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at all levels in most schools across the state in gaelscoileanna irish language schools irish is the primary medium of instruction at all levels and english is taught as a second language the irish language remains a core subject taught in all public schools with exemptions given to individual pupils on grounds of significant periods lived abroad learning difficulties and other similar and or valid reasons the typical secondary school consists of first to third year with the junior certificate at the end of third transition year if offered and taken by the student and fifth and sixth year with the leaving certificate at the end of sixth year the vast majority of students complete secondary education with only 4 of students failing to complete the leaving certificate the second lowest percentage in the eu where the average is 10 202 ireland s secondary students rank above average in terms of academic performance in both the oecd and eu having reading literacy mathematical literacy and scientific literacy test scores better than average ireland has the highest percentage in the oecd of students at who are highly proficient at reading at 32 206 healthcare main article healthcare in the republic of ireland rcsi disease and research centre at beaumont hospital in dublin healthcare in ireland is provided by both public and private healthcare providers 207 the minister for health has responsibility for setting overall health service policy every resident of ireland is entitled to receive health care through the public health care system which is managed by the health service executive and funded by general taxation a person may be required to pay a subsidised fee for certain health care received this depends on income age illness or disability all maternity services are provided free of charge and children up to the age of 6 months emergency care is provided to patients who present to a hospital emergency department however visitors to emergency departments in non emergency situations who are not referred by their gp may incur a fee of 100 in some circumstances this fee is not payable or may be waived 208 anyone holding a european health insurance card is entitled to free maintenance and treatment in public beds in health service executive and voluntary hospitals outpatient services are also provided for free however the majority of patients on median incomes or above are required to pay subsidised hospital charges private health insurance is available to the population for those who want to avail of it the average life expectancy in ireland in 2021 was 82 4 years oecd list with 80 5 years for men and 84 3 years for women 209 210 it has the highest birth rate in the eu 16 8 births per 1 000 inhabitants compared to an eu average of 10 7 211 and a very low infant mortality rate 3 5 per 1 000 live births the irish healthcare system ranked 13th out of 34 european countries in 2012 according to the european health consumer index produced by health consumer powerhouse 212 the same report ranked the irish healthcare system as having the 8th best health outcomes but only the 21st most accessible system in europe culture main article culture of ireland ireland s culture was for centuries predominantly gaelic and it remains one of the six principal celtic nations following the anglo norman invasion in the 12th century and gradual british conquest and colonisation beginning in the 16th century ireland became influenced by english and scottish culture subsequently irish culture though distinct in many aspects shares characteristics with the rest of the anglosphere catholic europe and other celtic regions the irish diaspora one of the world s largest and most dispersed has contributed to the globalisation of irish culture producing many prominent figures in art music and science literature and drama main articles irish literature irish short stories irish poetry and irish theatre jonathan swift 1667 1745 ireland has made a significant contribution to world literature in both the english and irish languages modern irish fiction began with the publishing of the 1726 novel gulliver s travels by jonathan swift other writers of importance during the 18th century and their most notable works include laurence sterne with the publication of the life and opinions of tristram shandy gentleman and oliver goldsmith s the vicar of wakefield numerous irish novelists emerged during the 19th century including maria edgeworth john banim gerald griffin charles kickham william carleton george moore and somerville and ross bram stoker is best known as the author of the 1897 novel dracula james joyce 1882 1941 published his most famous work ulysses in 1922 which is an interpretation of the odyssey set in dublin edith somerville continued writing after the death of her partner martin ross in 1915 dublin s annie m p smithson was one of several authors catering for fans of romantic fiction in the 1920s and 1930s after the second world war popular novels were published by among others brian o nolan who published as flann o brien elizabeth bowen and kate o brien during the final decades of the 20th century edna o brien john mcgahern maeve binchy joseph o connor roddy doyle colm tóibín and john banville came to the fore as novelists w b yeats 1865 1939 patricia lynch was a prolific children s author in the 20th century while eoin colfer s works were nyt best sellers in this genre in the early 21st century 213 in the genre of the short story which is a form favoured by many irish writers the most prominent figures include seán ó faoláin frank o connor and william trevor well known irish poets include patrick kavanagh thomas mccarthy dermot bolger and nobel prize in literature laureates william butler yeats and seamus heaney born in northern ireland but resided in dublin prominent writers in the irish language are pádraic ó conaire máirtín ó cadhain séamus ó grianna and nuala ní dhomhnaill the history of irish theatre begins with the expansion of the english administration in dublin during the early 17th century and since then ireland has significantly contributed to english drama in its early history theatrical productions in ireland tended to serve political purposes but as more theatres opened and the popular audience grew a more diverse range of entertainments were staged many dublin based theatres developed links with their london equivalents and british productions frequently found their way to the irish stage however most irish playwrights went abroad to establish themselves in the 18th century oliver goldsmith and richard brinsley sheridan were two of the most successful playwrights on the london stage at that time at the beginning of the 20th century theatre companies dedicated to the staging of irish plays and the development of writers directors and performers began to emerge which allowed many irish playwrights to learn their trade and establish their reputations in ireland rather than in britain or the united states following in the tradition of acclaimed practitioners principally oscar wilde literature nobel prize laureates george bernard shaw 1925 and samuel beckett 1969 playwrights such as seán o casey brian friel sebastian barry brendan behan conor mcpherson and billy roche have gained popular success 214 other irish playwrights of the 20th century include denis johnston thomas kilroy tom murphy hugh leonard frank mcguinness and john b keane music and dance main articles irish music and irish