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11 1 conservation 11 2 individual rhinoceroses 11 3 literature 11 4 other 12 references 13 further reading 14 external links toggle the table of contents rhinoceros 144 languages afrikaans alemannisch አማርኛ العربية مصرى asturianu авар kotava azərbaycanca تۆرکجه башҡортса basa bali bikol central беларуская тарашкевіца беларуская български भोजपुरी বাংলা བོད ཡིག brezhoneg bosanski català 閩東語 mìng dĕ̤ng ngṳ̄ нохчийн cebuano ꮳꮃꭹ کوردی čeština чӑвашла cymraeg dansk deutsch thuɔŋjäŋ ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi võro føroyskt français arpetan nordfriisk gaeilge gàidhlig galego avañe ẽ עברית हिन्दी hrvatski kreyòl ayisyen magyar հայերեն jaku iban bahasa indonesia гӏалгӏай ido íslenska italiano 日本語 jawa ქართული taqbaylit kongo қазақша ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 کٲشُر kurdî коми kernowek кыргызча latina лакку lingua franca nova limburgs ladin lingála lietuvių latviešu मैथिली malagasy македонски മലയാളം मराठी bahasa melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ مازِرونی नेपाली नेपाल भाषा nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål sesotho sa leboa diné bizaad occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ polski پنجابی português runa simi română русский саха тыла scots سنڌي srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenčina slovenščina chishona soomaaliga shqip српски srpski sesotho sunda svenska kiswahili தமிழ் тоҷикӣ ไทย tagalog türkçe xitsonga татарча tatarça удмурт українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tiếng việt west vlams winaray 吴语 хальмг ייִדיש yorùbá 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 isizulu edit links article talk english read view source view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read view source view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikispecies wikinews wikiquote wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia family of mammals rhino redirects here for other uses see rhinoceros disambiguation and rhino disambiguation rhinoceros temporal range eocene present preꞓ ꞓ o s d c p t j k pg n white rhinoceros ceratotherium simum scientific classification kingdom animalia phylum chordata class mammalia order perissodactyla superfamily rhinocerotoidea family rhinocerotidae gray 1821 type genus rhinoceros linnaeus 1758 subfamilies extant and subfossil genera aceratheriinae elasmotheriinae elasmotherium rhinocerotinae ceratotherium dicerorhinus diceros rhinoceros coelodonta stephanorhinus fossil genera see text rhinoceros range a rhinoceros r aɪ ˈ n ɒ s ər ə s ry noss ə rəss from ancient greek ῥινόκερως rhinókerōs nose horned from ῥίς rhis nose and κέρας kéras horn 1 pl rhinoceros or rhinoceroses commonly abbreviated to rhino is a member of any of the five extant species or numerous extinct species of odd toed ungulates perissodactyls in the family rhinocerotidae it is the only living family in the superfamily rhinocerotoidea whose members are also sometimes called rhinoceroses the term true rhinoceroses is sometimes used for rhinocerotidae 2 3 two of the extant species the black rhinoceros diceros bicornis and the white rhinoceros ceratotherium simum are native to africa while the other three the javan rhinoceros rhinoceros sondaicus indian rhinoceros rhinoceros unicornis and sumatran rhinoceros dicerorhinus sumatrensis are native to south and southeast asia rhinoceroses are some of the largest remaining megafauna all weigh over half a tonne in adulthood they have one or two horns a thick 1 5 5 cm 0 59 1 97 in protective skin formed from layers of collagen positioned in a lattice structure and relatively small brains 400 600 g 14 21 oz for mammals of their size they have a herbivorous diet generally eating leafy material although their ability to ferment food in their hindgut allows them to subsist on more fibrous plant matter when necessary unlike other perissodactyls the two african species of rhinoceros lack teeth at the front of their mouths they rely instead on their lips to pluck food 4 rhinoceroses are killed by poachers for their horns which are bought and sold on the black market for high prices leading to most living rhinoceros species being considered endangered the contemporary market for rhino horn is overwhelmingly driven by china and vietnam where it is bought by wealthy consumers to use in traditional chinese medicine among other uses rhino horns are made of keratin the same material as hair and fingernails and there is no good evidence of any health benefits 5 6 7 a market also exists for rhino horn dagger handles in yemen which was the major source of demand for rhino horn in the 1970s and 1980s 8 taxonomy and naming see also list of perissodactyls rhinocerotidae ceratotherium simum diceros bicornis dicerorhinus sumatrensis rhinoceros sondaicus rhinoceros unicornis cladogram following a phylogenetic study 9 the word rhinoceros is derived through latin from the ancient greek ῥινόκερως which is composed of ῥινο