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leak news about an operation planned for mauritius 44 ould taya s rule 1984 2005 edit main article history of mauritania 1984 present see also foreign relations of mauritania in december 1984 haidallah was deposed by colonel maaouya ould sid ahmed taya who while retaining tight military control relaxed the political climate ould taya moderated mauritania s previous pro algerian stance and re established ties with morocco during the late 1980s he deepened these ties during the late 1990s and early 2000s as part of mauritania s drive to attract support from western states and western aligned arab states its position on the western sahara conflict has been since the 1980s one of strict neutrality the mauritania senegal border war started as a result of a conflict in diawara between moorish mauritanian herders and senegalese farmers over grazing rights 45 on 9 april 1989 mauritanian guards killed two senegalese 46 following the incident several riots erupted in bakel dakar and other towns in senegal directed against the mainly arabized mauritanians who dominated the local retail business the rioting adding to the already existing tensions led to a campaign of terror against black mauritanians 47 black mauritanians are often seen as senegalese by the bidān white moors regardless of their nationality as low scale conflict with senegal continued into 1990 91 the mauritanian government engaged in and encouraged acts of violence and seizures of property directed against the halpularen ethnic group the tension culminated in an international airlift agreed to by senegal and mauritania under international pressure to prevent further violence the mauritanian government expelled thousands of black mauritanians most of these so called senegalese had few or no ties with senegal and many have been repatriated from senegal and mali after 2007 48 the exact number of expulsions is not known however the united nations high commissioner for refugees unhcr estimated that as of june 1991 52 995 mauritanian refugees were living in senegal and at least 13 000 in mali 49 27 opposition parties were legalized and a new constitution approved in 1991 which put an end to formal military rule but president ould taya s election wins were dismissed as fraudulent by some opposition groups citation needed in the late 1980s ould taya had established close co operation with iraq and pursued a strongly arab nationalist line mauritania grew increasingly isolated internationally and tensions with western countries grew dramatically after it took a pro iraqi position during the 1991 gulf war citation needed during the mid to late 1990s mauritania shifted its foreign policy to one of increased co operation with the united states and europe it was rewarded with diplomatic normalization and aid projects on 28 october 1999 mauritania joined egypt palestine and jordan as the only members of the arab league to officially recognize israel ould taya also started co operating with the u s in anti terrorism activities a policy that was criticized by some human rights organizations 50 51 during the regime of president ould taya mauritania developed economically oil was discovered in 2001 by the woodside company 52 august 2005 military coup edit main article 2005 mauritanian coup d état on 3 august 2005 a military coup led by colonel ely ould mohamed vall ended president maaouya ould sid ahmed taya s 21 years of rule 53 taking advantage of ould taya s attendance at the funeral of saudi king fahd the military including members of the presidential guard basep seized control of key points in the capital nouakchott the coup proceeded without loss of life 54 calling themselves the military council for justice and democracy the officers released the following statement the national armed forces and security forces have unanimously decided to put a definitive end to the oppressive activities of the defunct authority which our people have suffered from during the past years 55 the military council later issued another statement naming colonel ould mohamed vall as president and director of the national police force the sûreté nationale vall once regarded as a firm ally of the now ousted president had aided ould taya in the coup that had originally brought him to power and had later served as his security chief sixteen other officers were listed as members of the council though cautiously watched by the international community 56 the coup came to be generally accepted with the military junta organizing elections within a promised two year timeline in a referendum on 26 june 2006 97 of mauritanians approved a new constitution that limited the duration of a president s stay in office the leader of the junta col vall promised to abide by the referendum and relinquish power peacefully mauritania s establishment of relations with israel it was one of only three arab states to recognize israel was maintained by the new regime despite widespread criticism from the opposition parliamentary and municipal elections in mauritania took place on 19 november and 3 december 2006 2007 presidential elections edit this section relies on a single source please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources mauritania news newspapers books scholar jstor december 2025 learn how and when to remove this message sidi ould cheikh abdallahi mauritania s first fully democratic presidential elections took place on 11 march 2007 the elections effected the final transfer from military to civilian rule following the military coup in 2005 this was the first time since mauritania gained independence in 1960 that it elected a president in a multi candidate election 57 the elections were won in a second round of voting by sidi ould cheikh abdallahi 2008 military coup edit main article 2008 mauritanian coup d état on 6 august 2008 the head of the presidential guards took over the president s palace in nouakchott a day after 48 lawmakers from the ruling party resigned in protest of president abdallahi s policies the army surrounded key government facilities including the state television building after the president fired senior officers one of them the head of the presidential guards 58 the president prime minister yahya ould ahmed waghef and mohamed ould r zeizim minister of internal affairs were arrested the coup was coordinated by general mohamed ould abdel aziz former chief of staff of the mauritanian army and head of the presidential guard who had recently been fired mauritania s presidential spokesman abdoulaye mamadouba said the president prime minister and interior minister had been arrested by renegade senior mauritanian army officers and were being held under house arrest at the presidential palace in the capital 59 60 61 in the apparently successful and bloodless coup abdallahi s daughter amal mint cheikh abdallahi said the security agents of the basep presidential security battalion came to our home and took away my father 62 the coup plotters all dismissed in a presidential decree shortly beforehand included ould abdel aziz general muhammad ould al ghazwani general philippe swikri and brigadier general aqid ahmed ould bakri 63 2008 2018 edit mohamed ould abdel aziz in his hometown akjoujt on 15 march 2009 2011 2012 mauritanian protests a mauritanian lawmaker mohammed al mukhtar claimed that many of the country s people supported the takeover of a