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e puritans on 27 october 1659 and in memory of this 27 october is now international religious freedom day to recognise the importance of freedom of religion 175 in 1660 one of the most notable victims of the religious intolerance was the english quaker mary dyer who was hanged in boston for repeatedly defying a puritan law which banned quakers from the colony 174 the hanging of dyer on boston common marked the beginning of the end of the puritan theocracy 176 in 1661 king charles ii explicitly forbade massachusetts from executing anyone for professing quakerism 176 in 1684 england revoked the massachusetts charter and in 1686 they sent over a royal governor to enforce english laws and in 1689 they passed a broad toleration act 176 anti catholic sentiment appeared in new england with the first pilgrim and puritan settlers 177 in 1647 massachusetts passed a law which prohibited any jesuit roman catholic priests from entering territory that was under puritan jurisdiction 178 any suspected catholic who could not clear himself was to be banished from the colony a second offense carried a death penalty 179 a plaque in southwick hall at the university of massachusetts lowell commemorates royal southwick lowell s anti slavery quaker senator and manufacturer and a descendant of lawrence and cassandra southwick who were despoiled imprisoned starved whipped banished from massachusetts colony and persecuted to death in the year 1660 for being quakers 180 historiography edit second version of the puritan a late 19th century sculpture by augustus saint gaudens puritanism has attracted much scholarly attention and as a result the secondary literature on the subject is vast puritanism is considered crucial to understanding the religious political and cultural issues of early modern england in addition historians such as perry miller have regarded puritan new england as fundamental to understanding american culture and identity puritanism has also been credited with the creation of modernity itself from england s scientific revolution to the rise of democracy in the early 20th century max weber argued in the protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism that calvinist self denial resulted in a protestant work ethic that nurtured the development of capitalism in europe and north america puritan authors such as john milton john bunyan anne bradstreet and edward taylor continue to be read and studied as important figures within english and american literature 181 a debate continues on the definition of puritanism 182 the english historian patrick collinson argues that there is little point in constructing elaborate statements defining what in ontological terms puritanism was and what it was not when it was not a thing definable in itself but only one half of a stressful relationship 183 puritanism was only the mirror image of anti puritanism and to a considerable extent its invention a stigma with great power to distract and distort historical memory 184 the historian john spurr writes that puritans were defined by their relationships with their surroundings especially with the church of england whenever the church of england changed spurr argues the definition of a puritan also changed 8 the analysis of mainstream puritanism in terms of the evolution from it of separatist and antinomian groups that did not flourish and others that continue to this day such as baptists and quakers can suffer in this way the national context england and wales as well as the kingdoms of scotland and ireland frames the definition of puritans but was not a self identification for those protestants who saw the progress of the thirty years war from 1620 as directly bearing on their denomination and as a continuation of the religious wars of the previous century carried on by the english civil wars the english historian christopher hill writes of the 1630s old church lands and the accusations that william laud was a crypto catholic to the heightened puritan imagination it seemed that all over europe the lamps were going out the counter reformation was winning back property for the church as well as souls and charles i and his government if not allied to the forces of the counter reformation at least appeared to have set themselves identical economic and political objectives 185 notable puritans edit oliver cromwell lord protector of the commonwealth of england scotland and ireland main article list of puritans john brockett was a founder of new haven connecticut peter bulkley was an influential puritan minister and founder of concord john bunyan was famous for 1678 book the pilgrim s progress william bradford was plymouth colony s governor anne bradstreet was the first female to have her works published in the british north american colonies oliver cromwell was an english military and political leader and eventually became lord protector of the commonwealth of england scotland and ireland he was a very religious