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nology tit galway rtc became galway mayo institute of technology gmit as opposed to galway institute of technology git the charity sports organization team in training is known as tnt and not tit technological institute of textile sciences however is still known as tits george mason university was planning to name their law school the antonin scalia school of law assol in honor of the late antonin scalia only to change it to the antonin scalia law school later 89 macronyms nested acronyms edit this section has multiple issues please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page learn how and when to remove these messages this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed february 2020 learn how and when to remove this message this section may contain original research please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations statements consisting only of original research should be removed february 2020 learn how and when to remove this message learn how and when to remove this message a macronym or nested acronym is an acronym in which one or more letters stand for acronyms or abbreviations themselves the word macronym is a portmanteau of macro and acronym some examples of macronyms are xhr stands for xml http request in which xml is extensible markup language and http stands for hypertext transfer protocol power stands for performance optimization with enhanced risc in which risc stands for reduced instruction set computer vhdl stands for vhsic hardware description language in which vhsic stands for very high speed integrated circuit xsd stands for xml schema definition in which xml stands for extensible markup language aim stands for aol instant messenger in which aol originally stood for america online hasp stood for houston automatic spooling priority but spooling itself was an acronym simultaneous peripheral operations on line vortac stands for vor tacan in which vor is vhf omnidirectional range where vhf very high frequency radio and tac is short for tacan which stands for tactical air navigation global information assurance certification has a number of nested acronyms for its certifications e g gsec is an acronym for giac security essentials rbd stands for rem behavior disorder in which rem stands for rapid eye movement some macronyms can be multiply nested the second order acronym points to another one further down a hierarchy vital for example which expands to vhdl initiative towards asic libraries is a total of 15 words when fully expanded in an informal competition run by the magazine new scientist a fully documented specimen was discovered that may be the most deeply nested of all rars is the regional atovs retransmission service atovs is advanced tovs tovs is tiros operational vertical sounder and tiros is television infrared observational satellite 90 fully expanded rars might thus become regional advanced television infrared observational satellite operational vertical sounder retransmission service which would produce the much more unwieldy acronym ratiosovsrs however to say that rars stands directly for that string of words or can be interchanged with it in syntax in the same way that chf can be usefully interchanged with congestive heart failure is a prescriptive misapprehension rather than a linguistically accurate description the true nature of such a term is closer to anacronymic than to being interchangeable like simpler acronyms are the latter are fully reducible in an attempt to spell everything out and avoid all abbreviations but the former are irreducible in that respect they can be annotated with parenthetical explanations but they cannot be eliminated from speech or writing in any useful or practical way just as the words laser and radar function as words in syntax and cognition without a need to focus on their acronymic origins terms such as rars and cha2ds2 vasc score are irreducible in natural language if they are purged the form of language that is left may conform to some imposed rule but it cannot be described as remaining natural similarly protein and gene nomenclature which uses symbols extensively includes such terms as the name of the nacht protein domain which reflects the symbols of some proteins that contain the domain naip nlr family apoptosis inhibitor protein c2ta major histocompatibility complex class ii transcription activator het e incompatibility locus protein from podospora anserine and tp1 telomerase associated protein but is not syntactically reducible to them the name is thus itself more symbol than acronym and its expansion cannot replace it while preserving its function in natural syntax as a name within a clause clearly parsable by human readers or listeners recursive acronyms edit main article recursive acronym a special type of macronym the recursive acronym has letters whose expansion refers back to the macronym itself one of the earliest examples appears in the hacker s dictionary