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or martial arts 407 and modern theatre groups have used their performances for social and political commentary 408 409 literature main article indonesian literature cover of the 1937 issue of poedjangga baroe an influential indonesian literary magazine literary traditions in indonesia developed in many regional languages and included both oral and written forms 410 411 oral traditions ranged from storytelling to songs customs beliefs and other community forms while material could pass between oral and written transmission 412 traditional written literature included court chronicles religious and legal writing narrative prose and verse such forms often served ethical religious or dynastic purposes rather than entertainment 413 modern indonesian literature grew in the early 20th century alongside the expansion of literacy publishing and a wider reading public 414 balai pustaka established in 1917 distributed books and maintained libraries and agencies across the archipelago which gave new writers access to wider circulation 415 during this period prose fiction and poetry became more prominent displacing some older literary forms 416 from 1933 pujangga baru provided another venue for literary and cultural writing publishing essays poetry short stories and longer prose before the japanese occupation 417 newspapers magazines and other publications also carried indonesian language prose and poetry during the prewar period 418 in the 1970s and 1980s newspapers and magazines were important outlets for literature with regular sections carrying poetry short stories criticism and serial fiction 419 from the late 1990s some forms of literary activity began to emerge in digital media with websites mailing lists forums and blogs providing spaces for literary communities and for publication 420 post 1998 literary production has also faced fewer state restrictions 421 with writers able to engage more openly with previously sensitive subjects such as sexuality and stronger religious expressions 422 cinema and mass media main articles cinema of indonesia and mass media in indonesia loetoeng kasaroeng 1926 the first film produced in the netherlands east indies indonesian film production began during the dutch colonial era with loetoeng kasaroeng 1926 and a national film industry developed and expanded after independence 423 film became a vehicle for nationalist and anti colonial politics under sukarno 424 while the new order regulated and censored cinema 425 the domestic industry of the 1970s and 1980s declined sharply in the early 1990s 426 after 1998 independent filmmakers film communities festivals and renewed commercial production helped revive indonesian cinema 427 428 however censorship and pressure from non state actors still limited expression 429 during the new order newspapers and broadcasters operated under licensing and censorship 430 and television was used to advance state led development and a unified vision of national identity 431 in the reformasi period the 1999 press law prohibited censorship publication bans and licensing requirements but journalists and media organisations still face legal cases political pressure violence and other forms of intimidation 432 internet use grew rapidly from the mid 1990s and websites became another means of distributing news and information 433 434 mainstream media increasingly uses the same reporting across television print and online outlets either through integrated newsrooms or by sharing content between them news is also shortened or reformatted for websites and social media 435 cuisine main article indonesian cuisine nasi padang with rendang gulai and vegetables an example of minangkabau cuisine indonesian cuisine differs from one region to another in its ingredients methods and flavours indian chinese middle eastern portuguese dutch and other foreign influences have become part of local cooking traditions 436 437 rice is the staple food in much of the country and is commonly served with meat or fish vegetables sambal and other condiments 438 chilli coconut milk shrimp paste peanuts garlic shallots and tamarind are widely used in cooking along with foods such as chicken and seafood 439 tempeh and tahu tofu are widely eaten soybean products tempeh originated in java and is also eaten in bali and elsewhere in indonesia 440 mie and nasi goreng are widely eaten in the country gado gado and sate are also prominent dishes 441 regional cuisines include minangkabau dishes such as rendang 440 tumpeng is a javanese ceremonial rice dish served for life cycle events and other communal observances where it is associated with gratitude and blessing 442 sports main articles sports in indonesia and indonesian martial arts a demonstration of pencak silat a form of martial arts popular sports in indonesia include football badminton weightlifting and basketball along with local games and martial arts 443 football is one of the country s most followed sports with active club supporters