man and was considered to be an independent puritan john endecott was the first governor of the massachusetts bay colony and an important military leader jonathan edwards evangelical preacher who sparked the first great awakening thomas hooker was a puritan minister and co founder of the connecticut colony cotton mather was a prominent puritan clergyman theologian and author in colonial america increase mather was a puritan minister and the father of cotton mather anne hutchinson was a puritan woman who was noted for speaking freely about her religious beliefs which resulted in her banishment from massachusetts bay colony john milton is regarded as among the greatest english poets author of epics like paradise lost and dramas like samson agonistes he was a staunch supporter of cromwell james noyes was an influential puritan minister teacher and founder of newbury philip nye minister was the key adviser to oliver cromwell on matters of religion and regulation of the church thomas parker was an influential puritan minister teacher and founder of newbury samuel parris was a puritan minister who gained notoriety for being the minister of salem village during the salem witch trials john winthrop is noted for his sermon a model of christian charity and as a leading figure in founding the massachusetts bay colony robert woodford was an english lawyer largely based at northampton and london his diary for the period 1637 1641 records in detail the outlook of an educated puritan see also edit christianity in the 16th century christianity in the 17th century plymouth rock restorationism work ethic citations edit spraggon 2003 p 98 cliffe 2002 p 195 miller 2008 p 296 congregationalists were theologically descended directly from the puritans of england and consequently enjoyed pride of place as one of the oldest most numerous and most significant religious groups in the colonies morris john w 2011 the historic church an orthodox view of christian history author house p 438 bremer webster 2006 spurr 1998 p 3 the a to z of the puritans scarecrow press 2008 p 250 1 2 spurr 1998 p 4 spurr 1998 p 18 arnold matthew 1870 st paul and protestantism with an essay on puratanism and the church of england london smith elder co p xii retrieved 5 may 2024 the puritans a passion for truth church history review church history review 2009 retrieved 3 may 2025 trickler c jack 2010 a layman s guide to why are there so many christian denominations author house p 146 isbn 978 1 4490 4578 4 archived from the original on 18 july 2013 retrieved 4 november 2012 via google books nuttall 1992 p 9 spurr 1998 p 7 mencken h l 1916 a book of burlesques puritanism the haunting fear that someone somewhere may be happy hagberg garry l 2018 stanley cavell on aesthetic understanding springer p 125 fitzpatrick vincent 2004 h l mencken mercer university press p 37 gay 1984 p 49 coffin 1987 coffey lim 2008 pp 3 4 craig 2008 p 36 1 2 craig 2008 p 37 craig 2008 pp 43 44 craig 2008 pp 39 40 craig 2008 p 42 neil daniel 1844 the history of the puritans or protestant noncomformists from the reformation in 1517 to the revolution in 1688 comprising an account of their principles their attempts for a farther reformation in the church their sufferings and the lives and characters of their most considerable divines vol 1 p 246 archived from the original on 4 may 2016 via google books spurr 1998 chapter 5 milton 1997 hill 1972 kelly 1992 benedetto mckim 2010 pp 521 522 lamont 1969 1 2 lee sidney ed 1897 calamy edmund 1671 1732 dictionary of national biography vol 51 london smith elder co pp 63 65 leighton 2004 p 196 fischer 1989 the puritans a sourcebook of their writings archived 16 january 2010 at the wayback machine perry miller and thomas h johnson leaving england the social background of indentured servants in the seventeenth century archived 6 january 2009 at the wayback machine the colonial williamsburg foundation bremer francis j 1995 the puritan experiment new england society from bradford to edwards carpenter 2003 p 41 osgood herbert l 7 august 1891 the political ideas of the puritans political science quarterly 6 1 1 28 doi 10 2307 2139228 jstor 2139228 1 2 axtell james 1976 the school upon a hill education and society in colonial new england mccullough david 22 may 2001 john adams new york simon schuster p 223 isbn 0 684 81363 7 1 2 bremer 2009 pp 81 82 1 2 3 fischer 1989 pp 132 134 copeland david a 2000 debating the issues in colonial newspapers westport connecticut greenwood press p viii isbn 0 313 30982 5 burns eric 2006 infamous scribblers the founding fathers and the rowdy beginnings of american journalism new york public affairs pp 6 7 isbn 978 1 58648 334 0 wroth lawrence c 1965 the colonial printer new york dover publications inc pp 230 236 isbn 0 486 28294 5 rudolph frederick 1961 the american college and university university of georgia press p 3 isbn 0 8203 1285 1 cite book isbn date incompatibility help ahlstrom 2004 p 125 bremer 2009 p 35 ahlstrom 2004 pp 130 131 bremer 