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terms 15 similarly josephus brags that the sadducees were often forced to back down if their judgments clashed with the pharisees as he says that the pharisees were more popular with the multitude 15 the sadducees occasionally show up in the christian gospels but without much detail usually merely as members of a list of opponents of jesus the christian acts of the apostles contains somewhat more information 15 the sadducees were associated with the party of the high priest of the era and seem to have had a majority of the sanhedrin if not all gamaliel is a pharisee member 20 the sadducees did not believe in resurrection whereas the pharisees did in acts paul of tarsus chose this point of division to attempt to gain the protection of the pharisees around 59 ce 21 the sadducees may have rejected the notion of spirits or angels whereas the pharisees acknowledged them this is based on acts 23 8 which can be translated as either for the sadducees say that there is no resurrection neither angel nor spirit but the pharisees confess both 21 or as for the sadducees say there is no resurrection neither as an angel nor as a spirit while the pharisees profess both the latter approach to the text has been advanced by theologian and scholar of religion david bentley hart 22 disputes with the pharisees edit according to the sadducees spilt water becomes ritually impure through its pouring the pharisees denied that this was sufficient grounds for impurity in mishnah yadaim 4 7 many pharisee sadducee disputes revolved around issues of ritual purity according to the jewish laws of inheritance the property of a deceased man is inherited by his sons if the man had only daughters his property would be inherited by his daughters upon his death according to numbers 27 8 when the deceased left no issue offspring the sadducees in dividing the inheritance among the relatives of the deceased could hypothetically include his paternal aunt the sadducees would justify their practice a fortiori an inference from minor to major premise saying if the daughter of his son s son can inherit him i e such as when her father left no male issue is it not then fitting that his own daughter inherit him i e who is more closely related to him than his great granddaughter according to the jerusalem talmud baba bathra 21b the early jewish sage yohanan ben zakkai argued against the sadducees that the only reason the daughter was empowered to inherit her father was because her father left no male issue however a man s daughter where there are sons has no power to inherit her father s estate moreover a deceased man who leaves no issue always has a distant male relative to whom his estate can be given the sadducees eventually agreed with the pharisaic teaching the vindication of yohanan ben zakkai and the pharisees over the sadducees gave rise to this date being held in honor in the megillat taanit according to the rashbam in the babylonian talmud baba bathra 115b 116a jerusalem talmud baba bathra 8 1 21b 22a the sadducees demanded that a master pay for damages caused by his slave the pharisees imposed no such obligation viewing that a slave could intentionally cause damage to see the liability for it brought on his master in mishnah yadaim 4 7 the pharisees posited that false witnesses should be executed if the verdict was pronounced based on their testimony even if not yet carried out the sadducees argued that false witnesses should be executed only if the death penalty had already been carried out on the falsely accused in mishnah makot 1 6 later rabbinic literature took a dim view of both the sadducees and boethusians not only due to their perceived carefree approach to keeping to the torah and the oral torah but also due to their attempts to persuade the common folk to join their ranks according to sifri to deuteronomy p 233 torah ve hamitzvah edition verification needed maimonides viewed the sadducees as rejecting the oral torah as an excuse to interpret the written torah in a lenient personally convenient manner in his commentary to pirkei avot 1 3 1 1 3 he described the sadducees as harming israel and causing the nation to stray from following god in the mishneh torah hilchoth avodah zarah 10 2 jewish sectarianism edit the pharisees and the sadducees come to tempt jesus by james tissot brooklyn museum the jewish community of the second temple period is often defined by its sectarian and fragmented attributes josephus in antiquities contextualizes the sadducees as opposed to the pharisees and the essenes the sadducees are also notably distinguishable from the growing jesus movement which later evolved into christianity these groups differed in their beliefs social statuses and sacred texts though the sadducees produced no primary works themselves their attributes can be derived from other contemporaneous texts including the new testament the dead sea scrolls and later the mishnah and talmud overall the sadducees represented