rhino of the nose and κέρας keras horn with a horn on the nose the name has been in use since the 14th century 10 rhinoceros can either be referred to in plural as rhinoceros or as rhinoceroses 11 the first species of rhinoceros to be scientifically named were the indian rhinoceros and black rhinoceros by carl linnaeus in his 10th edition of systema naturae in 1758 which also coined the genus rhinoceros which was originally used for all rhinoceroses 12 in his original classification scheme linnaeus placed the genus rhinoceros within the group glires erroneously considering them closely related to rodents because indian rhinoceroses had incisor teeth initially in the 18th and the early 19th century there was confusion about the true number of living rhinoceros species 13 the family rhinocerotidae was first named in 1821 as rhynocerotidæ by john edward gray in his paper on the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals 14 15 16 some authors alternatively credit richard owen s 1845 work odontography as the authority of rhinocerotidae which uses the modern spelling of the family 17 18 description rhinoceroses are among the largest living land animals with living species ranging in average weight from 775 kilograms 1 709 lb in the sumatran rhinoceros to 2 300 kilograms 5 100 lb in the white rhinoceros 19 some extinct rhinocerotids were considerably smaller and larger than living rhinoceroses with the genus menoceras from the early miocene of north america having an estimated body mass of 313 kilograms 690 lb 19 comparable to sheep 20 or a pig 21 while elasmotherium sibiricum from the pleistocene of eurasia has an estimated body mass of approximately 4 500 kilograms 9 900 lb 19 the skulls of rhinoceroses are generally saddle shaped and low with rhinoceroses being primitively characterised by the presence of a chisel shaped upper first incisor i1 and a tusk like lower second incisor i2 with all other incisors and the canines typically being lost 21 black and white rhinoceroses completely lack incisors 22 living rhinoceroses have either one or two horns which are formed from columns of densely packed corneocytes originating from dermal papillae the development and growth of rhinoceros horns is similar to that of human nails with both being largely made of keratin 23 the horns are attached to a rugose roughly textured area on the surface of the skull horns are not a universal feature of rhinocerotids with horns thought to be absent in many extinct rhinocerotids such as most members of the subfamily aceratheriinae 24 21 true horns may have only been present in rhinocerotinae due to non rhinocerotine rhinocerotids lacking the ring shaped rugose bone marks found on modern rhinoceros skulls where the horns attach 25 the brains of rhinoceroses are relatively small compared to body size 26 27 around 531 grams 18 7 oz in an adult black rhinoceros 27 the limb bones tend to be robust proportionally thick and stocky all living and the vast majority of extinct rhinoceroses have three toes on each foot 21 the body is covered in an armour of thick skin made of a dense crosslinked network of collagen fibres that is stronger and stiffer than those of other mammals 28 the skin exhibits prominent folding 29 the skin in living species is grey to brown in colour and typically sparsely covered in hair or hairless as adults with the exception of the eyelashes ears and the tail brush 30 the exception is the sumatran rhinoceros which is often covered with a considerable amount of hair 31 while the black rhinoceros has 84 chromosomes diploid number 2n per cell all other rhinoceros species have 82 chromosomes chromosomal polymorphism might lead to varying chromosome counts for instance in a study there were three northern white rhinoceroses with 81 chromosomes 32 behaviour and ecology white rhinoceros female and juvenile living rhinoceroses gregariousness varies between species adult males tend to be solitary this is also true of female asian rhinoceroses though the females of african species sometimes form groups with these groups being more common in white than black rhinoceroses rhinoceroses have widely varying diets ranging from strict grazing such as the white rhinoceros to largely browsing such as the black rhinoceros to a mixture between both the sumatran and javan rhinoceros as bulk feeders of low quality vegetation rhinoceroses spend a majority of their time foraging 33 rhinoceroses are hindgut fermenters 34 all living rhinoceroses have a polyandrous and polygynous mating system where both males and females seek to mate with multiple individuals of the opposite sex male rhinoceroses guard reproductive age females until they are in full estrous though the females sometimes may drive away males until they are receptive male rhinoceroses taste the urine of female rhinoceroses and perform a flehmen response with the upper lip to determine their reproductive status adult males in the vicinity of oestrous females may become aggressive towards other males these