2009 pp 37 38 bremer 2009 p 40 1 2 3 bremer 2009 p 42 ahlstrom 2004 p 131 1 2 3 4 ahlstrom 2004 p 132 1 2 bremer 2009 p 43 1 2 ahlstrom 2004 p 128 1 2 bremer 2009 p 44 bebbington 1993 p 43 spurr 1998 pp 29 30 spurr 1998 p 37 1 2 bremer 2009 p 59 spurr 1998 p 38 reed isaac july 2007 why salem made sense culture gender and the puritan persecution of witchcraft cultural sociology 1 2 221 doi 10 1177 1749975507078188 issn 1749 9755 via sage journals coffey lim 2008 p 4 spurr 1998 pp 31 32 beeke jones 2012 regeneration and baptism amazon kindle location 18043 18056 1 2 spurr 1998 p 32 beeke jones 2012 the true meaning of the lord s supper amazon kindle location 28097 28107 white 1999 p 49 1 2 spurr 1998 p 33 bremer 2009 p 65 worcester cathedral welcomes you to their website worcestercathedral co uk 20 february 2010 archived from the original on 23 august 2010 retrieved 21 august 2010 1 2 3 bremer 2009 p 69 bremer 2009 p 72 ahlstrom 2004 pp 132 133 1 2 3 ahlstrom 2004 p 133 olmstead 1960 p 10 olmstead 1960 p 15 macculloch 2009 p 327 1 2 congregational history is american history congregational library archives ross 2007 massachusetts bay colony encyclopedia britannica smith david l oliver cromwell and the people of god firth c h rait r s eds 1911 september 1650 act for the repeal of several clauses in statutes imposing penalties for not coming to church acts and ordinances of the interregnum 1642 1660 pp 423 425 coffey lim 2008 p 80 1 2 coffey lim 2008 p 81 coffey lim 2008 p 83 coffey lim 2008 pp 83 84 but it was not for their heterodox theology or their own open meetings that they the quakers were arrested and mistreated it was for disrupting services in what they insisted on calling steeple houses rather than churches that or for organising tithe strikes aimed directly and specifically to undermine the state church porterfield 1992 p 82 norton 2011 p 91 porterfield 1992 p 81 johnson 1970 p 21 ulrich 1976 p 37 demos 1970 1 2 saxton 2003 p 82 ulrich 1976 p 35 demos 1970 pp 107 117 fitzgerald monica d 2011 drunkards fornicators and a great hen squabble censure practices and the gendering of puritanism church history 80 1 46 doi 10 1017 s0009640710001599 issn 0009 6407 jstor 41240523 fitzgerald monica d 2011 drunkards fornicators and a great hen squabble censure practices and the gendering of puritanism church history 80 1 42 doi 10 1017 s0009640710001599 issn 0009 6407 jstor 41240523 fitzgerald monica d 2011 drunkards fornicators and a great hen squabble censure practices and the gendering of puritanism church history 80 1 48 doi 10 1017 s0009640710001599 issn 0009 6407 jstor 41240523 godbeer richard 2017 your wife will be your biggest accuser reinforcing codes of manhood at new england witch trials early american studies 15 3 502 issn 1543 4273 jstor 90011101 fitzgerald monica d 2011 drunkards fornicators and a great hen squabble censure practices and the gendering of puritanism church history 80 1 67 doi 10 1017 s0009640710001599 issn 0009 6407 jstor 41240523 1 2 fitzgerald monica d 2011 drunkards fornicators and a great hen squabble censure practices and the gendering of puritanism church history 80 1 45 doi 10 1017 s0009640710001599 issn 0009 6407 jstor 41240523 fitzgerald monica d 2011 drunkards fornicators and a great hen squabble censure practices and the gendering of puritanism church history 80 1 58 59 doi 10 1017 s0009640710001599 issn 0009 6407 jstor 41240523 fitzgerald monica d 2011 drunkards fornicators and a great hen squabble censure practices and the gendering of puritanism church history 80 1 60 61 doi 10 1017 s0009640710001599 issn 0009 6407 jstor 41240523 bremer 2009 p 30 bremer webster 2006 p 584 scott reginald dictionary of national biography london smith elder co 1885 1900 robbins rossell hope 1959 hopkins matthew the encyclopedia of witchcraft and demonology new york crown publishers notestein wallace 1911 a history of witchcraft in england from 1558 to 1718 american historical association 1911 reissued 1965 new york russell russell p 195 bremer 2009 pp 31 32 bremer 2009 pp 30 32 weisman richard 1984 witchcraft magic and religion in 17th century massachusetts american council of learned societies amherst mass university of massachusetts press p 13 isbn 978 0 87023 494 1 reed isaac july 2007 why salem made sense culture gender and the puritan persecution of witchcraft cultural sociology 1 2 228 doi 10 1177 1749975507078188 issn 1749 9755 via sage journals karlsen carol f 1998 the devil in the shape of a woman witchcraft in colonial new england new york norton isbn 978 0 393 31759 6 reed isaac july 2007 why salem made sense culture gender and the puritan persecution of witchcraft cultural sociology 1 2 216 doi 10 1177 1749975507078188 issn 1749 9755 hotson 2000 p 173 maclear 1975 pp 225 226 1 2 bremer 2009 p 76 maclear 1975 p 226 maclear 1975 p 227 maclear 1975 p 229 bremer 1995 pp 91 92 watras 2008 bremer 1981 bls history archived from the original on 27 november 2020 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