and public screenings of matches 444 indonesia was the first asian representative to appear at the fifa world cup taking part in the 1938 tournament as the dutch east indies 445 indonesia has been particularly successful in international badminton winning both the thomas and uber cups the men s and women s world team championships 446 most of indonesia s olympic medals have come from badminton and weightlifting 447 indonesia first competed at the olympics in 1952 and has participated in the asian games since the inaugural 1951 edition 448 449 jakarta has hosted the asian games twice first in 1962 and again in 2018 with palembang 450 451 traditional sports and games are featured in ceremonies harvest events contests and public entertainment examples include sepak takraw bull racing karapan sapi in madura 452 and ritual combat traditions such as caci in flores and pasola in sumba 453 pencak silat is an indonesian martial art 454 and was included as an official event at the 2018 asian games where indonesia won all 14 gold medals contested in the sport 455 see also indonesia portal list of indonesia related topics outline of indonesia notes and references notes excludes dialects and subdialects uk ˌ ɪ n d ə ˈ n iː z i ə ʒ ə in də nee zee ə zhə us ˌ ɪ n d ə ˈ n iː ʒ ə ʃ ə ⓘ in də nee zhə shə 10 11 indonesian pronunciation ɪndoˈnesia republik indonesia reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia ⓘ is the most used official name though the name unitary state of the republic of indonesia negara kesatuan republik indonesia nkri also appears in some official documents including the constitution 12 estimates range from about 200 000 to one million at least 500 000 is the widely accepted figure 92 93 94 the former includes the indonesian democratic party of struggle pdi p the party of the functional groups golkar and the great indonesia movement party gerindra party and the latter includes the centrist national awakening party pkb and the islamist prosperous justice party pks 141 peopleper square kilometre 370 people mi 2 per the 2020 national census 6 in 2025 jakarta s population and civil registration office recorded 11 010 514 residents with official addresses in dki jakarta 302 the un figure covers jakarta together with densely populated communities that form a contiguous urban area around the city centre the degree of urbanization method identifies settlements consistently using population size density and spatial contiguity thresholds 303 indonesia is also home to smaller communities of chinese indian and arab descent each with a long standing presence in the archipelago 316 317 318 sunnis constitute 99 of the muslim population 342 the rest consists of shias and ahmadis who number between 1 3 million and 200 000 400 000 people respectively 343 the ministry of primary and secondary education the ministry of higher education science and technology and the ministry of religious affairs for islamic schools 355 references languages and language maps in indonesia ministry of education and culture kemdikbud citizenship ethnicity religion and everyday language of the indonesian population statistics indonesia 2010 1 2 3 4 5 religious diversity in indonesia according to ministry of home affairs population data tempo 2026 1 2 cia world factbook central intelligence agency 2025 ministry of home affairs directorate general of population and civil registration releases clean population data tempo 2026 1 2 3 results of the 2020 population census statistics indonesia 2020 p 9 1 2 3 4 world economic outlook database april 2026 edition imf 2026 gini ratio in march 2024 was 0 379 statistics indonesia 2024 human development report 2025 united nations development programme 2025 indonesia definition meaning dictionary com indonesia merriam webster 1945 constitution of the republic of indonesia ministry of law and human rights of the republic of indonesia 2019 1 2 brown 2004 p 2 earl 1850 p 71 elson 2008 p 1 logan 1850 p 254 elson 2008 pp 1 2 elson 2008 p 2 van der kroef 1951 pp 167 168 thanks to soewardi the name indonesia took root in the hague in 1918 national geographic indonesia 2024 1 2 oldest example of figurative art found in indonesian cave the art newspaper 2024 pope 1988 pp 44 50 59 60 de vos sondaar 1994 p 1726 brumm et al 2010 p 748 o connor bulbeck 2013 p 346 oktaviana joannes boyau hakim 2024 p 814 morwood 2005 p 1012 1 2 steimer herbet 2018 pp vii 1 taylor 2003 pp 6 7 bellwood fox tryon 2006 pp 1 4 taylor 2003 pp 7 9 taylor 2003 pp 10 15 16 hall 2011 pp 39 40 taylor 2003 pp 15 18 taylor 2003 pp 18 22 rahman 2014 pp 57 58 manguin 2021 pp 87 92 94 taylor 2003 pp 24 25 munandar 2017 pp 661 663 hall 2011 p 257 hall 2011 p 256 258 brown 2004 p 31 ricklefs 2001 p 4 hall 2011 p 288 brown 2004 p 32 taylor 2003 p 76 hall 2011 pp 281 186 feener 2010 p 475 ricklefs 2001 pp 8 9 brown 2004 p 30 hall 2011 p 287 brown 2004 p 33 ricklefs 2001 p 31 taylor 2003 pp 146 147 ricklefs 2001 p 35 ricklefs 2001 p 144 friend 2003 p 21 ricklefs 2001 p 178 1 2 brown 2004 p 102 taylor 2003 p 284 taylor 2003 pp 285 286 brown 2004 pp 117 119 friend 2003 pp 25 26 brown 2004 p 132 brown 2004 pp 132 133 ricklefs 2001 pp 232 233 brown 2004 pp 106 107 ricklefs 2001 p 233 ricklefs 2001 p 244 brown 2004 p 140 friend 2003 p 34 brown 2004 p 141 brown 2004 p 146 taylor 2003 p 322 taylor 2003 p 323 friend 2003 p 31 taylor 2003 p 325 friend 2003 p 35 friend 2003 pp 37 38 ricklefs 2001 p 284 1 2 friend 2003 p 38 1 2 vickers 2013 p 148 sulistyo 2002 pp 75 76 brown 2004 p 188 friend 2003 p 68 vickers 2013 pp 148 149 agreement between the republic of indonesia and the kingdom of the netherlands concerning west new guinea new york agreement united nations department of political and peacebuilding affairs 1962 ricklefs 2001 p 328 vickers 2013 p 161 1 2 melvin 2018 p 1 vickers 2013 p 162 cribb 2002 p 559 robinson 2018 p 3 bevins 2020 pp 237 238 vickers 2013 p 164 farid 2005 p 3 legge 1968 p 41 ricklefs 2001 p 349 vickers 2013 pp 166 167 vickers 2013 p 168 viartasiwi 2018 p 142 chauvel 2021 p 917 ricklefs 2001 pp 369 370 barron 2013 pp 10 11 vickers 2013 pp 169 169 vickers 2013 p 205 hill narjoko 2010 vickers 2013 p 207 vickers 2013 p 209 pincus ramli 1998 p 723 ricklefs 2001 pp 404 407 friend 2003 p 442 friend 2003 p 458 east timor celebrates becoming a nation the guardian 2002 butt 2010 p 1 dagg 2007 p 47 49 nalle 2026 p 132 fukuoka 2014 pp 548 550 dagg 2007 p 58 barron 2013 p 1 hwang 2012 pp 1 3 joko widodo wins indonesia presidential election bbc 2014 joko widodo s mixed legacy infrastructure triumphs and democratic concerns south china morning post 2024 mietzner 2025 pp 369 370 1 2 3 wadipalapa nainggolan katharina 2026 p 264 mietzner 2025 pp 372 374 379 380 wihardja ikhsan alatas 2025 p 169 nalle 2026 p 125 koulakov 2009 p 1121 cummins 2017 p 1 paramita matzarakis 2023 p 283 frederick worden 2011 p 98 oegroseno 2015 p 49 scott 2019 pp 196 199 sukendra 2017 pp 204 207 andréfouët paul farhan 2022 p 2 frederick worden 2011 p 99 de koninck hai 2025 pp 376 378 379 380 santoro piras yu 2023 pp 3129 3131 lorentz national park unesco toba caldera unesco global geoparks unesco lubis susanto harjoko 2021 p 12 hall 2009 p 454 cummins 2017 pp 3 4 hidayat 2020 p 1 putra 2012 pp 59 62 ge gao 2020 p 24 gertisser self 2015 p 135 beck et al 2018 1 2 climate risk profile indonesia 2021 world bank group and asian development bank 2021 p 6 as syakur 2013 p 7724 paramita matzarakis 2023 p 286 naylor 2007 p 7753 karuniasa pambudi 2022 p 181 spessa 2015 pp 429 431 zaini et al 2023 p 9901 as syakur 2013 p 7723 karuniasa pambudi 2022 pp 180 181 183 184 naylor 2007 pp 7752 7753 climate risk profile indonesia 2021 world bank group and asian development bank 2021 p 2 mercogliano reder ellena 2021 p 15 climate risk profile indonesia 2021 world bank group and asian development bank 2021 pp 2 15 21 23 27 case ardiansyah spector 2007 pp 2 9 10 neumann 2015 p 1 14 climate risk profile indonesia 2021 world bank group and asian development bank 2021 pp 16 17 wahyu 2012 pp 10 11 31 presidential decree number 4 of 1993 concerning national animals and flowers 1993 indonesia country profile convention on biological diversity von rintelen 2017 p 1 struebig 2022 p 1118 estoque et al 2019 p 5 hutomo moosa 2005 p 88 austin et al 2019 p 1 gunawan 2024 pp 1 2 5 6 10 posa 2011 p 49 edinger 1998 p 617 1 2 nugraha 2024 p 474 barnes 2023 p 360 1945 constitution of the republic of indonesia ministry of law and human rights of the republic of indonesia 2019 pp 2 3 1 2 3 hamzah narang yusari 2021 p 2 1945 constitution of the republic of indonesia ministry of law and human rights of the republic of indonesia 2019 p 1 dewantara 2019 pp 400 401 dwi harijanti lindsey 2006 pp 138 139 butt 2010 pp 2 5 7 1945 constitution of the republic of indonesia ministry of law and human rights of the republic of indonesia 2019 pp 3 4 7 1945 constitution of the republic of indonesia ministry of law and human rights of the republic of indonesia 2019 p 2 1945 constitution of the republic of indonesia ministry of law and human rights of the republic of indonesia 2019 pp 2 4 6 1945 constitution of the republic of indonesia ministry of law and human rights of the republic of indonesia 2019 pp 10 11 14 sinukaban 2020 p 17 1 2 reni renaldi 2019 butt bisariyadi siregar 2026 p 107 1 2 1945 constitution of the republic of indonesia ministry of law and human rights of the republic of indonesia 2019 p 16 1945 constitution of the republic of indonesia ministry of law and human rights of the republic of indonesia 2019 pp 4 17 cammack feener 2012 pp 27 30 pepinsky 2025 pp 346 348 pepinsky 2025 p 348 pepinsky 2025 pp 346 348 slater 2018 pp 24 27 fossati 2019 p 143 slater 2018 p 29 fionna tomsa 2017 pp 2 3 21 22 fossati 2020 pp 4 10 slater 2018 pp 36 40 41 aziz 1955 p 400 examining the 2024 political competition indonesian general elections commission 2024 1945 constitution of the republic of indonesia ministry of law and human rights of the republic of indonesia 2019 p 13 s...
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