an aristocratic wealthy and traditional elite within the hierarchy opposition to the essenes edit the dead sea scrolls which are often attributed to the essenes suggest clashing ideologies and social positions between the essenes and the sadducees in fact some scholars suggest that the essenes originated as a sect of zadokites which would indicate that the group itself had priestly and thus sadducaic origins within the dead sea scrolls the sadducees are often referred to as manasseh the scrolls suggest that the sadducees manasseh and the pharisees ephraim became religious communities that were distinct from the essenes the true judah clashes between the essenes and the sadducees are depicted in the pesher on nahum which states they manasseh are the wicked ones whose reign over israel will be brought down his wives his children and his infant will go into captivity his warriors and his honored ones will perish by the sword 23 the reference to the sadducees as those who reign over israel corroborates their aristocratic status as opposed to the more fringe group of essenes furthermore it suggests that the essenes challenged the authenticity of the rule of the sadducees blaming the downfall of ancient israel and the siege of jerusalem on their impiety the dead sea scrolls specify the sadducaic elite as those who broke the covenant with god in their rule of the judean state and thus became targets of divine vengeance opposition to the early christian church edit see also early christianity the new testament in the books of mark matthew and luke describe anecdotes which hint at hostility between jesus and the sadducaic establishment a pericope in mark 12 luke 20 and matthew 22 recounts a dispute between jesus and a group of sadducees who challenged the resurrection of the dead by asking who the husband of a resurrected woman would be who had been married one after the other to each of seven brothers jesus responds by charging the sadducees with ignorance of the power of god saying that the resurrected neither marry nor are given in marriage but are like angels in heaven he also rebukes them for not knowing the scriptures citing a torahic episode as his proof text this was significant given that the sadducees regarded the torah alone as scripture and would therefore have regarded themselves as experts in its interpretation 24 25 matthew records john the baptist calling the sadducees and the pharisees a brood of vipers 26 opposition to the pharisees edit josephus the author of the most extensive historical account of the second temple period gives a lengthy account of jewish sectarianism in both the jewish war and jewish antiquities in antiquities he describes the pharisees have delivered to the people a great many observances by succession from their fathers which are not written in the law of moses and for that reason it is that the sadducees reject them and say that we are to esteem those observance to be obligatory which are in the written word but are not to observe what are derived from the tradition of our forefathers 17 the sadducees rejected the pharisaic use of the oral torah to enforce their claims to power citing the written torah as the sole manifestation of divinity the rabbis who are traditionally seen as the descendants of the pharisees describe the similarities and differences between the two sects in mishnah yadaim the mishnah records a debate between the pharisees and the sadducees regarding the status of holy scriptures the sadducees questioned the pharisaic doctrine that sacred scrolls defile the hands arguing that if holiness were an intrinsic property it should apply to all books they famously contrasted the scriptures with the books of homer which do not defile the hands the pharisaic response as recorded in the mishnah justifies this distinction not through physical attributes but through the covenantal relationship they argued that the defilement of the scriptures is a byproduct of the community s love for them meaning their status as a binding covenantal object a status that the secular books of homer lack 27 a passage from the book of acts suggests that both pharisees and sadducees collaborated in the sanhedrin the high jewish court 21 references edit the antiquities of the jews 13 298 lexundria while the sadducees are able to persuade none but the rich and have not the populace obsequious to them but the pharisees have the multitude on their side צָדוֹק newman p 76 abraham geiger urschrift pp 20 pirkei avot 1 3 avot of rabbi natan 5 2 this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain singer isidore et al eds 1901 1906 sadducees the jewish encyclopedia new york funk wagnalls josephus aj translated by whiston william 18 1 1 josephus flavius 1999 the new complete works of josephus kregel academic p 587 isbn 978 0 82542924 8 cohen 153 154 cohen 1 5 15 16 see philippe bobichon autorités religieuses juives et sectes juives dans l œuvre de justin martyr revue des études augustiniennes 48 1 2002 pp 3 22 online