Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
alphabet, kabardian, language, contents, dialects, phonology, orthography, grammar, example, references, external, links, consonants, vowels, history, cyrillic, adder, latin, arabic, notes, sources,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (200), kabardian (109), and (102), alphabet (60), circassian (54), #language (50), languages (39), adyghe (32), for (32), cyrillic (29), arabic (27), latin (24), with (23), this (22), script (22), are (20), edit (19), was (18), has (18), letters (18), caucasian (17), have (17), circassians (16), from (13), northwest (13), based (13), other (12), vowel (12), retrieved (12), pdf (12), 2020 (12), orthography (12), that (12), official (11), literary (11), adder (11), diaspora (11), dialects (11), version (11), turkey (10), turkish (10), eastern (10), north (10), not (10), been (10), vowels (10), wikipedia (9), use (9), karachay (9), southern (9), also (9), caucasus (9), kuipers (9), only (9), t͡ʃʼ (9), кхъ (9), d͡ʒ (9), some (9), which (9), ejective (9), ipa (8), articles (8), russia (8), dargwa (8), pronounced (8), perso (8), but (8), communities (8), circassia (8), cherkessia (7), written (7), upper (7), phonetic (7), nov (7), word (7), following (7), main (7), used (7), among (7), many (7), case (7), page (6), pages (6), russian (6), all (6), short (6), kabardino (6), balkaria (6), org (6), avar (6), northern (6), western (6), abaza (6), abkhaz (6), english (6), grammar (6), halle (6), ohchr (6), system (6), oxford (6), dialect (6), one (6), another (6), example (6), letter (6), phonemes (6), move (6), since (6), new (6), historical (6), after (6), consonants (6), velar (6), voiced (6), alveolar (6), toggle (5), table (5), may (5), plain (5), mansi (5), between (5), their (5), ubykh (5), original (5), association (5), isbn (5), www (5), 2015 (5), 1930 (5), first (5), words (5), transliteration (5), they (5), article (5), equivalent (5), kʷʼ (5), q͡χ (5), t͡sʼ (5), d͡z (5), t͡ʃ (5), t͡s (5), 1924 (5), compiled (5), while (5), party (5), homeland (5), adopted (5), хъу (5), кхъу (5), къу (5), кӏу (5), kʲʼ (5), гъу (5), proto (5), there (5), back (5), consisted (5), two (5), consonant (5), history (5), labialized (5), palatalized (5), contents (4), search (4), sources (4), including (4), iso (4), international (4), tatar (4), ottoman (4), azerbaijani (4), lak (4), ingush (4), chechen (4), khanty (4), others (4), shari (4), kaitag (4), lez (4), andic (4), besleney (4), links (4), phoneme (4), archived (4), 978 (4), series (4), spoken (4), lab (4), century (4), modern (4), jaː (4), č̣ʼ (4), form (4), below (4), sound (4), initial (4), forms (4), tsagov (4), independent (4), most (4), more (4), developed (4), jordan (4), were (4), nogma (4), writing (4), his (4), did (4), union (4), 1938 (4), distinction (4), native (4), kabardians (4), can (4), variants (4), symbols (4), phonemic (4), fricatives (4), voiceless (4), lateral (4), east (4), republic (4), hide (4), sidebar (4), view (3), contact (3), policy (3), text (3), terms (3), using (3), ethnologue (3), 639 (3), description (3), culture (3), https (3), national (3), ajami (3), kazakh (3), lezgin (3), kumyk (3), balkar (3), albanian (3), federal (3), kalmyk (3), scripts (3), yukaghir (3), selkup (3), nenets (3), status (3), tat (3), tsakhur (3), tabasaran (3), rutul (3), aghul (3), altai (3), see (3), pontic (3), armenian (3), central (3), northeast (3), georgian (3), proposed (3), shapsug (3), free (3), gordon (3), applebaum (3), 2006 (3), structures (3), university (3), press (3), адыгэбзэ (3), notes (3), peter (3), handbook (3), link (3), over (3), called (3), linguistic (3), linguistics (3), references (3), human (3), rights (3), universal (3), declaration (3), like (3), thus (3), nuri (3), community (3), elsewhere (3), majority (3), help (3), maintain (3), syria (3), genocide (3), q͡χʷ (3), these (3), lower (3), its (3), society (3), early (3), when (3), time (3), soviet (3), later (3), replaced (3), newly (3), favour (3), compiling (3), iteration (3), similar (3), where (3), citation (3), needed (3), analysis (3), appear (3), baslaney (3), fricative (3), phonology (3), west (3), both (3), related (3), tribes (3), tools (3), subsection (3), code (2), about (2), privacy (2), additional (2), you (2), non (2), wikimedia (2), commons (2), august (2), 2026 (2), categories (2), unsourced (2), statements (2), pronunciations (2), containing (2), citing (2), than (2), different (2), wikidata (2), vertical (2), systems (2), object (2), verb (2), iraq (2), european (2), georgia (2), israel (2), fuuta (2), afrikaans (2), turkmen (2), imlâ (2), persian (2), kurdish (2), jawi (2), bashkir (2), old (2), greek (2), crimean (2), belarusian (2), alphabets (2), officially (2), buryat (2), komi (2), even (2), ukrainian (2), ossetian (2), nogai (2), indicate (2), extinct (2), italics (2), chakobsa (2), bzyb (2), khinalug (2), tsez (2), hinukh (2), khwarshi (2), hunzib (2), bezhta (2), tsezic (2), aukh (2), vainakh (2), bats (2), nakh (2), samur (2), udi (2), jek (2), kryts (2), budukh (2), archi (2), lezgic (2), vurqni (2), tanti (2), sirhwa (2), southwestern (2), sanakari (2), chakhrizhi (2), amuzgi (2), shiri (2), itsari (2), sanzhi (2), kubachi (2), ashti (2), urakhi (2), mulebki (2), mugi (2), kadar (2), murego (2), gubden (2), aqusha (2), usisha (2), tsudaqar (2), muira (2), gapshima (2), butri (2), mehweb (2), chirag (2), tukita (2), karata (2), chamalal (2), godoberi (2), tindi (2), bagvalal (2), akhvakh (2), andi (2), caspian (2), zan (2), proper (2), natukhaj (2), mamkhegh (2), makhosh (2), hatuqay (2), bzhedug (2), family (2), guide (2), george (2), dictionary (2), adyga (2), popular (2), encyclopedia (2), external (2), aert (2), 1960 (2), van (2), janua (2), linguarum (2), vol (2), gravenhage (2), mouton (2), morpheme (2), morris (2), 1970 (2), less (2), 103 (2), foundations (2), matthew (2), ayla (2), 186 (2), 159 (2), journal (2), colarusso (2), john (2), romanized (2), qɜbɜrˈdeːbzɜ (2), bgn (2), pcgn (2), alfabesi (2), com (2), arkadiev (2), lander (2), yury (2), polinsky (2), maria (2), indir (2), download (2), 1865 (2), адыгских (2), языков (2), minor (2), list (2), standard (2), moskva (2), thesis (2), question (2), phonological (2), rossiĭskai︠a︡ (2), akademii︠a︡ (2), nauk (2), institut (2), nauka (2), 2024 (2), unesco (2), tsʼəf (2), ʁʷaːzara (2), zər (2), zəm (2), zaqʷaʃ (2), tsʼəxʷ (2), pronunciation (2), akʺylrè (2), gʺuazèrè (2), zyr (2), zym (2), yhu (2), цӏыф (2), акъылрэ (2), гъуазэрэ (2), зыр (2), зым (2), цӏыху (2), ergative (2), consists (2), medial (2), 200d (2), zero (2), 06c1 (2), unicode (2), scholarly (2), shows (2), 1908 (2), lists (2), digraphs (2), correspond (2), without (2), controversy (2), 2000s (2), teaching (2), opposed (2), endorsement (2), project (2), ruling (2), resulted (2), boosting (2), then (2), government (2), education (2), material (2), konya (2), second (2), half (2), 19th (2), living (2), fact (2), conventions (2), diasporic (2), before (2), decades (2), khw (2), ghw (2), trigraphs (2), tetragraph (2), counted (2), certain (2), either (2), found (2), usually (2), palochka (2), print (2), khuranov (2), atazhukin (2), usage (2), educational (2), complex (2), advocated (2), line (2), tradition (2), 1936 (2), switch (2), credited (2), learn (2), years (2), derived (2), underwent (2), 1925 (2), created (2), introduction (2), diacritics (2), base (2), qhu (2), x̌u (2), general (2), existing (2), closely (2), borrowed (2), feature (2), each (2), had (2), single (2), authors (2), literature (2), 1881 (2), poet (2), consisting (2), various (2), bekmurza (2), pachev (2), follows (2), ever (2), notable (2), 1825 (2), however (2), discarded (2), current (2), differences (2), very (2), does (2), occur (2), often (2), information (2), note (2), occurs (2), analyzed (2), underlying (2), close (2), high (2), palatovelars (2), round (2), preceding (2), cons (2), historically (2), exist (2), stop (2), uzunyayla (2), approximant (2), affricate (2), mostly (2), affricates (2), corresponds (2), until (2), terek (2), kuban (2), cherkess (2), being (2), speakers (2), self (2), designation (2), refers (2), khabze (2), battle (2), religion (2), kbd (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), changes (2), read (2), log (2), create (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, conduct, legal, safety, contacts, disclaimers, available, under, apply, site, agree, registered, trademark, profit, organization, foundation, inc, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, last, edited, utc, hidden, cs1, january, 