as mung which stands for mung until no good some examples of recursive acronyms are gnu stands for gnu s not unix lame stands for lame ain t an mp3 encoder php stands for php hypertext preprocessor wine stands for wine is not an emulator hurd stands for hird of unix replacing daemons where hird itself stands for hurd of interfaces representing depth a mutually recursive acronym non english languages edit specific languages edit chinese edit with english terminology discussions of languages with syllabic or logographic writing systems such as chinese japanese and korean acronyms describe the short forms that take selected characters from a multi character word for example in chinese university 大學 大学 lit great learning is usually abbreviated simply as 大 great when used with the name of the institute so peking university 北京大学 is commonly shortened to 北大 lit north great by also only taking the first character of peking the northern capital 北京 beijing in some cases however other characters than the first can be selected for example the local short form of hong kong university 香港大學 uses kong 港大 rather than hong citation needed korean edit many aspects of academics in korea follow similar acronym patterns as chinese owing to the two languages commonalities like using the word for big or great i e dae 대 to refer to universities 대학 daehak literally great learning although big school is an acceptable alternate they can be interpreted similarly to american university appellations such as upenn or texas tech some acronyms are shortened forms of the school s name like how hongik university 홍익대학교 hongik daehakgyo is shortened to hongdae 홍대 hong the big school or hong u other acronyms can refer to the university s main subject e g korea national university of education 한국교원대학교 hanguk gyowon daehakgyo is shortened to gyowondae 교원대 big ed or ed u other schools use a koreanized version of their english acronym the korea advanced institute of science and technology 한국과학기술원 hanguk gwahak gisulwon is referred to as kaist 카이스트 kaiseuteu in both english and korean the 3 most prestigious schools in korea are known as sky 스카이 seukai combining the first letter of their english names s eoul national k orea and y onsei universities in addition the college scholastic ability test 대학수학능력시험 daehak suhang neungryeok siheom is shortened to suneung 수능 s a japanese edit main article japanese abbreviated and contracted words the japanese language makes extensive use of abbreviations but only some of these are acronyms chinese based words sino japanese vocabulary use similar acronym formation to chinese like tōdai 東大 for tōkyō daigaku 東京大学 tokyo university it is not always the case that the first character of each word is used as in saikyō for 埼京 from saitama tōkyō 埼玉 東京 which uses the second character of 東京 non chinese foreign borrowings gairaigo are instead frequently abbreviated as clipped compounds rather than acronyms using several initial sounds this is visible in katakana transcriptions of foreign words but is also found with native words written in hiragana for example the pokémon media franchise s name originally stood for pocket monsters ポケ ット モン スター po ke tto mon su tā ポケモン which is still the long form of the name in japanese or wāpuro for word processor ワー ド プロ セッサー wā do pu ro se ssā ワープロ german edit to a greater degree than english german often uses syllabic abbreviations instead of acronyms some examples are gestapo rather than gsp for geheime staatspolizei secret state police flak rather than fak for fliegerabwehrkanone anti aircraft gun and kripo rather than kp for kriminalpolizei detective division police the overuse of such contractions has been mockingly labeled aküfi for abkürzungsfimmel strange habit of abbreviating examples of aküfi include vokuhila for vorne kurz hinten lang short in the front long in the back i e a mullet haircut and the mocking of adolf hitler s title as gröfaz größter feldherr aller zeiten greatest general of all time hebrew edit main article hebrew acronyms it is common to take more than just one initial letter from each of the words composing the acronym regardless of this the abbreviation sign gershayim is always written between the second last and last letters of the non inflected form of the acronym even if by this it separates letters of the same original word examples keeping in mind that hebrew reads right to left ארה ב for ארצות הברית the united states ברה מ for ברית המועצות the soviet union ראשל צ for ראשון לציון rishon lezion ביה ס for בית הספר the school an example that takes only the initial letters from its component words is צה ל tzahal for צבא הגנה לישראל israel defense forces in inflected forms the abbreviation sign gershayim remains between the second last and last letters of the non inflected form of the acronym e g report singular דו ח plural דו חות squad commander masculine מ כ feminine מ כית indonesian edit see also list of indonesian acronyms and abbreviations there is also a widespread