dance enya ireland s best selling solo artist 215 u2 best selling irish group in history 216 irish traditional music has remained vibrant despite globalising cultural forces and retains many traditional aspects it has influenced various music genres such as american country and roots music and to some extent modern rock it has occasionally been blended with styles such as rock and roll and punk rock ireland has also produced many internationally known artists in other genres such as rock pop jazz and blues ireland s best selling musical act is the rock band u2 who have sold 170 million copies of their albums worldwide since their formation in 1976 217 there are a number of classical music ensembles around the country such as the rté performing groups 218 ireland also has two opera organisations irish national opera in dublin and the annual wexford opera festival which promotes lesser known operas takes place during october and november ireland has participated in the eurovision song contest since 1965 219 its first win was in 1970 when dana won with all kinds of everything 220 it has subsequently won the competition six more times 221 222 the highest number of wins by any competing country the phenomenon riverdance originated as an interval performance during the 1994 contest 223 irish dance can broadly be divided into social dance and performance dance irish social dance can be divided into céilí and set dancing irish set dances are quadrilles danced by 4 couples arranged in a square while céilí dances are danced by varied formations of couples of 2 to 16 people there are also many stylistic differences between these two forms irish social dance is a living tradition and variations in particular dances are found across the country in some places dances are deliberately modified and new dances are choreographed performance dance is traditionally referred to as stepdance irish stepdance popularised by the show riverdance is notable for its rapid leg movements with the body and arms being kept largely stationary the solo stepdance is generally characterised by a controlled but not rigid upper body straight arms and quick precise movements of the feet the solo dances can either be in soft shoe or hard shoe architecture main article architecture of ireland the dublin custom house is a neoclassical building from the late 18th century powerscourt estate near enniskerry in county wicklow was built in the 18th century ireland has a wealth of structures 224 surviving from the neolithic period such as brú na bóinne poulnabrone dolmen castlestrange stone turoe stone and drombeg stone circle 225 as ireland was never a part of the roman empire ancient architecture in greco roman style is non existent in contrast to most of western europe the country instead had an extended period of iron age architecture 226 the irish round tower originated during the early medieval period and several of these structure are still extant throughout the country christianity introduced simple monastic houses such as clonmacnoise skellig michael and scattery island a stylistic similarity has been remarked between these double monasteries and those of the copts of egypt 227 gaelic kings and aristocrats occupied ringforts or crannógs 228 church reforms during the 12th century via the cistercians stimulated further continental influence with the romanesque styled mellifont boyle and tintern abbeys 229 gaelic settlement had been limited to the monastic proto towns such as kells where the current street pattern preserves the original circular settlement outline to some extent 230 significant urban settlements only developed following the period of viking invasions 228 the major hiberno norse longphorts were located on the coast but with minor inland fluvial settlements such as the eponymous longford the ruins of monasterboice in county louth are of early christian settlements castles were built by the anglo normans during the late 12th century such as dublin castle and kilkenny castle 231 and the concept of the planned walled trading town was introduced which gained legal status and several rights by grant of a charter under feudalism these charters specifically governed the design of these towns 232 two significant waves of planned town formation followed the first being the 16th and 17th century plantation towns which were used as a mechanism for the tudor english kings to suppress local insurgency followed by 18th century landlord towns 233 surviving norman founded planned towns include drogheda and youghal plantation towns include portlaoise and portarlington well preserved 18th century planned towns include westport and ballinasloe these episodes of planned settlement account for many of the present day towns throughout the country brick architecture of multi storey buildings in merrion square dublin gothic cathedrals such as st patrick s were also introduced by the normans 234 franciscans were dominant in directing the abbeys by the late middle ages while elegant tower houses such as bunratty castle were built by the gaelic and norman aristocracy many religious buildings were ruined with the dissolution of the monasteries 235 after the battle of the boyne in the late 1690s and into the 1700s palladianism and interior rococo particularly in country houses expanded throughout ireland under continental influence as well as under the influence of one of ireland s first specifically trained architects edward lovett pearce with the houses of parliament being the most significant 236 with the erection of buildings such as the custom house four courts general post office and king s inns the neoclassical and georgian styles flourished especially in dublin 236 georgian townhouses produced streets of singular distinction particularly in dublin limerick and cork following catholic emancipation cathedrals and churches influenced by the french gothic revival emerged such as st colman s and st finbarre s 236 ireland has long been associated with vernacular thatched roof cottages though these are nowadays in decline 237 capital dock in dublin is the tallest building in the republic of ireland beginning with the american designed art deco church at turner s cross cork in 1927 irish architecture followed the international trend towards modern and sleek building styles since the 20th century 238 other developments include the regeneration of ballymun and an urban extension of dublin at adamstown 239 since the establishment of the dublin docklands development authority in 1997 the dublin docklands area underwent large scale redevelopment which included the construction of the convention centre dublin and grand canal theatre 240 completed in 2018 capital dock in dublin is the tallest building in the republic of ireland achieving 79 metres 259 feet in height the obel tower in belfast northern ireland being the tallest in ireland the royal institute of the architects of ireland regulates the practice of architecture in the state 241 media main article media of the republic of ireland raidió teilifís éireann rté is ireland s public service broadcaster funded by a television licence fee and advertising 242 rté operates two national television channels rté one and rté two the other independent national television channels are virgin media one virgin media two virgin media three virgin media four and tg4 the latter of which is a public service broadcaster for speakers of the irish language all these channels are...
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