confrontations can range from ritualized behaviour to serious fighting that can result in significant injuries in some species male rhinoceroses are territorial while in other species they are not or are only territorial depending on local environmental conditions females will sometimes reject males they consider undesirable which results in them fleeing or fighting the male if cornered during copulation the male slides his neck up the back of the female before using his neck as a lever to get his forelegs off the ground before moving the front legs behind the shoulders of the female copulation can last several hours 33 pregnancy lasts for over a year around 460 days in the black rhinoceros and 504 days in the white rhinoceros 35 the female generally gives birth in a secluded area and becomes aggressive towards other rhinoceroses for a while after giving birth calves typically stand up within 30 minutes of birth and begin to suck on their mother s teats within two hours of birth the mother generally has a strong bond with her most recently born calf the calf generally remains close to its mother the majority of the time although at least in some species they are sometimes left considerable distances away up until they are around three years old juvenile rhinoceroses are vulnerable to predation mothers are vigorously protective of their calves against potential predators juvenile one horned rhinoceroses are rejected by their mothers around the time of the birth of her next calf 33 there is generally a gap of several years between females giving birth again after having her previous calf though the gap can be as short as a year and a half 36 rhinoceroses become sexually mature at around five to eight years of age generally around a year later in males than in females in black and sumatran rhinoceroses 37 36 though male white rhinoceroses become socio sexually mature at around 12 years of age four years after females start giving birth 38 extant species the five extant species the white rhinoceros is actually grey the black rhinoceros has a beak shaped lip and is similar in color to the white rhinoceros the indian rhinoceros has a single horn smaller in size than the indian rhinoceros the javan rhinoceros also has a single horn the sumatran rhinoceros is the smallest of the rhino species white main article white rhinoceros there are two subspecies of white rhinoceros the southern white rhinoceros ceratotherium simum simum and the northern white rhinoceros ceratotherium simum cottoni as of 2013 the southern subspecies has a wild population of 20 405 making them the most abundant rhino subspecies in the world the northern subspecies is critically endangered with all that is known to remain being two captive females there is no conclusive explanation of the name white rhinoceros a popular idea that white is a distortion of either the afrikaans word wyd or the dutch word wijd or its other possible spellings whyde weit etc meaning wide and referring to the rhino s square lips is not supported by linguistic studies 39 40 the white rhino has an immense body and large head a short neck and broad chest females weigh 1 600 kg 3 500 lb and males 2 400 kg 5 300 lb on average though exceptional specimens can reportedly weigh up to 4 500 kg 9 900 lb 41 the head and body length is 3 5 4 6 m 11 15 ft and the shoulder height is 1 8 2 m 5 9 6 6 ft on its snout it has two horns the front horn is larger than the other horn and averages 90 cm 35 in in length and can reach 150 cm 59 in the white rhinoceros also has a prominent muscular hump that supports its relatively large head the colour of this animal can range from yellowish brown to slate grey most of its body hair is found on the ear fringes and tail bristles with the rest distributed rather sparsely over the rest of the body white rhinos have the distinctive flat broad mouth that is used for grazing 39 a subspecific hybrid white rhino ceratotherium s simum c s cottoni was bred at the dvůr králové zoo zoological garden dvur kralove nad labem in the czech republic in 1977 interspecific hybridisation of black and white rhinoceroses has also been confirmed 42 black main article black rhinoceros the name black rhinoceros diceros bicornis was chosen to distinguish this species from the white rhinoceros ceratotherium simum this can be confusing as the two species are not truly distinguishable by color there are four subspecies of black rhino south central diceros bicornis minor the most numerous which once ranged from central tanzania south through zambia zimbabwe and mozambique to northern and eastern south africa south western diceros bicornis occidentalis which are better adapted to the arid and semi arid savannas of namibia southern angola western botswana and western south africa east african diceros bicornis michaeli primarily in tanzania and west african diceros bicornis longipes which was declared extinct in november 2011 43 the native tswanan name keitloa desc...
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