall street journal 20 72 world heritage site edit because the site bears direct tangible evidence of the nuclear tests conducted there amid the paradoxical tropical location unesco determined that the atoll symbolizes the dawn of the nuclear age and named it a world heritage site on 3 august 2010 73 74 bikini atoll has conserved direct tangible evidence conveying the power of nuclear tests i e the sunken ships sent to the bottom of the lagoon by the tests in 1946 and the gigantic bravo crater equivalent to 7 000 times the force of the hiroshima bomb the tests had major consequences on the geology and natural environment of bikini atoll and on the health of those who were exposed to radiation through its history the atoll symbolises the dawn of the nuclear age despite its paradoxical image of peace and of earthly paradise 73 75 visitor access edit location of bikini atoll in the pacific ocean bikini atoll is open to visitors aboard vessels that are completely self sufficient if they obtain prior approval they must also pay for a diver and two local government council representatives to accompany them the local representation is required to verify that visitors don t remove artifacts from the wrecks in the lagoon 76 extensive research has been conducted to ensure the safety of visitors to the area and to demonstrate the now low levels of radiation in and aroun...
|