government that had become an authoritarian regime under a president who had marginalized the majority in parliament 64 however abdel aziz s regime was isolated internationally and became subject to diplomatic sanctions and the cancellation of some aid projects domestically a group of parties coalesced around abdallahi to continue protesting the coup which caused the junta to ban demonstrations and crack down on opposition activists international and internal pressure eventually forced the release of abdallahi who was instead placed under house arrest in his home village the new government broke off relations with israel 65 after the coup abdel aziz insisted on holding new presidential elections to replace abdallahi however aziz was forced to reschedule them due to internal and international opposition during the spring of 2009 the junta negotiated an understanding with some opposition figures and international parties as a result abdallahi formally resigned under protest as it became clear that some opposition forces had defected from him and most international players notably including france and algeria now aligned with abdel aziz the united states continued to criticize the coup but did not actively oppose the elections abdallahi s resignation allowed the election of abdel aziz as civilian president on 18 july by a 52 majority many of abdallahi s former supporters criticized this as a political ploy and refused to recognize the results despite complaints the elections were almost unanimously accepted by western arab and african countries which lifted sanctions and resumed relations with mauritania by late summer abdel aziz appeared to have secured his position and to have gained widespread international and internal support some figures such as senate chairman messaoud ould boulkheir continued to refuse the new order and call for abdel aziz s resignation in february 2011 the waves of the arab spring spread to mauritania where thousands of people took to the streets of the capital 66 in november 2014 mauritania was invited as a non member guest nation to the g20 summit in brisbane 67 the national flag of mauritania was changed on 5 august 2017 two red stripes were added as a symbol of the country s sacrifice and defense 68 in late 2018 mauritania bribed members of the eu parliament antonio panzeri to not speak ill of mauritania in what became known as the qatar corruption scandal at the european parliament 69 2019 present edit mauritania s president mohamed ould ghazouani with us president donald trump 9 july 2025 in august 2019 mohamed ould ghazouani was sworn in as president 70 after the 2019 elections which were considered mauritania s first peaceful transition of power since independence 13 in june 2021 former president mohamed ould abdel aziz was arrested amidst a corruption probe into allegations of embezzlement 71 in december 2023 aziz was sentenced to 5 years in prison for corruption 72 in early 2024 a sudden increase of the number of refugees arriving on the canary islands by boat prompted a visit from european commission president ursula von der leyen and spanish prime minister pedro sánchez the eu subsequently signed a 210m deal with mauritania to reduce passage of african migrants through its territory towards the canary islands the un estimates that 150 000 people from mali have fled to mauritania 73 in june 2024 president ghazouani was re elected for a second term 74 geography edit main article geography of mauritania topography of mauritania sandy area west of chinguetti terjit oasis in the adrar region mauritania lies in the western region of the continent of africa and is generally flat its 1 030 000 km 2 400 000 sq mi forming vast arid plains broken by occasional ridges and clifflike outcroppings 75 it borders the north atlantic ocean to the west senegal to the southwest mali to the east and southeast algeria to the northeast and western sahara to the north and northwest 75 it is considered part of both the sahel and the maghreb approximately three quarters of mauritania is desert or semidesert 76 as a result of extended severe drought the desert has been expanding since the mid 1960s a series of scarps face southwest longitudinally bisecting these plains in the center of the country the scarps also separate a series of sandstone plateaus the highest of which is the adrar plateau reaching an elevation of 500 meters 1 640 ft 77 spring fed oases lie at the foot of some of the scarps isolated peaks often rich in minerals rise above the plateaus the smaller peaks are called guelbs and the larger ones kedias the concentric guelb er richat is a prominent feature of the north central region kediet ej jill near the city of zouîrât has an elevation of 915 meters 3 000 ft and is the highest peak the plateaus gradually descend toward the northeast to the barren el djouf or empty quarter a vast region of large sand dunes that merges into the sahara desert to the west between the ocean and the plateaus are alternating areas of clayey plains regs and sand dunes ergs some of which shift from place to place gradually moved by high winds the dunes generally increase in size and mobility toward the north belts of natural vegetation corresponding to the rainfall pattern extend from east to west and range from traces of tropical forest along the senegal river to brush and savanna in the southeast only sandy desert is found in the center and north of the country mauritania is home to seven terrestrial ecoregions sahelian acacia savanna west sudanian savanna saharan halophytics atlantic coastal desert north saharan steppe and woodlands south saharan steppe and woodlands and west saharan montane xeric woodlands 78 the richat structure dubbed the eye of the sahara 79 is a formation of rock resembling concentric circles in the adrar plateau near ouadane west central mauritania wildlife edit main article wildlife of mauritania this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed november 2024 learn how and when to remove this message semi desert in mauritania mauritania s wildlife has two main influences as the country lies in two biogeographic realms the north sits in the palearctic which extends south from the sahara to roughly 19 north and the south in the afrotropic realms additionally mauritania is important for numerous birds which migrate from the palearctic to winter there most of the north to about 19 north is regarded as being in the palearctic and is largely made up of the sahara desert and adjacent littoral habitats south of this is regarded as being in the afrotropical biogeographic realm which means that species of a predominantly afrotropical distribution dominate the fauna south of the sahara is the south saharan steppe and woodlands ecoregion which integrates into the sahelian acacia savanna ecoregion the southernmost part of the country lies in the west sudanian savanna ecoregion mauritania includes wetlands including two main protected areas the banc d arguin national park which protects shallow coastal and marine ecosystems integrating with the arid sahara desert and the diawling national park which forms the northern part of the delta of the senegal river elsewhere in mauritania wetlands are normally ephemeral and rely on the seasonal rainfall government and politics edit main articles politics of mauritania and foreign relations of mauritania the maurit...
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