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tracks on the disc and their length in samples 102 103 fourteen years later in 1996 a revision of the cd red book standard added cd text to carry additional metadata 104 but cd text was not widely adopted shortly thereafter it became common for personal computers to retrieve metadata from external sources e g cddb gracenote based on the toc digital audio formats such as digital audio files superseded music formats such as cassette tapes and cds in the 2000s digital audio files could be labeled with more information than could be contained in just the file name that descriptive information is called the audio tag or audio metadata in general computer programs specializing in adding or modifying this information are called tag editors metadata can be used to name describe catalog and indicate ownership or copyright for a digital audio file and its presence makes it much easier to locate a specific audio file within a group typically through use of a search engine that accesses the metadata as different digital audio formats were developed attempts were made to standardize a specific location within the digital files where this information could be stored as a result almost all digital audio formats including mp3 broadcast wav and aiff files have similar standardized locations that can be populated with metadata the metadata for compressed and uncompressed digital music is often encoded in the id3 tag common editors such as taglib support mp3 ogg vorbis flac mpc speex wavpack trueaudio wav aiff mp4 and asf file formats cloud applications edit with the availability of cloud applications which include those to add metadata to content metadata is increasingly available over the internet administration and management edit storage edit metadata can be stored either internally 105 in the same file or structure as the data this is also called embedded metadata or externally in a separate file or field from the described data a data repository typically stores the metadata detached from the data but can be designed to support embedded metadata approaches each option has advantages and disadvantages internal storage means metadata always travels as part of the data they describe thus metadata is always available with the data and can be manipulated locally this method creates redundancy precluding normalization and does not allow managing all of a system s metadata in one place it arguably increases consistency since the metadata is readily changed whenever the data is changed external storage allows collocating metadata for all the contents for example in a database for more efficient searching and management redundancy can be avoided by normalizing the metadata s organization in this approach metadata can be united with the content when information is transferred for example in streaming media or can be referenced for example as a web link from the transferred content on the downside the division of the metadata from the data content especially in standalone files that refer to their source metadata elsewhere increases the opportunities for misalignments between the two as changes to either may not be reflected in the other metadata can be stored in either human readable or binary form storing metadata in a human readable format such as xml can be useful because users can understand and edit it without specialized tools 106 however text based formats are rarely optimized for storage capacity communication time or processing speed a binary metadata format enables efficiency in all these respects but requires special software to convert the binary information into human readable content database management edit each relational database system has its own mechanisms for storing metadata examples of relational database metadata include tables of all tables in a database their names sizes and number of rows in each table tables of columns in each database what tables they are used in and the type of data stored in each column in database terminology this set of metadata is referred to as the catalog the sql standard specifies a uniform means to access the catalog called the information schema but not all databases implement it even if they implement other aspects of the sql standard for an example of database specific metadata access methods see oracle metadata programmatic access to metadata is possible using apis such as jdbc or schemacrawler 107 in popular culture edit one of the first satirical examinations of the concept of metadata as we understand it today is american science fiction author hal draper s short story ms fnd in a lbry 1961 here the knowledge of all mankind is condensed into an object the size of a desk drawer however the magnitude of the metadata e g catalog of catalogs of as well as indexes and histories eventually leads to dire yet humorous consequences for the human race the story prefigures the modern consequences of allowing metadata to become more important than the real data it is concerned with and the risks inherent in that eventuality as a cautionary tale see also edit agris international information system for the agricultural sciences and technology bibliographic record classification scheme crosswalk metadata dataone data dictionary aka metadata repository dublin core folksonomy geoms generic earth observation metadata standard geospatial metadata ipdirector iso iec 11179 knowledge tag the medium is the message mercury metadata search system meta element metadata access point interface metadata discovery metadata facility for java metadata from wikiversity metadata publishing metadata registry metamathematics metafor common metadata for climate modelling digital repositories microcontent microformat multicam lsm observations and measurements ontology computer science official statistics paratext preservation metadata sdmx semantic web sgml the metadata company universal data element framework vocabulary onesource xsd references edit merriam webster 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