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ettlements and british colonialism 168 the first european based law in south africa was brought by the dutch east india company and is called roman dutch law it was imported before the codification of european law into the napoleonic code and is comparable in many ways to scots law this was followed in the 19th century by english law both common and statutory after unification in 1910 south africa had its own parliament which passed laws specific for south africa building on those previously passed for the individual member colonies the judicial system consists of the magistrates courts which hear lesser criminal cases and smaller civil cases the high court which has divisions that serve as the courts of general jurisdiction for specific areas the supreme court of appeal and the constitutional court which is the highest court administrative divisions main articles administrative divisions of south africa and provinces of south africa provinces of south africa each of the nine provinces is governed by a unicameral legislature which is elected every five years by party list proportional representation the legislature elects a premier as head of government and the premier appoints an executive council as a provincial cabinet the powers of provincial governments are limited to topics listed in the constitution these topics include such fields as health education public housing and transport the provinces are in turn divided into 52 districts eight metropolitan and 44 district municipalities the district municipalities are further subdivided into 205 local municipalities the metropolitan municipalities which govern the largest urban agglomerations perform the functions of both district and local municipalities province provincial capital largest city area km 2 169 population 2022 8 eastern cape bhisho gqeberha 168 966 7 230 204 free state bloemfontein bloemfontein 129 825 2 964 412 gauteng johannesburg johannesburg 18 178 15 099 422 kwazulu natal pietermaritzburg durban 94 361 12 423 907 limpopo polokwane polokwane 125 754 6 572 720 mpumalanga nelspruit nelspruit 76 495 5 143 324 north west mahikeng klerksdorp 104 882 3 804 548 northern cape kimberley kimberley 372 889 1 355 946 western cape cape town cape town 129 462 7 433 019 foreign relations main article foreign relations of south africa ramaphosa and other brics leaders during the 15th brics summit in johannesburg august 2023 as the union of south africa the country is a founding member of the united nations un with prime minister jan smuts writing the preamble to the un charter 170 171 south africa is one of the founding members of the african union au and has the largest economy of all the members it is a founding member of the au s new partnership for africa s development after apartheid ended south africa was readmitted to the commonwealth of nations the country is a member of the group of 77 and chaired the organisation in 2006 south africa is also a member of the southern african development community south atlantic peace and cooperation zone southern african customs union antarctic treaty system world trade organization international monetary fund g20 g8 5 and the port management association of eastern and southern africa south africa has played a key role as a mediator in african conflicts over the last decade such as in burundi the democratic republic of the congo comoros mozambique and zimbabwe 172 president jacob zuma and chinese president hu jintao upgraded bilateral ties between the two countries in 2010 when they signed the beijing agreement which elevated south africa s earlier strategic partnership with china to the higher level of comprehensive strategic partnership in both economic and political affairs including the strengthening of exchanges between their respective ruling parties and legislatures 173 174 in 2011 south africa joined the brazil russia india china brics grouping of countries identified by zuma as the country s largest trading partners and also the largest trading partners with africa as a whole zuma asserted that brics member countries would also work with each other through the un g20 and the india brazil south africa ibsa forum 175 military main article south african national defence force further information defence industry of south africa and south africa and weapons of mass destruction south african army soldiers on manoeuvre with a locally developed denel rooivalk attack helicopter operated by the south african air force the south african national defence force sandf serves as the unified armed forces of south africa established in 1994 176 it was formed as a voluntary military through the integration of the former south african defence force sadf and several liberation movement forces 176 the sandf is organised into four branches the south african army the south african air force the south african navy and the south african military health service as of 2025 the force comprises nearly 100 000 personnel of whom around 75 000 are active professional soldiers and operates under the authority of the president of south africa who serves as commander in chief 177 the sandf emerged as a prominent african peacekeeping force in the early 2000s 178 deploying as a leading contributor to united nations and african union missions in burundi 2001 sudan 2004 and the democratic republic of the congo 2003 it has since participated in regional security operations in countries including lesotho and mozambique while continuing to contribute to multinational united nations peacekeeping missions including the force intervention brigade 179 supporting these armed forces is a domestic defence industry that is the most advanced in africa and one of the world s leading defence industrial bases outside the major military powers 180 coordinated by the state owned armaments corporation of south africa armscor it includes major companies such as denel paramount group and milkor the industry produces a wide range of advanced systems including armoured vehicles military aircraft naval vessels and missiles with about 80 of sandf equipment made in south africa 181 the country also remains a significant arms exporter and maintains self sufficiency in most conventional military technologies 182 south africa is the only african nation to have successfully developed nuclear weapons 183 between 1980 and 1990 six operational nuclear devices were covertly assembled before the arsenal was voluntarily dismantled in 1991 making south africa the first country to relinquish its nuclear capability 183 the country is also alleged to have conducted a nuclear test over the atlantic in 1979 known as the vela incident although this is officially denied then president f w de klerk later asserted that south africa had never conducted a clandestine nuclear test 184 185 despite dismantling its arsenal south africa still has the technical capability to restart its weapons of mass destruction programme if it ever chose to do so as its pelindaba nuclear research centre still stores enriched uranium from the former programme 186 however this material is now used primarily for civilian nuclear research and medical isotope production reflecting south africa s commitment to the peaceful use of nuclear energy 187 188 south africa remains a strong advocate of nuclear disarmament having ratified the un treaty on the prohibition of nuclear weapons in 2019 189 190 law enforcement and crime main articles law enforcement in south africa