2013, recorded, phonos, extension, subject, indigenous, country, agglutinative, index, php, title, kabardian_language, oldid, 1369231926, yale, lux, latvia, gnd, authority, control, databases, category, yoruba, wolof, wadaad, swahili, tawellemmet, air, tamajeq, tuareg, tigre, tem, sorabe, zarma, koyraboro, senni, koyra, chiini, humburi, songhay, shimaore, serer, maba, kanembu, hausa, harari, kibushi, maasina, tooro, jalon, nigeria, bagirmi, adamawa, fula, comorian, berber, africa, zaza, xiao, erjing, uzbek, uyghur, ushoji, urdu, torwali, yaña, i̇ske, tamil, sulat, sug, shina, kohistani, gilgiti, sindhi, serang, saraiki, rohingya, punjabi, pegon, pashto, parkari, palula, wakhi, shughni, sarikoli, pamir, munjani, mehri, marwari, rajasthani, malayalam, kyrgyz, khowar, kishtwari, kashmiri, jawoe, gujrati, gawri, cham, chagatay, burushaski, buri, wolio, brahui, bengali, balti, balochi, aer, asia, serbo, croatian, spanish, europe, indicates, longer, supported, separate, laws, required, mass, media, mongolian, braille, veps, forest, tundra, permyak, karelian, finnish, evenki, dolgan, chukchi, udmurt, tuvan, yakut, sakha, moksha, erzya, mordvin, meadow, hill, mari, khakas, chuvash, state, subjects, azerbaijan, armenia, parentheses, left, varieties, shirvani, armazic, bohtan, assyrian, northeastern, neo, aramaic, lomavren, oirat, oghuz, urum, kipchak, turkic, german, zok, middle, classical, slavic, judeo, kilit, talysh, alanic, kurmanji, cimmerian, iranian, indo, didoic, dargin, botlikh, dval, svan, mingrelian, laz, judaeo, karto, kartvelian, south, areal, lezgian, inkhoqwari, dargic, botlix, hattic, kfar, kama, hakuchi, abzakh, comprises, families, online, lessons, къэбэрдеибзэ, 1854, bell, 2012, louis, loewe, audio, virtual, internet, forum, 2008, ranko, matasović, edition, schooneveld, cornelis, studiae, memoriae, nicolai, wijk, dedicata, february, 6665600, s2cid, 44526410, jstor, 1017, s0025100306002532, doi, 1992, calgary, 55238, 668, 1880, 49341, hdl, loanwords, qebertai, adygabze, qebertaibze, kъэбэртай, aдыгабзэ, kъэбэртайбзэ, lit, qeberdiei, adygebze, къэбэрдей, romanization, 2011, benk, october, jineps, gazetesi, jinepsgazetesi, sınıf, adıgabze, çerkesçe, ders, kitabı, doğu, diyalekti, mebders, 8373, adiǵe, alfabe, атажукин, кази, тифлис, военно, походной, типографии, главного, штаба, кавказской, армии, кабардинская, азбука, кумахова, 1972, наука, 280, 2016, развитие, литературных, urys, 2000, nalshyk, elburs, 7680, 1439, adygebzem, tkhide, адыгэбзэм, тхыдэ, borьquej, ļевaqve, nalşьk, monitor, april, uproar, nos, feb, moroz, academia, edu, консонантная, система, уляпского, говора, сопоставлении, аналогами, других, диалектов, comparison, man, quarter, compare, pɬʼaːna, ɬʼə, pt͡ɬʼaːna, t͡ɬʼə, kbd_word, list_1970_01, html, ucla, phonetics, archive, recording, details, baslanei, kumakhov, fond, akbasheva, 9900337, adygskai︠a︡, cherkesskai︠a︡, ėnt︠s︡iklopedii︠a︡, kāzemzāde, hāmed, 2018, phd, formation, cultural, identity, mind, nineteenth, times, 2014, routledge, library, editions, hoboken, taylor, francis, 317, 91816, rle, survey, abazov, ėtnologii, antropologii, miklukho, maklai︠a︡, adygeĭskiĭ, respublikanskiĭ, gumanitarnykh, issledovaniĭ, kerasheva, izdatelʹstvo, eds, 2022, serii︠a︡, narody, kulʹtury, 040924, adygi, adygeĭt︠s︡y, kabardint︠s︡y, cherkesy, shapsugi, laurie, bauer, 2007, edinburgh, student, june, wal, federation, 27th, pstawərəj, ʂħafəjtawə, jaːɬətanəʁara, jaːfaʂʷaːʃaxamratʃʼa, zafadawə, qaːɬfə, aqəɮra, zaxaʃʼətʃʼ, jaːʔaʃə, azfaːgʷ, daɬawə, zafəɕətənxa, faːja, psawrəj, ɕħɑxʷəjtəw, ɕʼəħəmra, xʷafaːɕaxɑmratʃʼa, zaxʷadawə, qaːɬxʷər, aːqəɮra, zaxaɕʼətʃʼ, jaːʔaɕəj, zaxaːɕʼa, jaːkʷ, daɬəw, zaxʷəɕətən, xʷajxaɕ, nara, pətʃəʁʷ, jazaːna, pətʃəʁʷa, faʃʷaːʃaxam, aːfaʁaħəʁa, duːnaja, pstawə, dʒapsaɬ, xʷafaːɕaxam, tajwəxʷa, dəwnajpsaw, dʒapsaːɬa, pstèuri, šʺhʹèfitèu, âlʺytènygʺèrè, âfèšʺuašèhèmrèk, zèfèdèu, kʺalʺfy, zèhèš, èšʺy, zèkʺoš, zèhaš, azfagu, dèlʹèu, zèfyŝytynhè, fae, psori, ŝhʹèhuitu, yhʹymrè, huèfaŝèhèmrèk, zèhuèdèu, kʺalʺhur, zèhèŝʺykʺ, èŝi, zèkʺuèš, zèhaŝ, âku, dèlʺu, zèhuŝytyn, huejhèŝ, nèrè, pyčygʺu, pyčygʺuè, fèšʺuašèhèm, afègʺèhʹygʺè, dunèepstèu, džèpsalʺ, huèfaŝèhèm, teuhua, dunejpso, džèpsalʺè, пстэури, шъхьэфитэу, ялъытэныгъэрэ, яфэшъуашэхэмрэкӏэ, зэфэдэу, къалъфы, зэхэшӏыкӏ, яӏэшъы, зэкъош, зэхашіэ, азфагу, дэлъэу, зэфыщытынхэ, фае, псори, щхьэхуиту, щӏыхьымрэ, хуэфащэхэмрэкӏэ, зэхуэдэу, къалъхур, зэхэщӏыкӏ, яӏэщи, зэкъуэш, зэхащіэ, яку, дэлъу, зэхущытын, хуейхэщ, beings, born, equal, dignity, endowed, reason, conscience, should, act, towards, spirit, brotherhood, нэрэ, пычыгъу, пычыгъуэ, фэшъуашэхэм, афэгъэхьыгъэ, дунэепстэу, джэпсалъ, хуэфащэхэм, теухуа, дунейпсо, джэпсалъэ, texts, excerpts, translations, along, basic, typology, characterized, absolutive, alignment, agent, 