use of acronyms in indonesia in every aspect of social life for example the golkar political party stands for partai golongan karya monas stands for monumen nasional national monument the angkot public transport stands for angkutan kota city public transportation warnet stands for warung internet internet café and many others some acronyms are considered formal or officially adopted while many more are considered informal slang or colloquial the capital s metropolitan area jakarta and its surrounding satellite regions jabodetabek is another acronym this stands for jakarta bogor depok tangerang bekasi many highways are also named by the acronym method e g jalan tol toll road jagorawi jakarta bogor ciawi purbaleunyi purwakarta bandung cileunyi and joglo semar jogja solo semarang in some languages especially those that use certain alphabets many acronyms come from the governmental use particularly in the military and law enforcement services the indonesian military tni tentara nasional indonesia and indonesian police polri kepolisian republik indonesia are known for heavy acronyms use examples include the kopassus komando pasukan khusus special forces command kopaska komando pasukan katak frogmen command kodim komando distrik militer military district command one of the indonesian army s administrative divisions serka sersan kepala head sergeant akmil akademi militer military academy in magelang and many other terms regarding ranks units divisions procedures etc malaysian edit although not as common as in its sister language indonesian a number of malaysian bahasa malaysia words are formed by merging two words such as tadika from taman didikan kanak kanak kindergarten and pawagam from panggung wayang gambar this however has been less prevalent in the modern era in contrary to indonesian it is still often for names such as organisation names among the most famous being mara from majlis amanah rakyat people s trust council a government agency in malaysia some acronyms are developed from the jawi malay in arabic script spelling of the name and may not reflect its latin counterpart such as pas from parti islam se malaysia malaysian islamic party which originated from the jawi acronym ڤاس from ڤرتي إسلام سمليسيا with the same pronunciation since the first letter of the word islam in jawi uses the letter aleph which is pronounced like the letter a when in such position as in the acronym rules in writing initialisms in malaysian differ based on its script in its latin form the initialism would be spelt much like in english using capitals written without any spacing such as tnb for tenaga nasional berhad in jawi however initialisms differ depending on the source language for malay initialisms the initial jawi letters would be written separated by a period such as د ب ڤ for ديوان بهاس دان ڤوستاک 91 if the initialism is from a different language however it would be written by transliterating each letter from the original language such as عيم سي عيم سي for mcmc or الفا ڤي ثيتا for α π θ 92 russian edit acronyms that use parts of words not necessarily syllables are commonplace in russian as well e g газпром gazprom for газовая промышленность gazovaya promyshlennost gas industry there are also initialisms such as сми smi for средства массовой информации sredstva massovoy informatsii means of mass informing гулаг gulag combines two initials and three letters of the final word it stands for главное управление лагерей glavnoe upravlenie lagerey chief administration of camps most commonly they are pronounced as words unless they lack vowels in which case they are pronounced by letters e g фсб ef es beh fsb сша seh sheh ah usa some foreigh acronyms became own words such as айти it and пиар pr historically otma was an acronym sometimes used by the daughters of emperor nicholas ii of russia and his consort alexandra feodorovna as a group nickname for themselves built from the first letter of each girl s name in the order of their births olga tatiana maria and anastasia swahili edit in swahili acronyms are common for naming organizations such as tuki which stands for taasisi ya uchunguzi wa kiswahili institute for swahili research multiple initial letters often the initial syllable of words are often drawn together as seen more in some languages than others vietnamese edit in vietnamese which has an abundance of compound words initialisms are very commonly used for both proper and common nouns examples include tp hcm thành phố hồ chí minh ho chi minh city thpt trung học phổ thông high school clb câu lạc bộ club csdl cơ sở dữ liệu database nxb nhà xuất bản publisher ôbace ông bà anh chị em a general form of address and cttđvn các thánh tử đạo việt nam vietnamese martyrs longer examples include chxhcnvn cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa việt nam socialist republic of vietnam and mtdtgpmnvn mặt trận dân tộc giải phóng miền nam việt nam liberation army of south vietna...
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