cohen p 155 wellhausen p 45 1 2 3 4 5 grabbe lester l 2020 a history of the jews and judaism in the second temple period the maccabean revolt hasmonaean rule and herod the great 174 4 bce library of second temple studies vol 95 t t clark pp 137 143 isbn 978 0 5676 9294 8 sandmel samuel 1963 the hebrew scriptures an introduction to their literature and religious ideas borzoi books new york knopf p 531 retrieved 17 march 2026 to the sadducees the oral torah was an illegitimate addition to a scripture which they regarded as sufficient 1 2 josephus antiquities of the jews 13 10 6 josephus 1966 the jewish war translated by thackeray henry st john cambridge harvard university press 2 162 josephus titus flavius antiquities of the jews 18 1 2 manson t w sadducee and pharisee the origin and significance of the names john rylands library p 154 acts 4 1 acts 5 17 1 2 3 acts 23 6 9 david bentley hart the spiritual was more substantial than the material for the ancients we almost unquestionably see evidence of this in acts 23 8 σαδδουκαῖοι μὲν γὰρ λέγουσιν μὴ εἶναι ἀνάστασιν μήτε ἄγγελον μήτε πνεῦμα φαρισαῖοι δὲ ὁμολογοῦσιν τὰ ἀμφότερα for the sadducees say there is no resurrection neither as angel nor as spirit while the pharisees profess both it seems quite clear from that phrase μήτε ἄγγελον μήτε πνεῦμα that the concept of resurrection described here is like paul s that of an exchange of the animated or psychical body of this life for the sort of bodily existence proper to a spirit or an angel admittedly some older translations rendered this passage incorrectly as saying that the sadducees believed neither in the resurrection nor in spirits nor in angels but that is obviously not what the greek means pesher on nahum in eshol 40 mark 12 18 27 luke 20 27 40 matthew 22 23 33 pulpit commentary on matthew 22 accessed 14 february 2017 commentary new oxford annotated bible matthew 3 7 mishnah yadaim 4 6 8 primary edit coogan michael ed 2007 the new oxford annotated bible with the apocrypha us oxford university press isbn 978 0 19 528882 7 flavius titus josephus 1998 tenney merrill ed complete works nelson reference isbn 978 0 7852 1427 4 vermes geza ed 2004 the complete dead sea scrolls in english harmondsworth eng penguin isbn 978 0 14 044952 5 secondary edit cohen shaye 2006 from the maccabees to the mishnah louisville westminster john knox press isbn 978 0 664 22743 2 eshel hanan 2008 the dead sea scrolls and the hasmonean state city wm b eerdmans isbn 978 0 8028 6285 3 johnson paul 1988 a history of the jews san francisco perennial library isbn 978 0 06 091533 9 newman hillel 2006 proximity to power and jewish sectarian groups of the ancient period a review of lifestyle values and halakha in the pharisees sadducees essenes and qumran leiden brill isbn 978 90 04 14699 0 stemberger günter 1995 jewish contemporaries of jesus minneapolis fortress press isbn 978 0 8006 2624 2 vermes geza 2003 jesus in his jewish context minneapolis fortress press isbn 978 0 8006 3623 4 wellhausen julius 2001 the pharisees and the sadducees macon mercer university press isbn 978 0 86554 729 2 external links edit sadducees new international encyclopedia 1905 sadducees by kaufmann kohler from the jewish encyclopedia 1901 1906 two entries from encyclopedia com the first is sadducees from the encyclopedia of religion by lawrence h schiffman the second is sadducees from the encyclopaedia judaica by menahem mansoor mishnah yadayim 4 6 8 the pharisee sadducee debate cojs permanent dead link v t e dead sea scrolls texts 4q106 4q107 4q108 4q119 4q120 4q121 4q122 4q126 4q127 the testimonia 4q175 4q240 prayer of nabonidus 4q242 son of god text 4q246 pesher on genesis 4q252 hymn to king jonathan 4q448 messianic apocalypse 4q521 testament of qahat 4q542 4qdeuteronomy n 4q41 4qinstruction 4q415 418 4q418a 4q423 1q26 halakhic letter mmt 4q394 399 6q6 7q1 7q5 the great psalms scroll 11q5 paleo hebrew leviticus scroll 11qpaleolev melchizedek document 11q13 barkhi nafshi 4q434 438 the book of giants the book of mysteries 1q27 and 4q299 301 community rule 1qs 4qs 5q11 5q13 copper scroll 3q15 damascus document cd genesis apocryphon 1qapgen 1q20 genesis commentary greek minor prophets scroll from nahal hever habakkuk commentary 1qphab isaiah scroll 1qisa a 1qisa b nahum commentary 4qpnah 4q169 new jerusalem scroll paleo hebrew leviticus scroll 11qpaleolev papyrus cotton physiognomies horoscopes 4q186 pseudo ezekiel rule of the blessing 1qsb rule of the congregation 1qsa samuel scroll songs of the sabbath sacrifice 4q400 407 songs of the sage 4q510 511 temple scroll 11q19 thanksgiving hymns 1qh the war of the messiah the pierced messiah text 4q285 11q14 war scroll 1qm places qumran qumran caves cave 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 qumran cemetery ein feshkha kohlit secacah wadi murabba at issues essenes sadducees carbon dating yahad ostracon pesher dual messiahs teacher of righteousness wicked priest calendrical texts the 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