06cc, ئیـ, ـیـ, 06a4, 06cb, 06c6, 0648, 0646, ـنـ, 0645, ـمـ, 08a6, ـࢦـ, 076a, ـݪـ, 0644, ـلـ, 08b0, ـࢰـ, 06af, ـگـ, 0643, ـکـ, 0651, 066f, ٯّـ, ـٯّـ, ـٯّ, 0642, ـقـ, 06a1, ـڡـ, 0641, ـفـ, 063a, ـغـ, 0639, ـعـ, 0638, ـظـ, 0637, ـطـ, 0636, ـضـ, 0635, ـصـ, 0634, ـشـ, 0633, ـسـ, 0697, 0698, 0632, 0631, 0630, 062f, 0686, ـچـ, 0757, ـݗـ, 062e, ـخـ, 062d, ـحـ, 062c, ـجـ, 08a0, 066e, ـٮـ, 067e, ـپـ, 062b, ـثـ, 062a, ـتـ, 0628, ـبـ, character, always, necessary, context, sample, scenarios, صہص, width, joiner, ئہـ, ـہـ, represented, digraph, ئەیـ, ئەی, ـەی, 06d5, 0624, plays, role, well, precedes, beginning, exception, 0626, ـئـ, 0627, 0622, final, isolated, ӏуи, ʔʷə, ӏуе, ʔʷa, respective, equivalents, highlighted, considered, specific, nevertheless, issue, endorsed, primers, prepared, countries, such, live, within, far, orthographic, concerned, circasians, tried, follow, practices, place, people, ties, therefore, took, roots, why, past, till, today, insist, educating, generation, forced, expulsion, ٯّو, dighraphs, dual, variation, due, shift, originally, shifted, handwriting, uppercase, lowercase, consistent, upright, normally, computers, lopatin, recently, developments, development, situation, respect, groups, larger, reside, hand, adoption, continued, helps, divergence, goes, 20th, 1909, muhammad, pchegatlukov, manage, displace, empire, public, figure, linguist, compilation, extensive, reliance, apostrophes, made, inconvenient, led, commission, reformed, present, yakovlev, tuta, borukaev, nationally, yañalif, update, removed, accents, reintroduced, 1923, resembled, 1927, interesting, better, suited, widely, accepted, utilizing, publish, books, gained, inspired, standardization, akhmetov, bekukh, primer, popularity, increased, standardized, published, wrote, poetry, gaining, acceptance, increasing, book, 1862, von, uslar, kazi, 1830, collaboration, philologist, orientalist, gratsilevsky, attempt, conducted, famous, introduced, him, unusual, diverging, conventional, addition, take, hold, dots, rasm, prior, yet, starting, 1820s, efforts, standardizing, undertaken, literaturists, 1920s, widespread, lasted, modification, unofficially, taught, especially, backing, cause, opposition, who, still, overwhelmingly, favor, totalling, own, having, reflecting, dialectical, variations, prominent, semi, front, diphthong, realised, monophthongisation, appears, loan, section, monograph, attempts, analyze, out, existence, flawed, requires, multiple, carry, formerly, encoded, finds, exemplary, disagree, result, prefer, complications, involving, stress, morphophonemic, alternations, dramatically, simplified, assumptions, analyzing, makes, underlyingly, universally, plural, suffix, initially, leaves, claims, facts, long, automatic, sequence, glide, syllable, must, understood, covering, wide, range, sub, stands, cardinal, eight, kit, sea, etc, practically, every, defined, point, articulation, presence, absence, labialization, palatalization, number, multiplied, influence, according, uvulars, laryngeals, velars, pharyngeals, laterals, allophones, although, surface, three, glottalization, stops, quite, weak, reported, laryngealized, voicing, something, seems, happened, veinakh, creaky, voice, merged, гьанэ, shirt, кӏьапсэ, rope, джанэ, кӏапсэ, t͡ʃʼaːpsa, d͡ʒaːna, kʲʼaːpsa, ɡʲaːna, trill, plosive, nasal, pal, median, glottal, pharyngeal, uvular, alveolo, palatal, post, labial, pronounce, sibilant, became, fire, narrow, wife, shoe, тфы, five, тху, exists, besleneys, t͡ɬʼ, beslenei, txʷə, tfə, t͡sʷaːqa, цуакъэ, ʃʷəz, шъуз, zaʒʷə, зэжъу, maːʃʷʼa, машӏо, vaːqa, вакъэ, fəz, фыз, zavə, зэвы, maːfʼa, мафӏэ, labiodental, ʃʷʼ, t͡sʷ, kabarda, бэслъыныйбзэ, zabardiqa, 1991, zaparika, mulka, mozdok, malka, baksan, basis, zelenchuk, 