and crime in south africa officers of the south african police service with vektor r5 rifles on parade in johannesburg 2010 law enforcement in south africa is primarily the responsibility of the south african police service saps the national police force operating more than 1 150 police stations and employing around 150 950 officers 191 the saps is tasked with crime prevention investigation and national security it also maintains an elite tactical unit the special task force stf which specialises in counter terrorism counter insurgency and hostage rescue operations in the 2023 international swat competition the stf ranked 9th out of 55 international law enforcement teams making it the highest ranked african police unit and one of the world s best 192 alongside formal policing south africa has the world s largest private security industry 193 comprising over 10 000 companies and more than 2 5 million registered personnel 194 exceeding the combined size of both the police and the military 195 196 south africa continues to experience high levels of violent crime among the highest in the world and it leads africa in this regard 197 from april 2017 to march 2018 an average of 57 murders per day were recorded with a homicide rate more than five times the global average 198 serious crimes such as armed robbery hijackings cash in transit heists gang related killings and sexual violence are common 199 200 south africa also records one of the world s highest reported rates of rape 201 with tens of thousands of cases each year though many go unreported 202 between 1994 and 2019 more than 526 000 murders were reported nationwide 203 gang violence remains a major driver of the homicide rate particularly in the cape flats region of cape town where rival groups compete over territory drug trafficking routes and extortion 204 these conflicts often result in civilian casualties with bystanders and children frequently caught in the crossfire 205 despite ongoing reforms south africa s criminal justice system faces persistent challenges including corruption inefficiency incompetency and underreporting which have undermined public confidence in law enforcement the department of justice and constitutional development oversees the court system while the department of correctional services manages the country s prisons 206 south africa has the highest prison population in africa 207 with chronic overcrowding and human rights concerns frequently reported 208 critics argue that systemic weaknesses and uneven access to justice have fostered a culture of impunity sustaining high crime rates and public mistrust these issues continue to shape national debates on security governance and human rights 209 economy main article economy of south africa johannesburg the economic centre of south africa and the continent s leading financial centre 210 south africa has a mixed economy characterised by a large services sector diversified industrial base and abundant natural resources it is the largest economy in africa and is widely recognised as the continent s most industrialised technologically advanced and diversified nation 211 212 213 as of 2026 south africa has a nominal gross domestic product gdp exceeding us 450 billion making it the world s 39th largest economy and one of the highest gdps per capita in sub saharan africa the south african rand zar is africa s most traded currency 214 while the johannesburg stock exchange jse is the continent s largest stock exchange and ranks among the world s 20 largest by market capitalization 215 south africa is the only african member of the g20 and is also a member of brics 216 despite its economic development south africa continues to face high unemployment widespread poverty and severe income inequality 217 218 with an official unemployment rate of 33 6 as of the second quarter of 2026 219 approximately 23 million people 37 9 of the population live below the lower bound poverty line 220 while 10 8 million live below the food poverty line 219 and the country consistently records one of the world s highest gini coefficients 221 222 223 south africa is a major trading nation with minerals precious metals vehicles machinery agricultural products and manufactured goods among its principal exports 224 as of 2026 its largest export markets are china 12 5 the united states 7 7 germany 7 4 japan 5 6 and the united kingdom 4 0 while its principal import sources are china 22 7 india 12 2 nigeria 6 8 the united states 6 3 and germany 5 7 225 following the end of apartheid in 1994 the newly elected african national congress government inherited an economy weakened by decades of international sanctions 226 the government stabilised public finances reduced inflation and attracted foreign investment while introducing black economic empowerment bee policies to integrate the previously disadvantaged majority into the formal economy 226 under president thabo mbeki economic reforms increased investment and the growth employment and redistribution gear strategy introduced by then finance minister trevor manuel 227 contributed to rapid growth from the early 2000s 226 growth subsequently stalled under jacob zuma 228 amid rising corruption and state capture including the influence of the gupta family over state owned enterprises soes 229 230 under president cyril ramaphosa efforts to revive economic growth and investment have continued following the formation of the government of national unity gnu in 2024 although growth remains subdued 231 industries and services further information banking in south africa retailing in south africa automotive industry in south africa mining in south africa and agriculture in south africa naspers centre in cape town headquarters of naspers south africa s largest mass media company and africa s most valuable company in 2025 232 the services sector is the largest component of the south african economy accounting for approximately 70 of gdp 233 financial services are particularly well developed 234 while the south african reserve bank is the oldest central bank in africa 235 johannesburg is the continent s leading financial centre and home to the jse 236 with south africa s total stock market capitalization reaching approximately us 1 53 trillion in 2026 ranking 16th globally 237 south african companies dominate the rankings of africa s most valuable companies with firms such as anglogold ashanti naspers firstrand and standard bank group occupying most of the continent s top positions 238 retail is also a major industry with south africa having africa s largest retail market and ranking sixth globally by total number of shopping centres 239 other major services include real estate business services and outsourcing manufacturing accounts for around 13 of gdp with the country having the world s 41st largest manufacturing output 240 south africa has africa s most advanced and diversified manufacturing sector 241 producing motor vehicles chemicals steel machinery mining equipment food and beverages textiles and military equipment 242 the automotive industry is a major component with toyota volkswagen bmw ford mercedes benz and nissan operating large scale assembly plants in the country 243 making south africa africa s largest motor vehicle producer with more than 600 000 vehicles manufactured annually 244 mining remains one of south africa s most important industries contributing around 7 8 of gdp and accounting for more than half of mercha...
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