2004, broadcasting, corporation, maintained, hour, programme, week, trt, serves, depending, upon, whether, counts, few, possess, clear, extremely, verbal, reject, unitary, despite, reciprocally, intelligible, able, communicate, administrative, specifically, distantly, known, subgroups, ɑːr, yinal, speaking, hase, pluralist, democracy, political, parties, kaffed, charity, organizations, day, mourning, mythology, cuisine, music, beauty, flag, nationalism, qbaada, kanzhal, key, battles, 1945, district, adygea, contemporary, mutual, aid, mountainous, majlis, revolution, oath, russo, war, slave, trade, inal, great, zichia, mongol, invasion, medieval, zygii, maeotians, maykop, ancient, show, paganism, christianity, islam, zhane, yegeruqway, kheghache, hytuk, hakuch, guaye, chebsin, ademey, destroyed, barely, chemguy, abzakhs, surviving, romania, kosovo, bulgaria, cyprus, iran, saudi, arabia, united, states, germany, libya, egypt, адыгэхэр, part, instead, characters, introductory, marks, boxes, rendering, support, contains, classified, vulnerable, atlas, world, danger, kaba1278, glottolog, codes, recognised, minority, million, cherkesogai, ethnicity, region, parts, qeberdieibze, ādəgăbză, now, defunct, variant, abx, ہگەبزە, قەبەردەییبزە, adıǵebze, keberdéybze, къэбэрдейбзэ, natively, item, wikifunctions, projects, printable, export, legacy, parser, get, shortened, url, cite, permanent, what, here, actions, talk, მარგალური, tiếng, việt, اردو, українська, удмурт, татарча, tatarça, türkçe, ไทย, ślůnski, kiswahili, svenska, slovenčina, simple, srpskohrvatski, српскохрватски, ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ, русский, português, piemontèis, polski, ирон, occitan, norsk, nynorsk, nederlands, مازِرونی, മലയാളം, македонски, олык, марий, latviešu, lietuvių, latina, кыргызча, коми, kurdî, къарачай, малкъар, 한국어, қазақша, kumoring, ქართული, 日本語, italiano, medžuslovjansky, гӏалгӏай, bahasa, indonesia, հայերեն, hornjoserbsce, hrvatski, fiji, hindi, עברית, galego, nordfriisk, français, suomi, فارسی, euskara, eesti, español, esperanto, ελληνικά, deutsch, čeština, нохчийн, català, brezhoneg, български, беларуская, تۆرکجه, azərbaycanca, asturianu, مصرى, العربية, alemannisch, адыгабзэ, аԥсшәа, top, personal, special, recent, portal, contribute, random, events, navigation, jump, content,
Text of the page (random words):
ئ ʾ ӏу ʔʷ ؤ ʾ u w adder latin alphabet edit since the genocide and forced expulsion of circassians in their homeland in the second half of the 19th century most circassians have been living as diaspora communities in countries such as turkey syria jordan and elsewhere in fact more circassians live in the diaspora than within circassia as far as orthographic conventions among diasporic communities is concerned a majority of diaspora circasians have tried to follow the conventions and literary practices in place among people living in the circassian homeland this is to help diaspora communities maintain ties to their homeland therefore before 1924 the arabic based scripts developed for western and eastern kabardian circassian also took roots among the diaspora communities this is also why for the past decades up till today the majority of circassians be they in turkey or jordan or elsewhere have adopted the cyrillic alphabet and insist on educating the new generation in cyrillic alphabet nevertheless the issue of orthography has not been without controversy among diaspora communities in the 2000s in turkey the konya based adyghe language teaching association adder has compiled a latin alphabet for kabardian while many in the circassian community have opposed the move the endorsement of the project by turkey s ruling party ak party has resulted in the boosting of adder script since then government endorsed education material and primers have been prepared in adder latin script 21 table below lists the 49 letter kabardian latin adder alphabet and their respective cyrillic equivalents 26 27 30 highlighted letters are not considered independent letters but are digraphs and are used to correspond to specific kabardian phonemes a a aː а а á á aː а а b b b б б c c d͡ʒ or ɡʲ дж дж ć ć t͡ʃʼ кӏ кӏ ç ç t͡ʃ ч ч d d d д д e e a э э é é ja aj е е f f f ф ф ḟ ḟ fʼ фӏ фӏ f f f ф ф g g ɡʷ г у г у ǵ ǵ ɣ г г ğ ğ ʁ гъ гъ h h ħ хь хь ḣ ḣ χ хъ хъ i ı ə ы ы i̇ i jə əj и и j j ʒ ж ж ĵ ĵ ʑ жь жь k k q къ къ ḱ ḱ k к к ǩ ǩ q͡χ кхъ кхъ l l ɮ or l л л ĺ ĺ ɬ лъ лъ ĺ ĺ ɬʼ лӏ лӏ m m m м м n n n н н o o ɜw wa о о ӏо ö ö ʔʷa ӏуе p p p п п ṕ ṕ pʼ пӏ пӏ q q kʷʼ кӏ у кӏ у r r r р р s s s с с ś ś t͡s ц ц š š t͡sʼ цӏ цӏ ş ş ɕ щ щ ş ş ɕʼ щӏ щӏ ṩ ṩ ʃ ш ш t t t т т ṫ ṫ tʼ тӏ тӏ u u əw у у ӏу ü ü ʔʷə ӏуи w w w у у v v v в в x x x х х y y j й й z z z з з ź ź d͡z дз дз ʔ ӏ ӏ kabardian arabic alphabet edit below table shows kabardian perso arabic alphabet as it was the official script of kabardian circassian between 1908 and 1924 compiled by nuri tsagov 23 forms ipa kabardian cyrillic equivalent scholarly transliteration 29 unicode notes isolated final medial initial ا ـا ـا آ aː а а ā ā u 0622 u 0627 ئ ـئ ـئـ ئـ ʔ ӏ ӏ ʾ u 0626 this letter plays another role as well it precedes a vowel letter at the beginning of a word with the exception of آ equivalent to cyrillic а а ؤ ـؤ ʔʷ ӏу ʾ u 0624 ە ـە ئە a э э е е 1 ă ă e e u 06d5 the sound equivalent to cyrillic letter е е is represented by a digraph ئەیـ ئەی ـەی ەی ہ ـہ ـہـ ئہـ ə ы ы ə ə u 06c1 and u 200d 1 the main character consists of u 06c1 ـہ ہ and is always written in medial form thus the use of zero width joiner u 200d may be necessary based on context below are sample scenarios صہص د ہص صہ د ہ ب ـب ـبـ بـ b б б b b u 0628 ت ـت ـتـ تـ t т т t t u 062a ث ـث ـثـ ثـ t͡s ц ц c c u 062b پ ـپ ـپـ پـ p п п p p u 067e ٮ ـٮ ـٮـ ٮـ pʼ пӏ пӏ ṗ ṗ u 066e equivalent to ࢠ u 08a0 in adyghe arabic alphabet ج ـج ـجـ جـ d͡ʒ дж дж ǯʹ ǯʹ u 062c ح ـح ـحـ حـ ħ хь хь ḥ ḥ u 062d خ ـخ ـخـ خـ χ хъ хъ ꭓ ꭓ u 062e ݗ ـݗ ـݗـ ݗـ x х х x x u 0757 چ ـچ ـچـ چـ t͡ʃ ч ч čʼ čʼ u 0686 د ـد d д д d d u 062f ذ ـذ d͡z дз дз ʒ ʒ u 0630 ر ـر r р р r r u 0631 ز ـز z з з z z u 0632 ژ ـژ ʒ ж ж ž ž u 0698 ڗ ـڗ t͡sʼ цӏ цӏ c̣ c̣ u 0697 س ـس ـسـ سـ s с с s s u 0633 ش ـش ـشـ شـ ʃ ш ш š š u 0634 ص ـص ـصـ صـ ɕ щ щ ŝ ŝ u 0635 ض ـض ـضـ ضـ ɕʼ щӏ щӏ ṣ̂ ṣ̂ u 0636 ط ـط ـطـ طـ tʼ тӏ тӏ ṭ ṭ u 0637 ظ ـظ ـظـ ظـ ʑ жь жь ẑ ẑ u 0638 ع ـع ـعـ عـ ʔ гь гь ʾ u 0639 غ ـغ ـغـ غـ ʁ гъ гъ ġ ġ u 063a ف ـف ـفـ فـ f ф ф f f u 0641 ڡ ـڡ ـڡـ ڡـ fʼ фӏ фӏ f̣ f̣ u 06a1 ق ـق ـقـ قـ q къ къ q̇ q̇ u 0642 ٯّ ـٯّ ـٯّـ ٯّـ q͡χ кхъ кхъ q q u 066f u 0651 ک ـک ـکـ کـ k к к k k u 0643 گ ـگ ـگـ گـ ɣ g gʷ г г g g u 06af ࢰ ـࢰ ـࢰـ ࢰـ t͡ʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ кӏ кӏ č̣ʼ č̣ʼ ḳ ḳ u 08b0 ل ـل ـلـ لـ l ɮ л л l l u 0644 ݪ ـݪ ـݪـ ݪـ ɬ лъ лъ ł ł u 076a ࢦ ـࢦ ـࢦـ ࢦـ ɬʼ лӏ лӏ ḷ ḷ u 08a6 م ـم ـمـ مـ m м м m m u 0645 ن ـن ـنـ نـ n н н n n u 0646 و ـو ئو و u w у у u u w w u 0648 ۆ ـۆ ئۆ ɜw wa о о o o u 06c6 ۋ ـۋ v в в v v u 06cb equivalent to ڤ u 06a4 in adyghe arabic alphabet ی ـی ـیـ ئیـ یـ i j и и й й i i j j u 06cc grammar edit main articles kabardian grammar and circassian grammar kabardian like all northwest caucasian languages has a basic agent object verb typology and is characterized by ergative absolutive alignment example edit the following texts are excerpts from the official translations of the universal declaration of human rights in kabardian and adyghe along with the original declaration in english english 32 kabardian 33 adyghe 34 universal declaration of human rights цӏыху хуэфащэхэм теухуа дунейпсо джэпсалъэ цӏыф фэшъуашэхэм афэгъэхьыгъэ дунэепстэу джэпсалъ article 1 1 нэ пычыгъуэ 1 нэрэ пычыгъу all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights they are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood цӏыху псори щхьэхуиту я щӏыхьымрэ я хуэфащэхэмрэкӏэ зэхуэдэу къалъхур акъылрэ зэхэщӏыкӏ гъуазэрэ яӏэщи зыр зым зэкъуэш зэхащіэ яку дэлъу зэхущытын хуейхэщ цӏыф пстэури шъхьэфитэу ялъытэныгъэрэ яфэшъуашэхэмрэкӏэ зэфэдэу къалъфы акъылрэ зэхэшӏыкӏ гъуазэрэ яӏэшъы зыр зым зэкъош зэхашіэ азфагу дэлъэу зэфыщытынхэ фае transliteration c yhu huèfaŝèhèm teuhua dunejpso džèpsalʺè c yf fèšʺuašèhèm afègʺèhʹygʺè dunèepstèu džèpsalʺ 1 nè pyčygʺuè 1 nèrè pyčygʺu c yhu psori ŝhʹèhuitu â ŝ yhʹymrè â huèfaŝèhèmrèk è zèhuèdèu kʺalʺhur akʺylrè zèhèŝʺykʺ gʺuazèrè â èŝi zyr zym zèkʺuèš zèhaŝ è âku dèlʺu zèhuŝytyn huejhèŝ c yf pstèuri šʺhʹèfitèu âlʺytènygʺèrè âfèšʺuašèhèmrèk è zèfèdèu kʺalʺfy akʺylrè zèhèš yk gʺuazèrè â èšʺy zyr zym zèkʺoš zèhaš è azfagu dèlʹèu zèfyŝytynhè fae pronunciation tsʼəxʷ xʷafaːɕaxam tajwəxʷa dəwnajpsaw dʒapsaːɬa tsʼəf faʃʷaːʃaxam aːfaʁaħəʁa duːnaja pstawə dʒapsaɬ jazaːna pətʃəʁʷa nara pətʃəʁʷ tsʼəxʷ psawrəj ɕħɑxʷəjtəw jaː ɕʼəħəmra jaː xʷafaːɕaxɑmratʃʼa zaxʷadawə qaːɬxʷər aːqəɮra zaxaɕʼətʃʼ ʁʷaːzara jaːʔaɕəj zər zəm zaqʷaʃ zaxaːɕʼa jaːkʷ daɬəw zaxʷəɕətən xʷajxaɕ tsʼəf pstawərəj ʂħafəjtawə jaːɬətanəʁara jaːfaʂʷaːʃaxamratʃʼa zafadawə qaːɬfə aqəɮra zaxaʃʼətʃʼ ʁʷaːzara jaːʔaʃə zər zəm zaqʷaʃ azfaːgʷ daɬawə zafəɕətənxa faːja references edit kabardian at ethnologue 27th ed 2024 kabardian in russian federation unesco wal retrieved 22 june 2024 laurie bauer 2007 the linguistics student s handbook edinburgh 1 2 3 abazov a kh rossiĭskai︠a︡ akademii︠a︡ nauk institut ėtnologii i antropologii im n n miklukho maklai︠a︡ rossiĭskai︠a︡ akademii︠a︡ nauk adygeĭskiĭ respublikanskiĭ institut gumanitarnykh issledovaniĭ im t m kerasheva izdatelʹstvo nauka eds 2022 adygi adygeĭt︠s︡y kabardint︠s︡y cherkesy shapsugi serii︠a︡ narody i kulʹtury moskva nauka isbn 978 5 02 040924 8 1 2 3 colarusso john 2014 the northwest caucasian languages rle linguistics f a phonological survey routledge library editions linguistics hoboken taylor and francis isbn 978 1 317 91816 5 1 2 kāzemzāde hāmed 2018 the circassian question the formation of linguistic and cultural identity in the caucasus from the mind nineteenth century to modern times phd thesis thesis kumakhov m a ed 2006 adygskai︠a︡ cherkesskai︠a︡ ėnt︠s︡iklopedii︠a︡ moskva fond im b kh akbasheva isbn 978 5 9900337 1 9 1 2 phonetic structures of turkish kabardian page 3 and 4 pdf retrieved nov 15 2020 ucla phonetics lab archive recording details for kabardian baslanei dialect in the first word list called kbd_word list_1970_01 html the words man and quarter are pronounced as t͡ɬʼə and pt͡ɬʼaːna compare to standard kabardian ɬʼə and pɬʼaːna a phonetic comparison of kabardian spoken in the caucasus and diaspora pdf retrieved nov 15 2020 arkadiev peter lander yury 2020 the northwest caucasian languages in polinsky maria ed the oxford handbook of the languages of the caucasus oxford oxford university press p 5 moroz george консонантная система уляпского говора в сопоставлении с аналогами других диалектов адыгских языков www academia edu retrieved nov 15 2020 1 2 3 gordon matthew and applebaum ayla phonetic structures of turkish kabardian 2006 journal of the international phonetic association 36 2 159 186 pdf retrieved nov 15 2020 1 2 halle morris is kabardian a vowel less language foundations of language vol 6 no 1 feb 1970 pp 95 103 1 2 kuipers aert phoneme and morpheme in kabardian 1960 janua linguarum series minor nos 8 9 s gravenhage mouton and co kuipers pp 22 23 halle pp 96 98 kuipers p 23 kuipers pp 32 39 halle p 98 1 2 3 turkey s circassians in uproar over alphabet al monitor 22 april 2015 archived from the original on 2015 11 17 retrieved 2015 11 16 ţ borьquej ja pe ļевaqve nalşьk 1930 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 h sh urys 2000 adygebzem and tkhide адыгэбзэм и тхыдэ nalshyk elburs isbn 5 7680 1439 x з ю кумахова 1972 развитие адыгских литературных языков м наука p 280 archived from the original on 2016 03 03 атажукин кази 1865 кабардинская азбука pdf in russian тифлис военно походной типографии главного штаба кавказской армии 1 2 3 adiǵe alfabe pdf archived pdf from the original on 2015 11 17 retrieved 2015 11 16 1 2 3 6 sınıf adıgabze çerkesçe ders kitabı pdf indir doğu diyalekti link download link https www mebders com indir 8373 arkadiev peter lander yury 2020 the northwest caucasian languages in polinsky maria ed the oxford handbook of the languages of the caucasus oxford oxford university press p 5 1 2 kabardian 1 2 benk a c 2020 october 1 adder alfabesi jineps gazetesi https jinepsgazetesi com 2020 10 adder alfabesi romanization of kabardian bgn pcgn 2011 system ohchr www ohchr org retrieved nov 15 2020 ohchr www ohchr org retrieved nov 15 2020 ohchr www ohchr org retrieved nov 15 2020 notes edit kabardian къэбэрдей адыгэбзэ romanized qeberdiei adygebze lit kabardian circassian kabardian qɜbɜrˈdeːbzɜ adyghe kъэбэртай aдыгабзэ kъэбэртайбзэ romanized qebertai adygabze qebertaibze 1 2 3 only in loanwords sources edit colarusso john 1992 a grammar of the kabardian language university of calgary press hdl 1880 49341 isbn 978 1 55238 668 2 gordon matthew applebaum ayla 2006 phonetic structures of turkish kabardian pdf journal of the international phonetic association 36 2 159 186 doi 10 1017 s0025100306002532 jstor 44526410 s2cid 6665600 archived from the original pdf on 2026 04 03 halle morris february 1970 is kabardian a vowel less language foundations of language 6 1 95 103 kuipers aert h 1960 van schooneveld cornelis h ed phoneme and morpheme in kabardian eastern adyghe pdf janua linguarum studiae memoriae nicolai van wijk dedicata vol 8 s gravenhage mouton external links edit kabardian edition of wikipedia the free encyclopedia ranko matasović 2008 a short grammar of kabardian pdf adyga org popular circassian internet forum audio adyga org virtual circassian dictionary louis loewe 1854 a dictionary of the circassian language george bell retrieved 25 august 2012 circassian english turkish a guide to north caucasian languages kabardian къэбэрдеибзэ alphabet circassian language online lessons v t e north caucasian languages the proposed north caucasian language family comprises the northeast and northwest caucasian language families northwest pontic abaza abkhaz abaza abkhaz bzyb circassian adyghe abzakh bzhedug hatuqay makhosh mamkhegh shapsug hakuchi kfar kama natukhaj kabardian kabardian proper besleney other ubykh chakobsa hattic proposed northeast caspian avar andic avar andic andi akhvakh bagvalal tindi botlix godoberi chamalal karata tukita dargic chirag north central mehweb gapshima butri lez muira ru tsudaqar usisha ru north dargwa aqusha literary dargwa murego gubden uk kadar mugi ru upper mulebki urakhi southern ashti kubachi sanzhi itsari amuzgi shiri sanakari chakhrizhi southwestern dargwa sirhwa lez uk tanti upper vurqni ru kaitag shari kaitag shari tsezic bezhta hunzib khwarshi inkhoqwari hinukh tsez lezgic archi samur eastern aghul lezgian tabasaran udi caucasian albanian southern budukh kryts jek western rutul tsakhur nakh bats vainakh chechen aukh ingush other khinalug lak italics indicate extinct languages v t e languages of the caucasus caucasian areal south kartvelian karto zan georgian judaeo georgian old georgian zan laz mingrelian svan dval northeast caspian avar andic andic andi akhvakh bagvalal tindi botlikh godoberi chamalal karata tukita avar dargin chirag north central mehweb gapshima butri lez muira ru tsudaqar usisha ru north dargwa aqusha literary dargwa murego gubden uk kadar mugi ru upper mulebki urakhi southern ashti kubachi sanzhi itsari amuzgi shiri sanakari chakhrizhi southwestern dargwa sirhwa lez uk tanti upper vurqni ru kaitag shari kaitag shari lezgic archi samur eastern aghul lezgin tabasaran southern budukh kryts jek western rutul tsakhur udi caucasian albanian nakh bats vainakh chechen aukh ingush tsezic didoic bezhta hunzib khwarshi hinukh tsez others khinalug lak northwest pontic abkhaz abaza abaza abkhaz bzyb chakobsa circassian adyghe kabardian ubykh indo european iranian cimmerian kurdish kurmanji ossetian alanic persian talysh kilit tat judeo tat slavic belarusian russian ukrainian others armenian classical armenian middle armenian eastern western zok german pontic greek turkic kipchak karachay balkar kumyk nogai urum oghuz azerbaijani turkish turkmen others kalmyk oirat lomavren northeastern neo aramaic assyrian bohtan armazic shirvani arabic italics indicate extinct languages languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left see also languages of armenia languages of azerbaijan languages of georgia languages of russia v t e languages of russia federal language russian state languages of federal subjects abaza adyghe altai northern altai southern altai avar azerbaijani bashkir buryat chechen chuvash crimean tatar dargwa ingush kabardian kalmyk karachay balkar khakas komi kumyk lak lezgin aghul rutul tabasaran tsakhur mari hill meadow mordvin erzya moksha nogai ossetian yakut sakha tat tatar tuvan udmurt ukrainian languages with official status chukchi dolgan even evenki finnish karelian kazakh khanty northern khanty southern khanty eastern khanty komi permyak mansi northern mansi western mansi eastern mansi southern mansi nenets tundra nenets forest nenets selkup northern selkup southern selkup veps yukaghir northern yukaghir southern yukaghir scripts cyrillic 1 cyrillic braille latin script 2 mongolian script buryat script kalmyk script 2 1 in russia the cyrillic alphabet is officially supported 2 for other non cyrillic alphabets separate federal laws are required languages of russia wikipedia in languages of russia mass media by language of russia v t e ara...
|
